• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.73-85
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• 2023

This study examined the nutritional information using the nutrition labels of gimbap sold at convenience stores and evaluated nutritional adequacy compared to dietary reference intakes for Korean adolescents. Thirty gimbaps (triangular gimbaps and regular gimbaps according to the main ingredients of vegetables, fish, and meat) were purchased at five convenience stores of different brands with many stores in Korea. The food and nutrition labels of the gimbaps were investigated, and nine minerals were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The average price of gimbap was 1,906.7 won, and average energy was 292.0 kcal, and the protein content was 15.5% of the recommended intake for Korean male adolescents aged 15~18 years. The mineral content ranged from 6.9% for zinc to 39.0% for selenium. Except for sodium and selenium, the energy, protein, and mineral content did not meet 1/3 of dietary reference intakes for adolescents. For the index of nutritional quality (INQ), calcium and zinc were the lowest in the triangular and regular gimbap, respectively. The INQ of potassium was significantly higher in triangular gimbap with vegetables. The content and INQ of selenium were in regular gimbap with fish, and the zinc INQ was in regular gimbap with meat. Overall, gimbap sold in convenience stores has a high sodium content, and the contents of energy, protein, and minerals, except selenium, are insufficient for a single meal.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.662-669
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to examine consumers increased interest pertaining to the structural elements of the triangular gimbap. Through an investigation of their importance by attribute and the attribute's partial value, the preference of the triangular gimbap was obitained. The survey was conducted with a panel of two hundred and one university students, from January 7, 2013 to January 14, 2013. In order to achieve an optimal production of the triangular gimbap, the survey consists of 8 profiles with an orthogonal design for cross-validity authorization and reliability of the model. The statistical data analyses use SPSS/WIN 20.0 for the conjoint analysis. The results of this study indicate that the triangular gimbap, with 30% brown rice, mixed stuffing, weight of 100 grams, and a price of 800 won was selected. It is an estimation that new customers will be attracted to the triangular gimbap that consists of a variety of rice and stuffing.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.330-340
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• 2001

