• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.67-74
• /
• 2013

Organosolv ethanolamine pulping for oil palm empty fruit bunches(EFB) were evaluated in this study. The screen yield by the ethanolamine pulping were higher than that by the soda pulping at the same operation conditions. The higher concentration of ethanolamine solvent resulted in the higher yield and the lower contents of residual lignin. The EFB pulp fibers were the narrower in fiber width but the higher in coarseness than those of the hardwood pulp fiber, while the fiber length of the EFB pulp fiber were similar to that of the hardwood fiber. The intrinsic zero span tensile testing showed the EFB pulp fiber by the 80% ethanolamine pulping were the stronger than the fiber by the soda pulping. The results of this study supported that the ethanolamine pulping could be used as an alternative pulping method for the EFB.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.88-92
• /
• 2000

Substrate improvement, maturation period and method of pinheading promotion were investigated to establish the culture method of Lyopyllum ulmarium which could obtained high yield in the short culture period. Rice bran+wheat bran (10%+10%) combination was selected from various additives, which showed vigorous growth of fruit body and high yield (133.8 g/850 cc). Oyster shells powder substance increased yield to 155.5 g per 850 cc capacity bottle. The suitable method for pinheading promotion was to stand the bottle reversely. The number of fruit bodies per 850 cc capacity bottle in this method was 27.2 stipes and bunch formation was good. When the maturation period of mycelium culture was 15 days to 30 days, pinheading period was 10 days. But when the maturing mycelium was 30 to 45 days, yield per 850 cc bottle was 148.2 g.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.280-291
• /
• 2018

Torrefaction is one of the methods to increase combustion calorific value and hydrophobicity of biomass. In this study, the effects of torrefaction on devolatilization, char reactivity and biomass structure were analyzed. Empty fruit bunch (EFB) and Kenaf biomass were used as fuels to be torrefied in the N2 environment at 200, 250 and $290^{\circ}C$. Devolatilization and char kinetics were analyzed by using TGA and biomass structure was investigated through petrography image. The reactivity showed different trends depending on the torrefaction temperature and biomass structure. The herbaceous biomass, Kenaf, was shown as high reactivity and thin wall structure. On the contrary, the woody biomass, EFB, had relatively low reactivity and thick wall structure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.14-22
• /
• 2017

Co-firing of renewable fuel in coal fired boilers is an attractive option to mitigate $CO_2$ emissions, since it is a relatively low cost option for efficiently converting renewable fuel to electricity by adding biomass as partial substitute of coal. However, it would cause reducing plant efficiency and operational flexibility, and increasing operation and capital cost associated with handling and firing equipment of renewable fuels. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of biomass co-firing on $CO_2$ emission and capital/operating cost. Wood pellet, PKS (palm kernel shell), EFB (empty fruit bunch) and sludge are considered as renewable fuels for co-firing with coal. Several approaches by the co-firing ratio are chosen from previous plant demonstrations and commercial co-firing operation, and they are evaluated and discussed for $CO_2$ reduction and cost estimation.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.49-57
• /
• 2019

Biomass, a carbon-neutral fuel, has great advantages because it can replace fossil fuels to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. However, due to its low density, high water content, and hydrophilicity, biomass has disadvantages for transportation and storage. To improve these properties, a pretreatment process of biomass is required. One of the various pre-treatment technologies, torrefacion, makes biomass similar to coal through low-temperature pyrolysis. In this study, torrefacion treatment was carried out at 200, 230, 250, 280, and $300^{\circ}C$ for wood pellet, empty fruit bunch (EFB) and kenaf, and the feasibility of replacing coal with fuel was examined. Hygroscopicity tests were conducted to analyze the hydrophobicity of biomass, and its chemical structure changes were investigated using Infrared spectrum analysis. It was confirmed that the hygroscopicity was decreased gradually as the torrefacion temperature increased according to the hygroscopicity tests. The hydrophilicity was reduced according to the pyrolysis of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin of biomass.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.367-372
• /
• 2001

