• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.82-87
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• 1998

To study of production of Panax ginseng leaf tea, after harvested the leaves in July, August, and September as ripening season, the content and composition of ginseng saponin were investigated. 1. Crude saponin contents in the leaves were a about 16.5%, and they were found to be lower in the leaf harvested in September than those harvested in July or August. 2. As similar patterns were observed with month to month in ginsenoside, sum of major ginsenosides of -Re, -Rd and -Rg1 was fixed about 70% of saponin at harvested in each month. And minor components were ginsenoside -Rb1, -Rb2 and -Rc as in order. 3. The ratio of protopanaxadiol(PD)/protopanaxatriol(PT) was revealed reduction of 1.13 of harvested in July to 0.85 of those in September gradually. The contents of protopanaxadiol were high in the leaves of August and protopanaxatriol was high in those September.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.57-66
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• 1981

An effective method for isolation of the major components of ginseng saponin such as $ginsenoside-Rb_{1},\;-Rb_2,$ -Rc, -Rd, -Re and $-Rg_1$, and the minor components such as ginsenoside-Rf, $-Rg_2,\;and-Rh_1$, was developed and reported in previous papers (J. Korean Agr. Chem. Soc., 23(4), 199 and 206(1980) The conditions and procedures used for isolation and identification for ginsenosides described in the previous papers were not sufficient enough for clean separation of minor components, $ginsenoside-Rh_1,\;and-Rh_2$. In this work, modifications in extraction method and in mobile phase for HPLC were attempted. It was found that application of ethyl acetate extraction at $60^{\circ}C$ for 3 hr on crude saponin resulted in a removal of diol group saponin from crude saponin which made it possible for using higher portion of acetonitrile in mobile phase. The mixed solvents of acetonitrile : water (92 : 8 and 94 : 6) gave excellent resolution of $ginsenoside-Rh_1\;and\;-Rh_2$.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.57-61
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• 2008

Ginseng (the root of Panax ginseng CA Meyer, family Araliacease), which is used in Korea, China and Japan as a herbal medicine, was fermented with Ganoderma lucidum (GL) and their antiallergic effects were investigated. Of GLs used for fermentation, KCTC 6283 potently produced ginsenoside Rh2, followed by KFRI M101. KCTC 6532, and ginsenoside Rd, followed by KFRI M101. Oral administration of these fermented ginseng extracts inhibited allergic reactions, passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction induced by IgE and scratching behaviors induced by compound 48/80. Of them, the ginseng extract fermented by KCTC 6532 and KFRI M101 potently inhibited allergic reactions compared to that fermented by KCTC 6283. These findings suggest that the fermentation of ginseng with GL can increase its antiallergic activity and the increment of its antiallergic effect may be due to the biotransformation of ginseng saponins to ginsenosides Rd and Rh2.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1984.09a
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• pp.57-62
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• 1984

Four year old American ginseng plants (Panax quinquefolium L.) were grown in control and treated field plots in North Carolina, USA. Soil pH (4.4, 5.5, and 6.5), soil phosphate (19, 89 and 232 ppm) and mulch treatments (wheat straw, pine needle straw, poplar bark, oak bark, pine bark and hardwood leaves) were studied for their effects on total dry weight, total ginsenosides and 5 individual ginsenosides (A1, Rg1, Rd, Re, and Rb2). The leaf and root tissue were analyzed for ginsenosides by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). The oak and poplar bark mulch treatments appeared to have the best effect upon the growth and production of roots while not significantly decreasing the ginsenoside content of the roots. The oak mulch showed a statistical increase in the ginsenoside content of the leaves.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.436-439
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• 1998

Ginseng saponins were analysed using reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography with several columns. The optimum conditions were as following : reverse phase column; Novapak $C_{18}$ ODS column ($3.9mm{\times}150mm$, $5{\mu}m$), acetonitrile/water binary mobile phase gradient controller system, solvent flow rate; 1.5 mL/min, and UV (203 nm) detector. The complete separation of ginsenoside $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf and $Rg_1$ was achieved within 50 min. The regression coefficients of the calibration curves for seven ginsenosides were 0.98~0.99.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.52-56
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• 2005

This study was compared the quality of red ginseng and characteristic changes of physicochemical properties according to the storage period (non storage, two days, six days, eight days, ten days) and store temperature $20^{\circ}C, \;34^{\circ}C,\;-10^{\circ}C)$. The water content of the fresh ginseng has a tendency to decrease as storage time increases. When we store the fresh ginseng for 10 days, the ideal storage temperature is considered to be $34^{\circ}C$ degrees. The amount of total nitrogen has a tendency to increase more than that of no storage as storage period approaches to 10 days. In the storage temperature, the amount of total nitrogen has a tendency to increase in the order of 1) room temperature, 2) freezing storage, 3) cold storage more than no storage. Cold storage has larger contents of total phenolic compounds than room temperature and freezing storage according to storage temperature. When we analyze the changes of a relative density of eight elements, ginsenoside $Rb_1,Rb_2,Rc,Rd,Re,Rg_3,Rg_1\;and\;Rg_2$ in red ginseng's saponin Rf according to storage condition, the relative density of $Rb_1\;and\;Rg_1$ against Rf diminishes in each storage condition as storage time increases. And it is also thought that density change of ginsenoside appears because of the materials, and change tendency according to storage condition is not clear. From functional nature on the evaluation of the quality, taste and fragrance of red ginseng according to storage district, it is evaluated that it is most recommendable for red ginseng to be transported and stored in $3{\sim}4$ degrees to keep its best condition.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.28-33
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• 2003