This study is to select food offered with higher frequency at restaurants such as hamburger, pizza, chicken, gimbap(boiled rice rolled in laver with seasonings stuffed), and calgooksu(Korean traditional noodles); identify customers' expectation and satisfaction levels on food and service quality and analyze correlation according to each food. The survey was conducted from March 1 to March 24, 2000, by distributing questionnaires. Statistical data analysis was completed using SPSS for t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation analysis. The results of this study were as follows: 1) It is revealed that overall average satisfaction levels on food quality according to individuals' trait came out significantly low compared to their expectation levels, and that balance in nutrition and reasonable prices had problems in relation to food quality. 2) Customers' expectation levels on food quality came out the highest with calgooksu and gimbap, and their satisfaction levels came out the highest with pizza. 3) Customers' overall average expectation levels on service quality showed a very high point, while their satisfaction levels showed a low point with significance. 4) Hamburger was poor in hygiene; pizza showed the highest satisfaction levels over its quality with significance, and calgooksu and gimbap showed very low satisfaction levels over their service quality. 5) Correlation between customers' expectation and satisfaction levels over the nutritional balance and proper taste of the food quality came out significant. 6) Pizza and chicken showed significant correlation with regard to atmosphere, service, and hygiene variables (p<0.01).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제55권4호
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• pp.476-491
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 가정간편식 (HMR)으로 시판되는 밥류의 1회 제공 포장량 실태를 파악하고, 1회 제공 포장량 당 영양표시에 기반으로 한 에너지 및 영양성분 함량 등에 대한 영양평가를 실시하여, 시판 HMR 밥류의 영양표시 정보 활용의 중요성과 가공식품 밥류의 1회 제공 포장량 설정의 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 시장조사는 식품산업통계에서 HMR 밥류의 매출액이 많은 상위브랜드를 포함하여, 인터넷, 편의점, 슈퍼, 대형마트에서 판매되는 제품을 대상으로 2021년 2월부터 7월까지 실시하였다. 총 406개의 제품을 조사하였으며, 유형별로 즉석밥류 (45개), 컵밥류 (64개), 냉동밥류 (188개), 덮밥류 (32개), 김밥류 (38개), 삼각김밥류(39개)의 총 6개 유형으로 분류하였다. 본 연구에서 조사한 총 406개의 HMR 밥류 중 26.1%인 106개 제품에 인분 표시가 있었다. 1회 제공 포장중량은 덮밥류가 297.1 g으로, 컵밥류 (264.0 g), 냉동밥류 (239.5 g), 김밥류 (230.2 g), 즉석밥류 (193.4 g), 삼각김밥류 (121.6 g)에 비하여 유의적으로 높았다 (p < 0.001). 1회 제공 포장중량 당 에너지 또한 덮밥류가 496.0 kcal로, 냉동밥류 (407.1 kcal), 김밥류 (384.2 kcal), 컵밥류 (370.2 kcal), 즉석밥류 (285.7 kcal), 삼각김밥류(218.1 kcal)에 비하여 유의적으로 높았다 (p < 0.001). 1회 제공 포장중량 당 나트륨 함량은 김밥류가 1,021.8 mg으로 가장 높았으며, 덮밥류 (968.2 mg), 컵밥류 (910.2 mg), 냉동밥류 (884.7 mg), 삼각김밥류 (529.9 mg), 즉석밥류 (37.4 mg)의 순으로 나타났다 (p < 0.001). 1회 제공 포장중량 당 가격은 덮밥류가 4,333.8원으로 가장 비쌌으며, 컵밥류 (3,007.8원), 냉동밥류 (2,728.6원), 김밥류 (2,500.0원), 즉석밥류 (2,066.6원), 삼각김밥류 (1,212.8원)의 순으로 나타났다 (p < 0.001). 1회 제공 포장중량 당 1일 영양성분 기준치에 대한 기여율은 모든 유형에서 에너지의 경우 평균 10-25%, 단백질의 경우 10-30%, 나트륨의 경우 2-51%의 범위로 나타났으며, 탄수화물의 경우 평균 15% 내외 (11-22%)의 기여율을 보였다. 밥의 1인 1회 분량인 210 g을 기준으로 HMR 밥류 210 g당 영양소 함량을 평가한 결과, 1일 영양성분 기준치에 대한 비율은 에너지의 경우 삼각김밥류가 18.8%로 가장 높았으며, 냉동밥류 17.9%, 김밥류 17.5%, 덮밥류 17.4%, 즉석밥류 15.3%, 컵밥류 14.9%의 순으로 나타났다 (p < 0.001). 나트륨의 경우 김밥류(46.5%)와 삼각김밥류 (46.1%)가 유의적으로 높았다 (p < 0.001). 당류의 경우 평균 0.6-5.3%, 지방의 경우 3.1-19.4%, 단백질의 경우 11.3-21.4%의 범위로 나타났다. 본 연구는 편의 표집 방법을 이용하였기 때문에 현재 시장에 유통되고 있는 모든 제품을 포함하지 못한 제한점을 가지고 있으나, 매출액에 기반한 대표 제품과 지역적 제한이 없는 온라인 시장을 포함한 조사로 최대한 조사 시점의 시장 제품을 포함하고자 하였다. 이를 통해 HMR 밥류의 에너지와 영양소 함량 및 가격이 유형별 차이를 보이고, 동일 유형내에서도 변동 범위가 넓어 소비자들이 섭취를 위한 선택 시 섭취 목적과 조합하는 식품의 유무와 종류에 따라 영양표시 정보를 확인하고, 정보에 기반한 바람직한 선택이 이루어질 수 있도록 해야 할 것이다. 또한 HMR 밥류의 1 포장량 당 제공량을 동일하게 적용한 평가에서도 HMR 밥류의 유형에 따라 에너지 및 에너지 영양소의 구성에 차이가 있고 나트륨의 함량에 있어서도 큰 차이를 보여, 유형별 밥류의 주된 섭취 용도 (식사/간식)와 형태 (단독/조합) 등에 따른 최종 영양 제공량을 고려한 1인 1회 제공 포장량의 다양성이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.588-599
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• 2012

