• Journal of Consumption Culture
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.213-247
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to analyze the economic structures of low-income households, and to provide the policy suggestions for their economic well-being. The data for this study was from the 2009 year of the Korea Welfare Panel Survey (KOWEPS). The results are as follows: As for income structure, the low-income households had lower amounts in earned income, business and side-work income, and property income, but a higher amount in transfer income. They had a lower amount in private transfer income, but a higher amount in public transfer income. They had the highest rate of transfer income, showing that the rate of public transfer income was higher than that of private transfer income, and the government assistance was the highest rate in public transfer income. The households in extreme poverty had the lowest amounts in earned income, financial income, private transfer income, but the highest amount in public transfer income. The households in poverty had the lowest amount in transfer income. The households in extreme poverty, poverty and near poverty showed the highest rate in transfer income. As for asset structure, the low-income households had a lower amount in every type of assets. They showed the highest rate in total debt, and had a higher rate in housing asset, but lower rates in real-estate asset, financial asset and other asset. The households in extreme poverty had a lower amount in every type of assets than the households in near poverty. Three types of the low-income households showed the highest rate in housing asset, but the households in extreme poverty was the highest among them. As for expenditure structure, the low-income households had lower amounts in all of the expenditure items. They showed the highest rate in food expenditure, the second highest in other consumption expenditure. The households in extreme poverty showed lower amounts in almost all of the expenditure items than the households in near poverty, but the households in extreme poverty showed a higher amount in monthly rent than the households in neat poverty. Three types of the low-income households showed the highest rate in food expenditure. The expenditure rates of food, monthly rent and light·heat·water for households in extreme poverty were higher than those for the households in near poverty.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.72-84
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• 2023

The Rural Revitalization Strategy (2018-2022), published by the Chinese State Council in 2018, represents a new period of rural development in China. Suburban areas are more convenient than other rural areas in integrated urban-rural development but are under greater pressure from construction and industrial pollution. As a rural area with a high proportion of rural areas, it would be valuable for Henan province to gain a comprehensive grasp of rural human settlementst while identifying problems and proposing solutions. The purpose of this study is to analyze the satisfaction of the evaluation items based on the usage status and life perception of the residents of Tai Nan village, a suburb-type rural village in Henan province. The study proposes improvement programs based on the evaluation results. As a result of the study, 24 evaluation items were derived and divided into five categories: "Living Service Facilities", "Housing Environment, "Road Environment", "Health & Ecology Environment", and "Social & Cultural Environment". The Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation Method was used to find the overall satisfaction level of the human living environment in Tai Nan village, which was "average", among which "Living Service Facilities" was the most important "Health & Ecology Environment" was the least satisfied. Based on these results, an improvement plan is proposed in three stages. First, the living service will be improved while strengthening the facility management of the hygiene and the ecological environment. Second, reasonable improvement of housing and the road environment will be applied. Third, programs will be introduced to cultivate residents' ability to build their own and improve the social and cultural environment. This study provides basic data for the future improvement of rural settlements in the suburban areas of Henan province and is of great significance in gradually improving the the residents' quality of life.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.28 no.5B
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• pp.595-601
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to investigate the trends and patterns of various kind of water uses in a household by metering in Korea. Water use components are classified by toilet, washbowl, bathing, laundry, kitchen, miscellaneous. Flow meters are installed in 140 household selected by sampling in all around Korea. The data are gathered by web-based data collection system from the year 2002 to 2006, considering pre-investigated data such as occupation, revenue, family members, housing types, age, floor area, water saving devices, education, miscellaneous. Reliable data are selected by upper fence method for each observed water use component and statistical characteristics are estimated for each residential type to determine liter per capita per day. Estimated domestic per capita day show an indoor water use with the range from 150 lpcd to 169 lpcd for each housing type as the order of high rise apartment, multi-house, and single house. As the order of consuming amount among water use components, it is investigated that toilet (38.5 lpcd) is the first, and the second is laundry water (30.8 lpcd), the third is kitchen (28.4 lpcd), the fourth is bathtub (24.7 lpcd), the next is washbowl (15.4 lpcd). The results are compared with water uses in U.K. and U.S. As life style has been changed into western style, pattern of water use in Korea is tend to be similar with the U.S. water use pattern. Compared with the surveying results by Bradley, on 1985. Thirty liter of total use increased with the advancement of economic level, and a little change of water use pattern can be found. Especially, toilet water take almost half part of total water use and laundry water shows lowest as 11% in surveying at the year of 1985. But, this study shows that 39 liter, 28% of toilet water, has been decreased by the spread of saving devices and campaign. It is supposed that the spread large sized laundry machine make by-hand laundry has been decreased and water use increased. Unit water amount of each end-use in household can be applied to design factor for water and wastewater facilities, and it play a role as information in establishing water demand forecasting and conservation policy.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-19
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• 2000

