• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.133-149
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• 2017

As cities face increasing problems such as aging, environmental pollution and growth limits, we have been trying to incorporate sustainability into urban planning and related policies. However, it is very difficult to generate a 'sustainable spatial plans' because there are trade-offs among environmental, society, and economic values. This is a kind of non-linear problem, and has limitations to be solved by existing qualitative expert knowledge. Many researches from abroad have used the meta heuristic optimization algorithms such as Genetic Algorithms(GAs), Simulated Annealing(SA), Ant Colony Optimization(ACO) and so on to synthesize competing values in spaces. GAs is the most frequently applied theory and have been known to produce 'good-enough plans' in a reasonable time. Therefore we collected the research on 'spatial optimization model based GAs' and analyzed in terms of 'study area', 'optimization objective', 'fitness function', and 'effectiveness/efficiency'. We expect the results of this study can suggest that 'what problems the spatial optimization model can be applied to' and 'linkage possibility with existing planning methodology'.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.27-30
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• 1983

This study was undertaken to know the difference that margin fittness in metal bond porcelain crown. When we use porcelain precious metal and non-precious metal as porcelain-fused metal, the results were as following. 1. The precious metal was showed best result in margin fittness and shade. 2. The non-precious metals were showed good results, especially Gemini II was excellent, but that was not good than precious metal. 3. 10k. gold plating on non-precious metal cap showed same result as nonprecious metal in margin fittness, and not good in shade. 4. When we use the non-precious metals at upper part of crown, and using precious metal in 2mm cervical portion, the margin fittness were very good, and the results same as full veneer precious metal.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.439-452
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to criticize the sport culture of babyboom generation women in Korea society. In the traditional society with Confucianism dominating, women were told to walk in small strides with modesty, keep footsteps narrower than the size of foot and never run frivolously. But in the modern society, many middle aged women-babyboom generation who was born in 1955-1963 and the first generation was served high level education engaged to enjoy various physical activities. For this study, there is a important method to analysis through three oral history interviews. It can be seen the cultural context in the result of sport as a play, restricted P·E class, forced motive-a good motherhood, survival fitness and ready for later life. These results will can be founded as a reality of dynamic relations and provided implications about founding the important of women voice and creating important data for people who want to be engaged in sports as a physical activities.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.30 no.1 s.56
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• pp.181-193
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to identify population subgroups with similar patterns of diet quality, physical activity, alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking of Korean. The cluster analysis was conducted using the data from Korea National Health Survey(KNHS) in 1995, which consisted of 5,805 persons. We identified six health behavior typologies : 32.9% of the sample had a good diet but sedentary activity level(good diet lifestyle), 7.2% had high activity level but less diet quality(fitness lifestyle). Individuals in the passive lifestyle cluster(39.1%) had no active health promoting activities but tended to avoid risk taking health behavior such as cigarette smoking and alcohol drinking. 1.1% of the sample were in a drinking cluster, 17.2% in a smoking cluster and 2.5% had a hedonic lifestyle characterized by heavy drinking and smoking. The other characteristics of these lifestyle clusters could be presented by demographic and socioeconomic factors.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.122-140
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• 2001

The aims of this study were to understand and to predict the determinent factors affecting the exercise behaviors and physical fitness by testing the Pender's revised health promotion model, and to help the patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis perform the continous exercise program, and to help them maximize the physical effect such as muscle strength, endurance, and functional status and mental effects including self efficacy and quality of life, and improve the physical and mental well being, and to provide a basis for the nursing intervention strategies. Of the selected variables in this study, the endogenous variables included the physical fitness, exercise score, exercise participation, perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers of action to exercise, activity-related affect(depression) and perceived self-efficacy, interpersonal influences(family support), situational factors(duration of arthritis, fatigue) and the exogenous variables included personal sociocultural factor(education level), personal biologic factor(body mass index), personal psychologic factor(perceived health status) and prior related behavior factors(previous participation in exercise, life-style). We analyzed the clinical records of 208 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and degenerative arthritis who visited the outpatient clinics at H university hospital in Seoul. Data were composed of self reported qustionnaire and good of fitness score which were obtained by padalling the ergometer of bicycle for 9 minutes. SPSS Win 8.0 and Window LISREL 8.12a were used for statistical analysis. Of 75 hypothetical paths that influence on physical fitness, exercise participation, exercise score, perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers of action to exercise, activity-related affect(depression) and perceived self-efficacy, interpersonal influences(family support), situational factors(duration of arthritis, fatigue), 40 were supported. The physical fitness was directly influenced by life-style, perceived health status, education level, family support, fatigue, which explained 12% of physical fitness. The exercise participation were directly influenced by life-style, education level, past exercise behavior, perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers of action, depression and duration of arthritis, which explained 47% of exercise participation. Exercise score were directly affected by perceived self efficacy. BMI, life-style, past exercise behavior, perceived benefits of action, family support, perceived health status. perceived barriers of action, and fatigue, which explained 70%. Perceived benefits of action was directly influenced by BMI, life-style, which explained 39%. Perceived barriers of action were directly influeced by past exercise behavior, perceived health status, which explained 7%. Perceived self efficacy were directly influeced by level of education, perceived health status, life-style, which explained 57%. Depression were directly influeced by past exercise behavior, BMI, life-style, which explained 27%. Family support were directly influeced by life-style, perceived health status, which explained 29%. Fatigue were directly influeced by BMI, life-style, perceived health status. which explained 41%. Duration of arthritis were directly influeced by life-style, past exercise behavior, BMI, which explained 6%. In conclusion, important variables for physical fitness were life-style, and variable affecting exercise participation were life-style. Perceived self-efficacy of exercise was a significant predictor of exercise score. BMI, Life-style, perceived benefits of action, family support, past exercise behavior showed direct effects on perceived self-efficacy. Therefore, disease related factor should be minimized for physical performance and well being in nursing intervention for patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and plans to promote and continue exercise should be seeked to reduce disability. In addition, Exercise program should be planned and performed by the exact evaluation of exercise according to the ability of the patients and the contents to improve the importance of exercise and self efficacy in self control program, dedicated educational program should be involved. This study suggest that the methods to reduce the disease related factors, the importance of daily life-style, recognition of benefit of exercise, and educational program to promote self efficacy should be considered in the exercise behavior promotion and nursing intervention for continous performance. The significance of this study is also thought to provide patients with chronic arthritis the specific data for maximal physical and mental well being through exercise, chronic therapeutic procedure, daily adaptation and confrontation in nursing intervention.

