• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.11-18
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• 1984

기계이앙답(機械移秧沓)과 손이앙답간(移秧沓間)의 잡초발생(雜草發生) 생태차이(生態差異)를 구명(究明)하여 효과적(效果的)인 방제체계(防除體系)를 확립(確立)하기 위(爲)하여 이앙답(移秧沓)에 많이 사용(史要)되고 있는 butachlor, thiobencarb, oxadiazon 등 11종(種)의 제초제(除草劑)를 공시(公試)하여 1983년(年) 영남작물(嶺南作物) 시험장(試驗場) 수도포장중(水稻圃場中)에서 1년생잡초(年生雜草)와 다년생(多年生) 잡초(雜草)가 우점된 포장(圃場)에서 시험(試驗)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 이앙방법(移秧方法)(기계이앙(機械移秧), 손이앙(移秧))에 따른 잡초발생량(雜草發生量)은 벼를 재배(栽培)하지 않은 자연방임구(自然放任區)가 $m^2$당(當) 잡초수(雜草數)가 8326 본(本) 건물중(建物重)이, 1643g으로 가장 많았고 다음은 기계이앙구(機械移秧區), 손이앙구(移秧區) 순(順)이었으며 벼재배(栽培)에 의(依)한 잡초발생(雜草發生) 억제효과(抑制效果)는 기계이앙구(機械移秧區),가 50%, 손이앙구(移秧區)가 55%이었다. 2. Simpson지수(指數)와 군락우점도(群落優點度)(Community dominance)는 손이앙(移秧)을 함으로써 군락우점도(群落優點度)는 점차 특정(特定) 초종(草種) 즉 올챙고랭이 쪽으로 치우치는 경향이었다. 3. 잡초발생량(雜草發生量)과 벼수량(收量)과의 관계(關係)는 지수함수적인(指數函數的)인 관계(關係)를 보였으며, $m^2$당(當) 잡초건물량(雜草建物量)이 300g일 때 벼수량(數量) 감소(減少)정도는 손이앙구(移秧區)가 26%, 기계이앙구(機械移秧區)가 32%였으며, 잡초발생수(雜草發生數)에 따른 벼수량감소(數量減少)는 기게이앙구(機械移秧區)와 손이앙구간(移秧區間)에 별차이(差異)가 없었다. 4. 무제초(無除草) 방임구(放任區)에서 잡초발생(雜草發生)에 의(依)한 벼수량감소(收量減少)는 기계이앙답(機械移秧沓)이 41%, 손이앙답(移秧沓)이 33%로써 벼수량감소율(收量減少率)이 기계이앙답((機械移秧沓)에서 7% 더높았다. 5. 공시(供試)된 제초제중(除草劑中)에서 이앙방법간(移秧方法間) 잡초발생량차이(雜草發生量差異)가 가장 적었던 제초제(除草劑)는 butachlor(E.C)와 CG 113/oxadiazo이었고 이앙방법간(移秧方法間)에 잡초발생(雜草發生)에 의(依)한 감소율(減少率)은 제초제(除草劑) 종류(種類)에 따라 다소 차이(差異)는 있으나 뚜렷한 경향은 없었다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.294-303
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• 2016

Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the profitability of four selective mechanization systems in rice cultivation. Methods: Field experiments were conducted in the farmers' field during the wet season (June to November) of 2015 in Bangladesh. Mechanization systems were applied to evaluate four different selective levels (treatment) in eleven consequent operations. Seedlings were raised in a traditional seedbed and trays for manual and mechanical transplanting, respectively. Land preparation, irrigation, fertilizer, pesticide, carrying, and threshing and cleaning operations were performed using the same method in all the experimental plots. The mechanical options in the transplanting, weeding, and harvesting operations were changed. The mechanization systems were $S_1$ = hand transplanting + hand weeding + harvesting by sickle, $S_2$ = mechanical transplanting + Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) weeder + reaper, $S_3$ = mechanical transplanting + BRRI power weeder + reaper, and $S_4$ = mechanical transplanting + herbicide + reaper. This experiment was performed in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Power tiller, rice transplanter, BRRI weeder, BRRI power weeder, self-propelled reaper, BRRI open drum thresher, and BRRI winnower were used in the respective operations. Accordingly, the techno-economic performances of the different technologies were calculated and compared with those of the traditional system. Results: The mechanically transplanted plot produced 6-10% more yield than the hand transplanted plot because of the use of tender-aged seedlings. Mechanical transplanting reduced 61% labor and 18% cost compared to manual transplanting. The BRRI weeder, BRRI power weeder, and herbicide application reduced 74, 91, and 98% labor, respectively. The latter also saved 72, 63, and 82% cost, respectively, compared to hand weeding. Herbicide application reduced the substantial amount of labor and cost in the weeding operation. Mechanical harvesting also saved 96% labor and 72% cost compared to the traditional method of harvesting using sickle. Selective mechanization saved 15-17% input cost compared to the traditional method of rice cultivation. Conclusions: Mechanical transplanting with the safe use of herbicide and harvesting by reaper is the most cost- and labor-saving operation. The method might be the recommended set of selective mechanization for enhancing productivity.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.251-260
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• 2004

As a basic experiment for robot hand for transplanting plug seedling, the experimental robot hand system which moves up and downward vertically, and allows hand blade to open and close was made. The system was constructed with the robot hand mechanism, the tray, the plug seedling, and the measuring equipments. The penetrating force and holding efficiency were analyzed according to the soil moisture and the variation of hand blade angle. The highest holding efficiency could be obtained at the penetrating angle of approximately from 0 to 0.36 degree and at the moisture content of soil from 71% to 75%. The external force acted on the robot hand should maximum force when the robot hand was penetrated to soil, minimum of approximately 30.4 N when the penetrating angle was 0$^{\circ}$ and moisture content was 66-70%. It was increased with increasing or decreasing the Penetrating angle from 0 degree and also with increasing or decreasing the moisture content of soil from 66-70%. For optimal design of the robot hand and manipulator, the external force acted on robot hand had to be based on the returning force of soil, when the robot hand was penetrated to the soil. In consideration of safety ratio, the appropriate external force seemed to be 39-49 N.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.246-251
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• 1983

In recent years weed flora have been changed to perennial dominance in paddy field being affected by the cropping systems and cultural practices. The perennial weeds are difficult to be controlled with annual herbicides which occupy 94% of total consumption of herbicides. The weeds competed more with rice plants in early tillering stages in machine transplanted field. For the reasonable and effective weed control, it is advisable to use single ai herbicides in hand transplanting field, but combined and mixed herbicides should be applied in machine transplanting field.

• 식물병과 농업
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.14-18
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• 1995

This study was carried out to investigate effect of transplanting method, environmental factor, and fertilizing level on occurrence of Pseudomonas glumae in south-west coastal area of Chonnam province. Occurrence in filed began after heading and increased gradually during 3-4 weeks. Occurrence of this disease was great at daily minimum temperature of 23-$25^{\circ}C$ and series of rainfall during early and mid. August Degree of infection by fertilization of nitrogen and by transplanting fertilizing level of 50% than standard fertilization of nitrogen and by transplanting method was greater machine-transplanting than hand-transplanting. Rate of degradation was 6.5% in case of 10% of infected panicle, 14.5% in 30%, 22% in 50% and 35.9% in 70%. We can reduce occurrence of this disease by sawing non -infected seed and balanced fertilizing in cultural practice and applying oryza 4kg/a in early transplanting or Kasugamin EC and Allta in heading stage.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.114-121
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• 1993

