• Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.147-152
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• 2006

This study was conducted to define dietary patterns among 227 Korean American adults and 151 teenagers living in California using frequency of intake of major food groups and to examine associations of dietary patterns with selected demographic and acculturation variables. Three dietary patterns, 'healthful', 'Korean', and 'western', were identified using factor analysis. For both groups, 'healthful' pattern was characterized by high loading on milk/milk products, fruit, fruit juice, and bean/bean products. 'Korean' pattern had high loading on rice and kimchi. 'Western' pattern was characterized by high loading on meat/meat products, soda, and noodle/pasta. Among Korean American adults, women tended to have higher scores of 'healthful' pattern but lower scores of 'western' pattern, while there was no association of 'Korean' pattern with gender. The older adults were likely to have higher 'Korean' pattern score. Length of stay in the US and English levels were negatively associated with 'Korean' pattern. Korean American female adolescents had lower 'western' pattern scores than did male adolescents. Age was inversely associated with 'healthful' pattern in adolescents. The adolescents who had felt more proud of being a Korean descendant had higher scores on 'Korean' dietary pattern. The study findings support that dietary patterns are associated with acculturation variables such as length of residence in the US, English fluency, and particularly pride in ethnicity for adolescents. Further studies are needed to understand associations of dietary patterns and acculturation with health risk of ethnic groups.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.53-57
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• 1993

This study was carried out to investigate the appropriate hydroponic system when cherry tomatoes were grown in summer. The base diameter of the trunk, leaf length, leaf width, and the length of cluster were good in deep flow culture(DFC), and not different between NFT and rockwool culture. The first time of flowering and the fruit coloring per cluster were not different among cultural systems, but the marketable yields were good in DFC. In DFC, ％ dry weight, firmness, the content of organic acid and sugar were low, and the ratio of sugar/organic acid and vitamin C were high. So DFC is recommended for the summer cultivation of cherry tomatoes.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.486-491
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• 2015

In this study, we evaluated the differences in fruit development and quality indices of fruits subjected to blossom thinning before full bloom in 'Hanareum' and 'Niitaka' pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai). We carried out a thinning treatments at 5 days before full bloom, targeting the blossoms at the 1st and 2nd position (T1) or the blossoms at the 6th and 7th position (T2) from the basal part of the flower cluster in both cultivars. Blossom thinning treatments increased the average fruit weight of early-season Asian pear 'Hanareum' up to 10.5% (T1) and 11.0% (T2) at harvest time (110 days after full bloom). The mid-season 'Niitaka' pear showed increased fruit weight of up to 12.6% (T1) and 16.8% (T2) at harvest time (170 days after full bloom). Moreover, these treatments increased the production rate of bigger sized fruits in both cultivars. Removal of blooms also affected fruit quality indices; the bloom-thinned fruits showed higher soluble solids contents (about $1^{\circ}Brix$) and higher skin color redness ($a^*$) especially in 'Niitaka' pears when compared to the non-thinned controls. Overall, the treatments increased the fruit size and weight as well as fruit quality including soluble solids and skin color. Bloom thinning treatment targeting the 6th to 7th blossom from the basal part of the flower cluster may be recommended as the practical thinning method in Asian pear 'Hanareum' and 'Niitaka'.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.104 no.2
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• pp.193-197
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• 2015

To develop superior cultivars for edible or medicinal purposes, we investigated morphological characteristics and total anthocynin contents for the fruit of 24 individuals from 4 populations in Korea. ANOVA analysis showed significant differences among populations and among individuals within population in all characteristics. The mean characteristics of the species were 8.2 mm, 7.8 mm, 0.4 g, 11.7 Brix., 7.7 ea and 474.4 mg/100 g in the fruit width, fruit length, fruit weight, soluble solids contents, number of fruit per punch and total anthocyanin contents, respectively. Especially, total anthocyanin contents (474.4 mg/100 g) of V. oldhamii showed 1.9 times higher than that of American blueberry (237.3 mg/100 g) using as control. Consequently, the investigation suggests that V. oldhamii fruits can be used to develop the functional cultivars with enhanced health benefits by the selection breeding. Selection effect with outstanding candidate trees including superior 3 individual trees was estimated at 129.6%, 109.5% and 140.5% in fruit weight, number of fruit per punch and total anthocyanin content, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.624-637
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• 2020