This study is to investigate and analyze regional patterns of aging in Taejeon Metropolitan city-the overpopulated area of Choong-Cheong Province-by cohort analysis method. According to the population structure transition caused by rapid social and economic changes, Korea has made a rapid progress in population aging since 1970. This trend is so rapid that we should prepare for and cope with aging society. It is not only slow to cope with it in our society, but also there are few studies on population aging of the geographical field in Korea. The data of this study are the reports of Population and Housing Censuses in 1975 and 1985 and General Population and Housing Censuses with 10% sample survey in 1995 taken by National Statistical Office. The research method is to sample as the aging district the area with high aged population rate where the populations over 60 reside among total population during the years of 1975, 1985, 1995 and to sample the special districts of decreasing population where the population decreases very much and the special districts of increasing population in which the population increases greatly, presuming that the reason why aged population rate increases is that non-elderly population high in mobility moves out. It is then verified and ascertained whether it is true or not with cohort analysis method by age. Finally regional patterns in the city are found through the classification and modeling by type based on the aging district, the special districts of decreasing population, and the special districts of increasing population. The characteristics of the regional patterns show that there is social population transition and that non-elderly population moves out. The aging district with the high aged population rate is divided into high-level keeping-up type, relative falling type below the average of Taejeon city in aging progress, and relative rising type above the average of the city. This district can be found at both the central area of the city and the suburbs because Taejeon city has the characteristic of over-bounded city. But it cannot be found at the new built-up area with the in-migration of large population. The special districts of decreasing population where the population continues to decrease can be said to be the population doughnuts found at the CBD and its neighboring inner area. On the other hand, the special districts of increasing population where the population continues to increase are located at the new built-up area of the northern part in Taejeon city. The special districts of decreasing population are overlapping with the aging district and higher in aged population rate by the out-migration of non-elderly population. The special districts of increasing population are not overlapping with the aging district and lower in aged population rate by the in-migration of non-elderly population. To clarify the distribution map of the aging district, the special districts of decreasing and increasing population and the aging district are divided into four groups such as the special districts of decreasing population group-the same one as the aging district, the special districts of decreasing population group, the special districts of increasing population group, and the other district. With the cohort analysis method by age used to investigate the definite increase and decrease of aging population through population transition of each group, it is found that the progress of population aging is closely related to the social population fluctuation, especially that aged population rate is higher with the out-migration of non-elderly population. This is to explain each model of CBD, inner area, and the suburbs after modeling the aging district, the special districts of decreasing population, and the special districts of increasing population in Taejeon city. On the assumption that the city area is a concentric circle, it is possible to divide it into three areas such as CBD(A), the inner area(B), and the suburbs(C). The special districts of increasing and decreasing population in the city are divided into three districts-the special districts of decreasing population(a), the special districts of increasing population(b), and the others(c). The aging district of this city is divided into the aging district($\alpha$) and the others($\beta$). And then modeling these districts, it is probable to find regional patterns in the city. $Aa{\alpha}$ and $Ac{\beta}$ patterns are found in the CBD, in which $Aa{\alpha}$ is the special district of decreasing population and is higher in aged population rate because of aged population low in mobility staying behind and out-migration of non-elderly population. $Ba{\alpha}$, $Ba{\beta}$, $Bb{\beta}$, and $Bc{\beta}$ patterns are found in the inner area, in which neighboring area $Ba{\alpha}$ pattern is located. $Bb{\beta}$ pattern is located at the new developing area of newly built apartment complex. $Cb{\beta}$, $Cc{\alpha}$, and $Cc{\beta}$ patterns are found in the suburbs, among which $Cc{\alpha}$ pattern is highest in population aging. It is likely that the $Cc{\beta}$ under housing land readjustment on a large scale will be the $Cb{\beta}$ pattern. As analyzed above, marriage and out-migration of new family, non-elderly population, with house purchase are main factors in accelerating population aging in the central area of the city. Population aging is responsible for the great increase of aged population with longer life expectancy by the low death rate, the out-migration of non-elderly population, and the age group of new aged population in the suburbs. It is necessary to investigate and analyze the regional patterns of population aging at the time when population problems caused by aging as well as longer life expectancy are now on the increase. I hope that this will help the future study on population aging of the geographical field in Korea. As in the future population aging will be a major problem in our society, local autonomy should make a plan for the problem to the extent that population aging progresses by regional groups and inevitably prepare for it.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.39 no.6
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• pp.903-911
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• 2019