'Kyoho' grape (Vitis labruscana L.) has currently cropped twice a year in plastic greenhouses. However, there are problems with low fruit quality in the second cropping owing to low temperatures and short photoperiods. This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of root zone heating and $CO_2$ enrichment in plastic greenhouse on the vine growth and fruit quality of 'Kyoho' grape in double cropping system. The internode length of shoots, leaf area and leaf dry weight at the treatment of soil heating near root zone was significantly different regardless of $CO_2$ enrichment. There were no significant differences in fruit bunch and berry weight, titratable acidity, coloration degree and berry shattering among the treatments, but the soluble solids significantly increased by root zone heating. Photosynthetic rate increased with increasing $CO_2$ concentration from 300 to $800{\mu}mol{\cdot}mol^{-1}$ in sunny day, whereas it didn't increase in cloudy day regardless of $CO_2$ enrichment.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.328-334
• /
• 2019

Shading paint (water-soluble) is one of the temperature control agents inside of a greenhouse in summer. Plastic film rain shelter is a unique system in Korean, prevents disease development vineyards, but it causes the heat inside a shelter in summer. Shading paint treatment with different shading rates (15, 25, and 35%) outside of plastic rain shelter avoided excessive heat inside. Shading paint influenced sunlight under plastic rain shelter in a different manner at each treatment. 35% of shading paint treatment reduced 45% of PPFD (Photosynthesis Photon Flux Density) than non-treatment control. Shading paint had the significance of efficiency to reduce the temperature under plastic rain shelter. 35% of shading paint treatment reduced $2^{\circ}C$ of bunch temperature than non-treatment control. However, shading paint treatment had not to control lower than ambient temperature. 35% of shading paint treatment is available to prevent excessive heat damage and poor fruit quality under plastic film rain shelter in summer in Korean vineyards.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.75-83
• /
• 2015

The applicability of oil palm biomass, EFB(Empty Fruit Bunch) as raw materials for environmental friendly packaging material, pulp mold, was evaluated in this study. The changes in the water absorption properties of pulp mold by the addition of EFB and the surface treatments with PVA and AKD were analyzed by measuring the changes in the water absorption rate and the water contact angle. The each pulp mold sample was prepared by using laboratory wet pulp molder. And the water absorption rate of each samples were evaluated by measuring times for the absorption of a 0.1 ml water drop on the pulp mold sample surface. The addition of EFB to the pulp mold made of OCC resulted in the decrease of water absorption rate and the increase in the water contact angle. The surface treatments with PVA and AKD on the OCC pulp mold showed the significant reduction in the water absorption rate. However, in case of ONP pulp mold, the addition of EFB and the surface treatments with PVA and AKD showed no big changes in water absorption times. Those might be come from the finer surface structure of ONP pulp mold which were made of more finer and flexible fibers and more hydrophilic fibers. The results of this study showed the functional properties such as water absorption rate, could be controlled by the application of EFB and the treatments with AKD or PVA, especially in case of the OCC pulp mold.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.13-20
• /
• 2013

In this study, oil palm biomass such as empty fruit bunch (EFP) and palm kernel shell (PKS) was used as raw materials for making pellets. EFB and PKS are valuable lignocellulosic biomass that can be used for various purposes. If EFB and PKS are used as alternative raw materials for making pellets instead of wood, wood could be saved for making pulps or other value-added products. In order to explore their combustion characteristics, EFB and PKS were analyzed using thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA) with ultimate and proximate analyses. From the TGA results, thermal decomposition of EFB and PKS occurred in the range of 280 to $400^{\circ}C$ through devolatilization and combustion of fixed carbon. After $400^{\circ}C$, their combustion were stabilized with combustion of residual lignin and char. PKS contained more fixed carbons and less ash contents than EFB, which indicated that PKS could be more active in combustion than EFB.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.42-51
• /
• 2013

In this study, oil palm biomass such as empty fruit bunch (EFB) and palm kernel shell (PKS) was used as raw materials for making pellets. Hardwood sawdusts were also mixed with EFB and PKS for making pellets. For improving a bad forming behavior in a pelletizer, 1 to 3 per cent of corn starch based on oven-dried weight biomass was added. The starch contributed to the decrease of dust generation in addition to the improvement of forming capability during pellet forming. Heating values of every pellets made of EFB and PKS were higher than 4,300 kcal/kg for the first grade pellet, irrespective of addition of sawdusts. However, the pellets made of EFB and PKS had ash contents over 3 per cent, which made it impossible to be applied for home use. Instead, they could be applied for industrial use. For studying their combustion characteristics, the pellets from the mixtures of EFB, PKS and sawdusts were analyzed using thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). From the TGA results, thermal decomposition of EFB and PKS occurred following three including endothermic reaction and dehydration, devolatilization of the major chemical components, and finally combustion of residual lignin and char.