벼의 재배유형(栽培類型)(관행(慣行) 손이앙(移秧), 중묘(中苗)(30일묘(日苗))의 기계이앙(機械移秧), 어린모(10일묘(日苗))의 기계이앙(機械移秧), 최아종자(催芽種子)의 담수직파(湛水直播) 및 건종자(乾種子)의 건답직파(乾畓直播)에 있어서 벼와 잡초(雜草)의 경합기간(競合其間)에 따라 잡초(雜草)의 발생량(發生量) 및 벼의 생육량(生育量)을 보면 다음과 같다. 가, 잡초(雜草)의 발생량(發生量) : 이앙(移秧) 또는 파종후(播種後) 잡초방임시(雜草放任時) 벼 출수기(出穗期)까지 발생(發生)된 잡초(雜草)의 건물중비율(乾物重比率)은 건답직파(乾畓直播)에서 가장 높았고, 이어서 담수직파(湛水直播)>어린모기계이앙(機械移秧)>중묘기계이앙(中苗機械移秧)>관행이앙재배(慣行移秧栽培) 순(順)으로 높았다. 반면에 일정기간(一定期間) 방임(放任)하였다가 제초(除草)한 처리(處理)에서는 잡초(雜草)의 건물중비율(乾物重比率)이 담수직파(湛水直播)>건답직파(乾畓直播)>어린모기계이앙(機械移秧)>중묘기계이앙(中苗機械移秧)>관행이앙(慣行移秧)의 순(順)으로 높았다. 나, 벼의 생육량(生育量) : 잡초경합(雜草競合)에 의한 벼 생육억제(生育抑制)의 허용한계(許容限界)를 20%로 보았을때, 최소한(最小限)의 무잡초상태(無雜草狀態) 유지기간(維持期間)은 관행이앙(慣行移秧)과 중묘(中苗) 및 어린모기계이앙(機械移秧)에서는 이앙후(移秧後) 3주간(週間), 담수직파(湛水直播)는 파종후(播種後) 5주이상(週以上), 그리고 건답직파(乾畓直播)에서는 파종후(播種後) 7-8주(週)까지이었다. 반면 잡초발생(雜草發生) 허용기간(許容期間)은 담수직파(湛水直播)가 파종후(播種後) 6주이내(週以內), 건답직파(乾畓直播)와 어린모 기계이앙(機械移秧)은 7-8주(週), 중묘기계이앙(中苗機械移秧과 관행이앙(慣行移秧)은 이앙후(移秧後) 9주(週)로 차이(差異)를 보였다.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.120-129
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• 2018

This experiment was conducted to find the most suitable crop establishment method and weed management practices for transplanted aman rice in Bangladesh. Rice variety Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI) dhan44 was used as planting materials where three crop establishment methods ($T_1$: direct wet seeding by drum seeder; $T_2$: hand broadcasting; $T_3$: transplanting) and four weeding options ($W_1$: Hand weeding (HW); $W_2$: BRRI weeder+HW; $W_3$: Herbicide+HW; and $W_4$: no weeding) were tested. Among the crop establishment methods, the highest grain yield ($5.12t\;ha^{-1}$) was obtained with the $T_3$, while the highest benefit cost ratio (BCR) of 2.08 was found in $T_2$. In case of the weed management method, $W_1$ showed superior results on the plant $density/m^2$ (139.66) at 60 days after transplanting (DAT), grain yield ($4.97t\;ha^{-1}$), and BCR (2.03). On the other hand, the highest plant dry matter (36.20 g) at 60 DAT and the highest yield ($6.10t\;ha^{-1}$) were obtained in a $T_3W_1$ combination. The results of this study show that the productivity of rice during aman season could be most significantly increased with the use of transplanting ($T_3$) alone, hand weeding ($W_1$) alone, or a combination of the two methods ($T_3W_1$).