There is a limitation to estimate vitamin $B_{12}$ intake due to the lack of data on vitamin $B_{12}$ content of Korean commercial foods. In this study, vitamin $B_{12}$ content was determined in favorite Korean restaurant foods, convenient or instant foods, fast foods and bakery products through a modified microbioassay using Lactobacillus delbrueckii ATCC 7830. Bulgogi and seafood & green pepper griddle had high vitamin $B_{12}$ content, 3.50 and $2.96{\mu}g$/100 g, respectively. Pork suyook, pork griddle and pollack griddle had 0.48, 0.31 and $0.32{\mu}g$/100 g of vitamin $B_{12}$, respectively. In stew, soft-tofu stew with seafood and doenjang stew with seafood had relatively high vitamin $B_{12}$ content, 1.93 and $1.44{\mu}g$/100 g, respectively. Bibimbap and 4 different types of rice porridge, beef & mushroom, chicken & ginseng, seafood or abalone, had 0.36, 0.08, 0.09, 1.64 and $0.13{\mu}g$/100 g of vitamin $B_{12}$, respectively. One serving of haejanggguk, yookejang, chuotang and galbitang had 5.97, 2.04, 2.63 and $1.91{\mu}g$ of vitamin $B_{12}$, respectively. One serving of samgetang and sulongtang had $2.89{\mu}g$ and $6.64{\mu}g$ of vitamin $B_{12}$. In noodles, one serving of cram noodle soup, bibim-nangmyeon, and mul-nangmyeon had 18.8, 1.21 and $0.38{\mu}g$ of vitamin $B_{12}$, respectively. One regular gimbap and one triangle gimbap contained 1.09-2.53 and $0.54-1.11{\mu}g$ of vitamin $B_{12}$, respectively. One cheese-burger, chicken-burger and bulgogi-burger had 0.76, 0.62 and $0.54{\mu}g$ of vitamin $B_{12}$, respectively. A plain bagel and a waffle contained 0.13 and $0.17{\mu}g$/100 g of vitamin $B_{12}$, respectively. Ready-made tomato sauce or cream sauce for spaghetti in a retort pouch contained only a trace of vitamin $B_{12}$. In conclusion, these results should contribute to improving the present food vitamin $B_{12}$ content database, most of which were cited from foreign data, thereby it could be helpful to estimate the vitamin $B_{12}$ intake of Koreans more accurately than before. It will also provide new information for dietary education related to vitamin $B_{12}$ and health.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제54권3호
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• pp.262-276
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• 2021

본 연구는 전라북도 일부 지역 중·고등학생을 대상으로 아침식사대용 쌀 기반 HMR 인식과 그 선호도를 조사하였으며, 요약하면 다음과 같다. 조사대상자의 아침식사 결식 여부 행태는 아침식사군 (주 4회 이상 섭취군)이 272명 (54.6%), 아침결식군 (주 3회 이하 섭취군)이 226명(45.4%)으로 조사되었다. 조사대상자의 HMR 섭취 만족도는 고등학생 (48.2%)이 중학생(39.1%)과 비교 시 유의적으로 HMR 만족도가 높았으며, 여학생이 남학생 보다 HMR 만족도가 높았다. 조사대상자의 아침식사 대용식의 필요성조사 결과는 남학생이 여학생보다 유의적으로 높은 비율로 응답하였다 (p < 0.01). 아침식사 대용식으로써 쌀 기반의 한식 식사 패턴의 선호도는 아침식사자가 58.9%로 아침결식자보다 높고, 고등학생이 중학생보다 유의적으로 높은 것으로 나타났다 (p < 0.01). 또한 조사대상자의 아침식사대용으로 쌀 기반 HMR 선호 식품은 '삼각김밥', '주먹밥', '김밥' 순으로 나타났다. 따라서 청소년들의 아침결식의 큰 이유인 '시간이 없어서'와 '입맛이 없어서'를 고려하여 손쉽게 섭취할 수 있는 아침식사대용 간편식 메뉴 개발 연구는 지속적으로 이루어져야 하고, 해당 메뉴의 조리교육 및 레시피 보급이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.204-214
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• 2017