The multi-utility tunnel is one of the essential social infrastructures, but it is difficult to establish the multi-utility tunnel due to the scale of the National Land Planning and Utilization Act (2 million square meters). In this paper, we analyze the feasibility of establishing the multi-utility tunnel in the existing city in order to activate the multi-utility tunnel installation. For the feasibility analysis, the scale was classified into four categories based on related laws, and related indicators were selected and evaluated using feasibility and economic analysis. Three kinds/four kinds of suitable multi-utility tunnel for the scale of the existing city were shown, and five kinds of multi-utility tunnel were considered suitable for the new city over 2 million square meters. The results of the overall score evaluation of the tunnel type of the existing city and the open type of the new city of 2 million square meters or more, which is the obligation to install the multi-utility tunnel, do not show much difference and suggest the validity of the installation of the multi-utility tunnel in various scale of the existing city.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.39-59
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• 2011

In this article, I would like to analyze the conditions in applying the LCC method for each construction type by selecting 10 apartment complexes among the Turn-key projects which have been ongoing for the last 5 years. In addition, this article will identify the problems to the application of double landscape architecture and suggest improvement measures. Among the 10 case targets, a total of 151 LCC analyses were conducted, and the average application ratio placing for each construction type was shown in the following order: architecture (34.4%)> electricity (21.2%)>machine (18.5%)>civil engineering (13.2%)>landscape architecture (12.6%). As numbers show, landscape architecture was the lowest. The ratio of LCC reduction amount was shown in the following order: machine (32.1%)> architecture (23.9%)>electricity (23.4%)>civil engineering (17.5%)>landscape architecture (3.1%). The field of landscape architecture had a reduction amount that was about 5 to 6 times lower than civil engineering which had a similar number of LCC analysis cases. The total LCC analysis items of landscape architecture was 19, including 15 double packing material, 1 building covering, 1 grass planting, 1 planting infrastructure, and 1 facility. The following measures were suggested to promote LCC analysis in landscape architecture: first, set an analysis item that considers the construction expense ratio of landscape architecture; second, legal regulation of landscape architecture and expansion of its application; third, prepare VE/LCC standards which are suitable for landscape architecture.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.91-108
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• 1998