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.159-167
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• 1997

플러그육묘의 대량생산 보급에 대처하기 위하여는 정식기의 보급이 필요하다. 본 연구에 서는 국내보급중인 반자동정식기의 정식성능을 조사 분석하므로써 기계정식 작업시 최적작업조건 구명과 정식기 연구 개발의 기초 자료를 획득하고자 실시하였고, 정식시험을 실시한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 호퍼의 크기는 정식자세와 정식율에 영향을 미치고, 진압이 불량한 정식육묘는 1일후 고사하므로 재관수가 필요하였다. 따라서 복토진압장치는 전후좌우 진압법이 좋으며, 2중관수장치에 의하여 정식시의 관수량을 늘려야할 것으로 생각되나 물통의 용량이 또한 커지게 되어 기계의 운전 조작이 어렵게 되므로 자동육묘공급 정식기는 공간문제와 1~2인 작업을 전제로 할 때 효율면에서 자동관수는 없는 것이 바람직할 것으로 사료된다. 2. 반자동정식기는 몇 가지의 구조적 개선이 필요하지만 현재로도 정식기계의 운전을 주행 속도 14m/min 이하, 정식깊이 2~3cm, 간격 30cm로 하고 고추 육묘는 128공의 45일 육묘, 배추는 128공의 25육묘를 사용하면 플러그육묘의 정식에 적합한 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2022년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.101-101
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• 2022

In recent years, due to climate change, the livestock industry has become more interested in the production of forage crops. In Korea, more than 74% of forage crops are cultivated in winter rice fields. In particular, Italian ryegrass (IRG) is depends on imports for more than 70% of its seeds. In generally, the IRG rapeseed cultivation method involves sowing from early October to mid-October by drill sowing seeding or spot seedling. However, the sowing period is delayed due to frequent rainfall during. And, same period require a lot of seeds. However, raising seedlings and transplanted IRG will overcome weather conditions and reduce the amount of seeds. This study was intended to be applied to the domestic IRG seed industry in the future through growth and quantity evaluation according to transplant time and planting density for the production of good quality IRG seeds in rice paddy fields. In this study, transplanting time (October 20, October 30, November 10) and planting density (50, 70, and 80) were cultivated at the National Institute of Crop Science in 2021. The amount of fertilizer applied was adjusted to (N-P₂O₅-K₂O) 4.5-12-12 (kg/10a), and then 2.2(kg/10a) of nitrogen was added each year. For the growth survey, leaf area, canopy coverage, plant length, and seed yield were investigated. Along with the transplanting time, the plant length was higher on October 20 than on October 30 and November 10. On the other hand, leaf area index changes differed depending on the transplanting time and planting density, and were particularly high on October 20, 80 density and 70 density, but similar on October 30 and November 10. 1000 seed weight showed no difference with transplanting time and planting density. On the other hand, the seed yield was 215(kg/10a) for 80 density on October 20, 211(kg/10a) for 70 density, 118(kg/10a) for 50 density, and 80 density for October 30 and November 10. and 70 density did not differ. On the other hand, the 50 density on October 30 and November 10 were 164(kg/10a) and 147(kg/10a) respectively. As can be seen from this study, the earlier the transplant, the higher the seed yield. However, the 50 density was reduced in yield compared to the 70 density and 80 density.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.105-114
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• 1995