This study aimed to investigate the perception and preferences related to Korean food of university students in Yanbian, China. Self-administered questionnaires were collected from 306 (124 males and 182 females) students. The preferences for Chinese food (44.7%) and a combination of Korean (32.0%) and Chosun food (12.4%) were similar, and Korean food was more preferred than traditional Chosun food. The main reason for preferences for Korean food was taste. The perception of Korean hot spices and kimchi smell was not good, whereas positive perceptions where held for foods made with jang, new Korean food experience and healthiness of Korean food. Awareness of Korean food was in the order of bibimbap, kimchi-bokkeum-bap, gimbap, baechi-kimchi and ttoe-bbokki. Preference order was bulgogi, so-galbi, jang-jorim, dak-galbi and dewaeji-galbil. Meat foods and Korean traditional foods were relatively high, whereas kimchi, ttoe-bbokki and bibimbap were relatively low in terms of preference. More female than male students preferred Korean food, and the perception of new food experience and healthiness of Korean food were positive. Moreover, both awareness and preference related to Korean food were significantly higher in female than male students. These results can be used as a foundation to prepare a localization strategy of Korean food to China.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제1권3호
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• pp.423-432
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to investigate the nutrition knowledge of kindergarten teachers and their attitude toward kindergarten lunch and snack service programs. Self-administered questionnaires were completed by 293 kindergarten teachers from January to February 1995. The results were as follows : 77.8% of the kindergarten teachers were taking part in the school meal service program. Most teachers were interested in the special training in child nutrition management, however, only 34.0% of the respondents had taken the nutrition related courses. The average score of nutrition knowledge of kindergarten teachers was 15.9$\pm$2.9 out of possible 28 points. They had better knowledge on such subjects as nutritional physiology and food choices for children, but had lower scores on practical subjects as calorie and nutrient value of food, cooking and nutrition management for children. When they chose snack items for children, teachers highly considered the nutritional value of snacks. Milk, cornflakes & milk, steamed potato, boiled egg, orange, apple and gimbap were their favorite choices for children's snacks. Other factors to be considered included children's preference, convenience in food service, and price of snack.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.338-350
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• 2015

Objectives: This study developed two weeks menu using temple foods, assessed preference for the menu among ordinary people, and determined the possibility of using temple foods to make out institutional food service menu. Methods: To make out the menu, 153 typical types of temple food were selected, under several conditions, thus including balanced food groups, natural foods in season, preparation time, preparation methods, and foods appropriated for institutional foodservice. Results: Developed menu contained 1905.8 kcal, had low fat content, high dietary fiber, vitamin, and mineral content, and good protein content in the nutritional respect, and fit protein requirements with low calorie content and high nutritional value. In the assessment of the food preference for 73 temple food items, most of the foods scored high (4 out of 5 points) for preference in general; therefore, the menu tended to be satisfied to the adults' preference. In particular, boiled rice (rice with chwi, rice with cirsium, rice with mushroom, rice with mushroom & vegetable and gimbap with tofu) and fried foods (fried shiitake with sweet & sour sauce and fried kelp) were highly preferred. Conclusions: The menu using temple foods can be a healthy choice for adults if it is well planned and managed. This study may be expected to provide basic data that would help developing menu to popularize temple foods. The above results could be applied at home as well as at foodservice institutes and furthermore could offer information for developing temple food products.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.175-184
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• 2017

Despite growing interest in Korean foods, South-east Asian consumers' perception and acceptance of Korean foods have not been well elucidated. This study was conducted to understand South-east Asian Muslim consumers' perception and acceptance of Korean foods and the association with their food neophobia level. Ninety-three Muslim consumers (mean ages 25.2, men 35.5%, women 64.5%) from Malaysia (72%), Indonesia (16.1%), and Singapore (11.9%) rated their degree of food neophobia as well as recognition and acceptance of representative Korean menu items. Background data such as duration of stay and Korean food consumption habits were collected. Overall, participants perceived Korean foods positively (4.04 on a 5-point hedonic scale). Most well-recognized Korean foods were gimbap and bulgogi, whereas less-known spicy foods such as ojingoe deopbap were most liked among items that were actually consumed. A neophobic group rated Korean foods less favorably than neutral and neophilic groups (p<0.05). Future studies are required to identify whether or not South-east Asian Muslim consumers' food neophobia is formed under the influence of religious regulations or reflect individual consumers' personal traits.