High-quality and high-phytonutrient watermelon fruits have strong market opportunities besides their health related benefits. Hence, investigating quality and nutritional related traits of watermelon genetic resources could provide important baseline data in breeding for increased lycopene content thereby increasing the marketability of watermelon. To this end, we have examined some fruit morphological traits and lycopene content of 105 genetic resources. Seeds, originally obtained from 22+ countries, were obtained from the National Agrobiodiversity Center, Jeonju, South Korea, grown in an experimental field and harvested at a fully mature stage. The size of pistil scar (SPS), the width of stripes (WS), weight of fruit (WF), length of fruit (LF), width of fruit (WIF), the thickness of pericarp (TP), soluble solids content (SSC), fruit shape in longitudinal section, ground color of skin, the intensity of the green color of skin, fruit shape at the apical part, grooving distribution, conspicuousness of stripes, and main color of the flesh were recorded on the field and inside laboratory and the lycopene was measured using spectrophotometric and HPLC methods. Watermelon fruits have shown a diverse morphological characters. Red and pink fleshed fruits dominated in the entire collections. Fruits with higher thickness of rind were found to exhibit less soluble solid content (SSC). Korean origin fruits were characterized by intermediate SSC while the United States of America (USA), Russia (RUS), Tajikistan (TJK), Turkmenistan (TKM), Taiwan (TWN), and Uruguay (URY) originated fruits had the highest SSC. The lycopene content varied between 41.37 and 182.82 ㎍/g, 2.81 and 163.72 ㎍/g, and 3.54 and 255.47 ㎍/g using HPLC, UV-Vis spectrophotometer, and microplate reader spectrophotometer, respectively. Red- and pink-fleshed fruits had the highest levels of lycopene content compared to the yellow- and orange-fleshed. Lycopene content had a significant positive correlation with SSC, however, no correlations were detected between lycopene and other quantitative fruit morphological characters. Our study demonstrated high diversity exists in fruit morphological traits and lycopene content of the germplasm collections which provide beneficial baseline data for a future breeding program and utilization of watermelon germplasm collections in gene banks for the maintenance and improvement of the current levels of production, marketability, and health-related benefit of watermelon fruits.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.213-222
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• 2002

The alkaline comet assay has been used with increasing popularity to investigate the level of DNA damage in biomonitoring studies within the last decade in Western countries. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the alkaline comet assay as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage for monitoring in the Korean population, and also to evaluate the effect of nutritional status and lifestyle factors on H2O2 induced oxidative DNA damage measured by the alkaline comet assay in human lymphocytes. The study population consisted of 61 healthy Korean male volunteers, aged 20-28. Epidemiological background data including dietary habits, smoking habits and anthropometrical measurements were collected through personal interviews. After blood collection, the comet assay in peripheral lymphocytes and plasma lipids analysis was carried out and the results analyzed. Tail moment (TM) and tail length (TL) of the comet assay were use\ulcorner to measure DNA damage in the lymphocytes of the subjects. Statistically significant (p < 0.05) positive correlations were observed between DNA damage (TM or TL) and smoking habits expressed as cigarettes smoked per day and pack years (r = 0.311 and 0.382 for TM, r = 0.294 and 0.350 for TL, respectively). There were also significant positive correlations between DNA damage parameter and waist-hip ratio. Higher plasma triglyceride levels were associated with increased damage to DNA. There were no correlations between the consumption frequencies of vegetables and DNA damage to the subjects. However, consumption frequencies of fruit and fruit juice intake were inversely associated with the TM and TL. The results indicate that die comet assay is a simple, rapid and sensitive method for detecting lymphocyte DNA damage induced by cigarette smoking. Consumption of fruit or fruit juices could potentiall modify the damaged DNA in the human peripheral lymphocytes of young Korean men.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2017

Background: This study was aimed to determine the optimal vine induction method for growing of Korean schisandra (Schisandra chinensis), by comparing plant growth and fruit yields between plants grown with either fence-type (U-type) or A-type induction. Methods and Results: Plants were transplanted on August 17, 2014, and the plant height, stem node number and weight were measured every two weeks, six times from June 17, 2016. The plant height, stem node number, and leaf length and width were higher with the A-type than with the U-type induction, by approximately 37.0%, 49.1%, 27.6%, and 12.7%, respectively. Although there was no significant difference between the photosynthesis rates of plants grown with the two vine induction method, the leaf area and leaf number per plant were higher in the plants grown with the A-type than the U-type, by approximately 23.7% and 46.0%, respectively. The number of green-color pixels, in a defined area of digital camera images of creeper leaves from the inducted vines, was significantly higher in the plants grown with the A-type than the U-type. The number of fruit clusters per plant was approximately 26 and 36, under the U-type and A-type, respectively. A two fold higher total fruit weight per plant was observed in the plants grown under the A-type (250 g/plant) than the U-type (120 g/plant). Conclusions: The A-type vine induction method is optimal for cultivation of Korean schisandra.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.225-231
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• 2001