• The Journal of Information Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.27-42
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• 2005

The S.G. Policy form contains the words "the good ship or vessel called the.....". The words "good ship" mean that the ship is deemed to be seaworthy at the commencement of the voyage and this was very necessary in the day when a separate policy was issued for each voyage. In fact the warranty do seaworthiness still applies to all voyage policies. Nevertheless, the law does not apply an absolute warranty of seaworthiness to a time policy, so a ship is not required to be seaworthy at the time the hull policy is effected. The implied warranty of seaworthiness does not extend to good, for the underwriter is not responsible for their condition, apart fro the action of the perils insured against. The implied warranty of seaworthiness is limited to the vessel herself, and does not extend to a lighter or other craft used to convey the goods to the ship. The underwriters waive any breach of the implied warranties of the seaworthiness of the ship and fitness of the ship to carry the subject-matter insured to destination, unless the assured or their servants are privy to such unseaworthiness of unfitness.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.201-211
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• 2007

Purpose: This study was designed to construct a structural model to explain the quality of life of grandmothers caring for their grandchildren. Method: Data were collected by self-report questionnaires from 232 grandmothers caring for their grandchildren living in Busan. The data collection period was from June to Oct. 2006. Data analysis was done with SAS 9.13 for descriptive statistics and PC-LISREL 8.52 program for Covariance Structural analysis. Results: The findings found that the fit of the hypothetical model to the data was good, but considering theoretical implications and statistical significances of parameter estimates, paths and variables of the model were modified by excluding 2 paths. The Modified Model with 17 paths showed a good fitness to the empirical data ($X^2=15.492$ (df=11, p=.161), GFI=.985 AGFI=.940 NFI=.982 RMSR=.037 RMSEA=.042). Health status, health problems, economical status, life events, caring stress, caring efficacy and life satisfaction had significant effects on quality of life in the grandmother caring their grandchildren, but of these variables, self-esteem was the most essential factor. All predictive variables of quality of life together explained 63.9% of the variance. Conclusion: The derived model in this study was confirmed to be proper in explaining and predicting the quality of life of the grandmothers caring their grandchildren.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.630-639
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• 2004

The Stewart platform manipulator is a closed-kinematics chain robot manipulator that is capable of providing high structural rigidity and positional accuracy. However, this is a complex and nonlinear system, so the control performance of the system is not so good. In this paper, a new robust motion control algorithm is proposed. The algorithm uses partial state feedback for a class of nonlinear systems with modeling uncertainties and external disturbances. The major contribution is the design of a robust observer for the state and the perturbation of the Stewart platform, which is combined with a variable structure controller (VSC). The combination of controller and observer provides the robust routine called sliding mode control with sliding perturbation observe. (SMCSPO). The optimal gains of SMCSPO, which is determined by nominal eigenvalues, are easily obtained by genetic algorithm. The proposed fitness function that evaluates the gain optimization is to put sliding function. The control performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by the simulation and experiment to apply to the Stewart platform. The results showed high accuracy and good performance.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.13-21
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• 1996

The necessity and usefulness of higher-order neural networks have been well-known since early days of neurocomputing. However the explosive number of terms has hampered the design and training of such networks. In this paper we present an evolutionary learning method for efficiently constructing problem-specific higher-order neural models. The crux of the method is the neural tree representation employing both sigma and pi units, in combination with the use of an MDL-based fitness function for learning minimal models. We provide experimental results in classification and prediction problems which demonstrate the effectiveness of the method. I. Introduction topology employs one hidden layer with full connectivity between neighboring layers. This structure has One of the most popular neural network models been very successful for many applications. However, used for supervised learning applications has been the they have some weaknesses. For instance, the fully mutilayer feedforward network. A commonly adopted connected structure is not necessarily a good topology unless the task contains a good predictor for the full *d*dWs %BH%W* input space.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.1322-1327
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• 2007

Many automotive companies have tried to apply the aluminum alloy sheet to car body because reducing the car weight can improve the fuel efficiency of vehicle. In order to do that, sheet materials require of weldablity, formability, productivity and so on. Aluminum alloy was not easy to join these metals due to its material properties. Thus, the laser is good heat source for aluminum alloy welding because of its high heat intensity. However, the welding quality was not good by porosity, underfill, and magnesium loss in welded metal for AA5182 aluminum alloy. In this study, Nd:YAG laser welding of AA 5182 with filler wire AA 5356 was carried out to overcome this problem. The weldability of AA5182 laser welding with AA5356 filler wire was investigated in terms of tensile strength and Erichsen ratio. For full penetration, mechanical properties were improved by filler wire. In order to optimize the process parameters, model to estimate tensile strength by artificial neural network was developed and fitness function was defined in consideration of weldability and productivity. Genetic algorithm was used to search the optimal point of laser power, welding speed, and wire feed rate.