This study was carried out to survey basic information of swine farms on the machine holdings. facility type. management of manure by farm scale and operation, and then to develop the mechanization model. Manual feeding was common for sows and nursing sows. but automation feeding was normally furnished for weaners. growing pigs and castrated male pigs. Water supplies was completely automated for all of the surveyed swine farms. Fully mechanized and automated system would not be feasible and affordable for the small scale farms breeding less than 500 heads. Because the environmental control for the nursing sows and weaner was important, some swine houses were constructed with the windowless type. However, the furnished rates ranged from 22.2% to 44.4% of the surveyed nursing sow and weaner houses at the farm scales. In the future, a computerized ventilation system would be commended for the efficient use of heat energy and to maintain the desirable temperature of swine buildings. Over-investment for large scale farm and over-crowded pigpen of small farm would cause wasting construction expenses and spreading epidermic diseases Hence, the size of swine building should follow the recommended scale. The fermentation drier was recommended for the manure management. Urine could be recycled or discharged after treating by the activated sludge process.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.634-640
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• 2020

Failure analysis and heat-resistant were performed for an electric fuel pump that is installed in the fuel tank to transfer fuel to the engine of combat vehicles. The fuel pump with a DC motor was disassembled and inspected to determine the cause of failure. The failure phenomenon was classified into three categories based on observations of the inside of the housing: burnt winding, quick brush abrasion, and fuel leak into the pump. Based on the inspection results, it was estimated that overheating was the main cause of failure. The thermal test was conducted under the no-load condition in 24 hours, and the thermal sensor was installed on the stator surface and the brush holder to check the possibility of damage to the winding due to overheating. When the ambient temperature of the fuel pump was set to 68 ℃, the stator temperature increased to 135.9 ℃, and the winding of the motor was almost damaged. The test results confirmed the lack of heat resistance of fuel pump windings, and suggested that the type F of insulation class (below 155 ℃) of the windings and varnish should be replaced with type C or higher that can be used above 180 ℃.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.282-291
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• 2010

As compared with existing center-boring timber, skin timber which be hollowed out of its considerable inner parts has some merits as like short drying time, less developed checks during drying, a advantage of lower MC (8~%), more easy injection of chemicals, a possibility of using as a lighter structural heavy timber including Hanok and heavy timber construction, a possibility for the various living necessaries and furniture materials. However, development of hybrid skin timber is required for using as a value-added materials and giving a confidence for the structural safety of skin timber to general user. Thus, improved pine skin timber (IPST) and improved larch skin timber (ILST) were manufactured using the lighter steel plate possible. And compressive capacity of improved skin timber was analyzed. From the results of this study, the following conclusions have been made: 1. Both of IPST and ILST can give a uniformity of material capacity compared with non-treated skin timber. 2. Both IPST and ILST, there was not statistical significancy among the thickness of steel plate. Therefore, it concluded that it was not necessary to use thicker steel plate. 3. There was also not statistical significancy between IPSR and ILST, so it need not to be selective about the species of improved skin timber. 4. IPST showed various failure types, but most failure types of ILST is a splitting type.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.47-55
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• 2007

The increment of impermeable land area due to widespread land development caused the adverse impact on urban disaster prevention because it could decrease the peak rate of runoff as well as increase the runoff and peak flow during rainy period. To date, little research has been conducted on the infiltration characteristics and quantitative analysis because of their highly dependence on construction method, paving material, surface permeability, and field condition. Hence, this study was performed to investigate the infiltration characteristics of runoff-reducing facilities according to the type of paving material, which were examined using experimental apparatus with varying paving material and rainfall intensity, and thus to provide fundamental research data for runoff-reducing infiltration facilities. In this study, the infiltration characteristics were examined under the rainfall intensity of 20, 30, 50, 80, 100, 200 mm/hr for a variety type of paving materials such as concrete, asphalt, sand, grassland, and permeable paving material. The infiltration rate for permeable paving material was observed to be more than 93% under the condition of less than 200 mm/hr of rainfall intensity. For the compacted earth and grassland, the ultimate infiltration rate was estimated to be about 13% to 67%. The permeable paving material was concluded to be the most appropriate one for the runoff-reducing infiltration facilities because it has more favorable advantages than others in the light of infiltration volume, disaster prevention, and river training.