Ginsenosides, major active ingredients of Panax ginseng, are known to regulate excitatory ligand-gated ion channel activity such as nicotinic acetylcholine and NMDA receptor channel activity. However, it is not known whether ginsenosides affect inhibitory ligand-gated ion channel activity. We investigated the effect of ginsenosides on human recombinant $GABA_A$ receptor (${\alpha}_1{\beta}_1{\gamma}_{2s}$) channel activity expressed in Xenopus oocytes using a two-electrode voltage-clamp technique. Among the eight individual ginsenosides examined, namely, $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, $Rg_1$ and $Rg_2$, we found that Rc most potently enhanced the GABA-induced inward peak current ($I_{GABA}$). Ginsenoside Rc alone induced an inward membrane current in certain batches of oocytes expressing the $GABA_A$ receptor. The effect of ginsenoside Rc on $I_{GABA}$ was both dose-dependent and reversible. The half-stimulatory concentration ($EC_{50}$) of ginsenoside Rc was 53.2$\pm$12.3 $\mu$M. Both bicuculline, a $GABA_A$ receptor antagonist, and picrotoxin, a $GABA_A$ channel blocker, blocked the stimulatory effect of ginsenoside Rc on $I_{GABA}$. Niflumic acid (NFA) and 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), both $CI^{-1}$ channel blockers, attenuated the effect of ginsenoside Rc on I$I_{GABA}$. This study suggests that ginsenosides regulated $GABA_A$ receptor expressed in Xenopus oocytes and implies that this regulation might be one of the pharmacological actions of Panax ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.291-297
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• 2012

Ginsenoside (ginseng saponin), the principal component of ginseng, is responsible for the pharmacological and biological activities of ginseng. We isolated lactic acid bacteria from Kimchi using esculin agar, to produce ${\beta}$-glucosidase. We focused on the bio-transformation of ginsenoside. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by comparing the 16S rRNA sequences. We identified the strain as Lactobacillus (strain 6105). In order to determine the optimal conditions for enzyme activity, the crude enzyme was incubated with 1 mM ginsenoside Rb1 to catalyse the reaction. A carbon substrate, such as cellobiose, lactose, and sucrose, resulted in the highest yields of ${\beta}$-glucosidase activity. Biotransformations of ginsenoside Rb1 were analyzed using TLC and HPLC. Our results confirmed that the microbial enzyme of strain 6105 significantly transformed ginsenoside as follows: Rb1${\rightarrow}$gypenoside XVII, Rd${\rightarrow}$F2 into compound K. Our results indicate that this is the best possible way to obtain specific ginsenosides using microbial enzymes from 6105 culture.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.212-218
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• 2008

We extracted red ginseng with various alcohol concentrations and evaluated total carbohydrate, uronic acid, polyphenols compounds and ginsenoside contents, and yields of alcohol extract. The water extraction (0% alcohol extraction) showed a high level of total carbohydrate content. 10% and 20% alcohol extraction showed the highest uronic acid contents (7,978.8 and $7,872.7\;{\mu}g/mL$ of extract, respectively). The efficiency order of the red ginseng extract (RGE) preparations in liberating polyphenols was: $0{\sim}50%$ alcohol${\geq}\;60%$ alcohol> $70{\sim}90%$ alcohol. Solid contents in RGE were decreased with increased alcohol concentration; the same tendency as with the results of total carbohydrate content. Total ginsenoside contents in $20{\sim}50%$ alcohol extracts showed similar levels ($442,962.9{\sim}47,930.8\;{\mu}g/mL$ of extract). Water extraction showed the lowest ginsenoside content ($14,509.4\;{\mu}g/mL$ of extract). The ginsenoside contents at above 60% alcohol were decreased with increased alcohol concentration. Generally, ginsenoside (Rg2, Rg1, Rf, Re, Rd, Rb2, Rc and Rb1) contents were increased with increased alcohol concentrations. However, Rg3 content was decreased with increases in alcohol concentration.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.215-219
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• 2007

This study was conducted to analyze not only for the quality guaranteed of red ginseng but also for the minor ginsenosides. Although several studies have reported to analyze ginseng saponins, those were focused to major saponins, including 6 to 7 ginsenosides. As increase of interest in medicinal effect of ginseng products, anasis of various ginsenosides in both red and white ginseng are strongly demanded. To perform optital condition of 12 ginsenoside analysis, We controlled HPLC conditions, such as the gradient elution of the mobile phase. We found the adequate separation method for 12 ginse-nosides. The optimum condition was as following : H$_2$O/CH$_3$CN ratios were 82/18, 70/30, 55/45 and 50/50, respectively. Sol-vent flow rate was 1.00 ma/min. Column temperature was kept to 35$^{\circ}$C. UV detector was set to 203 nm.