This study was conducted to examine effect of different environment conditions in glass, PC, PET and PE greenhouses controlled by different environment control systems on the growth of green pepper. Light transmittance of 64.7% in the glass greenhouse was the highest among different green-houses. Air temperature was the highest in the glass greenhouse when ventilators were closed, and was the highest in the PE greenhouse when ventilators were open. Air relative humidity was the highest in the PE greenhouse during 24 hours. The amount of solar energy accumulated in soil was the greatest in the glass greenhouse and this energy released during the night escaped through covering materials. Latent heat and solar energy affected air temperature increased in greenhouses. The air temperature of glass greenhouse was 27.5$^{\circ}C$ at 11 O clock, which was the highest air temperature among the all greenhouse types. Clear differences were observed in leaf area and plant height at 30 days after transplanting. Days to first flowering was the shortest in the glass greenhouse with 72.7 days. Flower shedding was the greatest in the PE greenhouse with 12.6%. Days to fruit harvesting was the shortest in the glass greenhouse with 14.3 days. Fruit quality, such as fruit length, fruit diameter, fruit flesh thickness, and vitamin C content, was the best in the glass greenhouse. Percent marketable fruits was the highest with 95.3% when the pepper was grown hydroponically in the glass greenhouse.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.92-96
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• 1997

This study was carried out to clarify the effects of number of branches per pot on the growth and yield in long term bag-culture of sweet pepper. Two plants were grown in pot with four, six, and eight branches. The results are summarized as the followings : 1. Plant height, stem diameter, leaf dry weight, root dry weight, and stem dry weight did not significantly differ among treatments, while the number of leaves and leaf area were the greatest In the treatment with eight branches per pot. 2. Although fruit length was not influenced by the number of branches per pot, fruit diameter and fruit weight were greater with four branches per pot. The yield of the four branches was 124.5ton/ha, which was not significantly different from the yield of the eight branches, 113.4ton/ha. Considering the average fruit weight, fruit quality, and labor saving, four branches per pot appears to be appropriate. 3. Although the yield of eight branches per pot during the first five months was higher, however, four branches per pot should be recommended for the long term bag- culture of sweet pepper because the yield of the four branches from April, which is the middle stage of growth to the final harvest was higher than the yields of the others.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.381-392
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• 2017

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of low temperature on the growth, yield, quality, and biologically active compounds of strawberry and obtain basic information for developing a technology for stable growth of strawberry in greenhouses. Growth of strawberry, including leaf number, area, and length, plant height, and dry weight was better at the optimum growth temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ than at a lower temperature of $15^{\circ}C$. At the low temperature of $15^{\circ}C$, the cultivar 'Maehyang' was more tolerant and displayed better growth rate than 'Seolhyang'. At $15^{\circ}C$, the fruit production per week and fruit weight was lower than that at $20^{\circ}C$. In contrast, fruit length and diameter were not significantly different between the two growth temperatures. Growth temperature also did not affect the fruit color index, Hunter L, a, b value, or fruit firmness. However, the sugar content of strawberries grown at $15^{\circ}C$ was higher by 0.8 and 1.5 Brix for 'Seolhyang' and 'Maehyang', respectively, than of those grown at $20^{\circ}C$. There was no difference in the content of fisetin, a biologically active compound, for 'Seolhyang' at both growth temperatures, however, the fisetin content of 'Maehyang' was higher at $20^{\circ}C$ than at $15^{\circ}C$. Cinchonine and ellagic acid content of 'Seolhyang' was higher at $20^{\circ}C$ than at $15^{\circ}C$, whereas that of 'Maehyang' was higher at $15^{\circ}C$ than at $20^{\circ}C$. Quercetin content showed no significant differences with respect to growth temperature, however, it tended to increase at $20^{\circ}C$. The cinnamic acid content of 'Seolhyang' was higher at $15^{\circ}C$ than at $20^{\circ}C$, whereas that of 'Maehyang' increased at $20^{\circ}C$. Collectively, the biologically active compounds of strawberry were affected by growth temperature. Moreover, the content of these compounds tended to increase at $20^{\circ}C$, the optimum growth temperature, rather than at the sub-optimal growth temperature of $15^{\circ}C$.