다섯 가지의 벼 재배유형(栽培類型)[관행(慣行) 손이앙(移秧), 중묘(中苗)(30일묘(日苗))의 기계이앙(機械移秧), 어린모(10일묘(日苗))의 기계이앙(機械移秧), 최아종자(催芽種子)의 담수직파(湛水直播) 및 건종자(乾種子)의 건담직파(乾畓直播)]에 따라 잡초발생(雜草發生) 양상(樣相)과 경합특성(競合特性)을 조사(調査)하여 벼 생육(生育)과 수량변화(收量變化)를 근거(根據)로 한 각(各) 재배류형별(栽培類型別) 벼와 잡초(雜草)와의 경합(競合) 한계기간(限界期間)의 모형(模型)으로 잡초(雜草) 방제기간(防除期間)을 설정(設定)하였다. 무잡초상태(無雜草狀態)를 연장(延長)시킴에 따라 30일묘(日苗)와 10일묘(日苗) 기계이앙(機械移秧) 및 직파재배(直播栽培)는 벼의 출수(出穗)가 무잡초구(無雜草區)에 비하여 1~2일정도(日程度) 지연(遲延)되었다. 잡초발생(雜草發生) 허용기간(許容期間)을 연장(延長)시킨 경우에는 관행이앙(慣行移秧), 30일묘(日苗) 및 10일묘(日苗) 기계이앙(機械移秧)에서는 출수기(出穗期)에서 차이(差異)가 없었으나, 직파재배(直播栽培)에서는 파종후(播種後) 7~10주(週)까지의 경합연장(競合延長)으로 출수(出穗)가 4~7일정도(日程度) 지연(遲延)되었다가 더욱 경합(競合)이 길어짐에 따라 5~6일정도(日程度) 앞당겨지는 현상(現狀)을 보였다. 재배양식별(栽培樣式別) 이앙후(移秧後) 및 파종후(播種後) 무잡초(無雜草) 유지(維持) 한계기간(限界期間)이 수량구성요소(收量構成要素)에 미치는 영향(影響)은 관행이앙(慣行移秧)에서는 이앙후(移秧後) 4주이내(週以內)에 발생(發生)된 잡초(雜草)에 의하여 등숙비율(登熟比率)과 천립중(千粒重)의 감소(減少)가 나타났으며, 10일묘(日苗) 기계이앙(機械移秧)에서는 조사(調査)된 모든 수량구성요소(水量構成要素)의 감소(減少)가 있었다. 직파재배(直播栽培)에서는 단위(單位) 면적당(面積當) 수수(穗數)는 파종후(播種後) 8~9주간(週間), 수당입수(穗當粒數)는 4~5주간(週間), 등숙비율(登熟比率)은 3~4주간(週間), 천립중(千粒重)은 8~10주간(週間)의 무제초(無除草)로 인(因)하여 감소(減少)되었다. 관행이앙재배(慣行移秧栽培)는 잡초방제(雜草防除) 요구기간(要求期間)으로서 이앙직후(移秧直後) 4주간(週間)에 걸쳐 무잡초(無雜草) 상태(狀態)를 유지(維持)해 주거나 이앙(移秧) 8주후(週後)부터 무잡초(無雜草) 상태(狀態)를 유지(維持)해주는 이중(二重) 대체기간(對替期間)이 설정(設定)되었다. 30일묘(日苗) 기계이앙재배(機械移秧栽培)는 관행이앙재배(慣行移秧載培)와 같이 이앙후(移秧後) 5주간(週間)에 걸친 무잡초(無雜草) 상태(狀態) 유지(維持) 또는 이앙후(移秧後) 8주(週)부터 유지(維持)되는 무잡초(無雜草) 상태(狀態)의 이중(二重) 대체기간(對替期間)이 설정(設定)되었다. 10일묘(日苗) 기계이앙재배(機械移秧栽培)는 잡초방제(雜草防除) 요구기간(要求期間)은 이앙후(移秧後) 5주간(週間) 또는 이앙(移秧) 7주후(週後)부터 무잡초(無雜草) 상태(狀態)를 유지(維持)해주는 이중(二重) 대체기간(對替期間)으로 설정(設定)되었다. 담수직파재배(湛水直播載培)는 파종후(播種後) 5주(週)부터 7주(週)까지의 단일기간중(單一期間中)에 잡초방제(雜草防除)가 요구(要求)되어 진다. 건답직파재배(乾畓直播栽培)는 잡초방제(雜草防除) 요구기간(要求期間)은 파종후(播種後) 6주(週)부터 9주(週)까지의 단일기간(單一期間)으로 설정(設定)되었다.