• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.662-674
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to investigate the patterns of fast food intake in residential areas and its relation to eating habits among 551 6th grade students (286 male students and 265 female students) from elementary schools located in Gangnam-gu, Dongjak-gu and Seongbuk-gu, Seoul. The results of this study were as follows. 1) There were significant differences in the preference for fast food among districts (p<0.05) and children from Seongbuk-gu showed a greater preference for fast food than those from Gangnam-gu and Dongjak-gu. In terms of preferences for particular types of fast food, children from Seongbuk-gu liked hamburgers more than those from Gangnam-gu and Dongjak-gu so that there were significant differences among districts (p<0.05). With regards to the frequency of intake of the various types of fast food, there were differences in hamburger, pizza and chicken among three districts (p<0.05) and children from Seongbuk-gu ate fast food 1 to significant 2 times more often than those from Gangnam-gu and Dongjak-gu. 2) There were significant differences in the regularity of mealtimes between districts (p<0.05), with children from Seongbuk-gu showing more irregularity in their mealtimes than those from Gangnam-gu and Dongjak-gu. There were significant differences in the frequency of snack intake (p<0.05), and children from Seongbuk-gu tended to take a snack 1 to 2 times more often than those from Gangnam-gu and Dongjak-gu. 3) In the frequency of fast food intake in accordance with obesity, there were significant differences between the obesity index (p<0.05). In particular, children who were underweight had a tendency to eat more fast food. There were significant differences between the frequency of fast food intake depending on children's pocket money (p<0.05), and children who took fast food more than twice a week tended to have more pocket money. According to these results, we report there are partly different trends in the consumption of fast food and food habits among the districts in Seoul. Therefore we suggest that different interventions be implemented within the different districts to reduce reliance on fast food restaurants and to address the perceptions of healthy eating as well as time and convenience barriers.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.259-272
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• 2015

Objectives: A higher consumption of vegetables is emphasized as the core component of most dietary guidelines. Thus, this research investigated the dietary habits and influencing factors of vegetable preferences of adolescents. Methods: This study was conducted by using a self-administered questionnaire. 400 students from two high schools in Gyeongnam (193 boys, 207 girls) participated in the survey. The questionnaire consisted of the following variables: dietary habit, dietary action guide and factors based on Social Cognitive Theory (SCT). Results: The dietary habits of subjects showed significant differences depending on whether they prefer vegetables or not. The subjects in the group who liked vegetables had better dietary habits than the other group. Also, the study determined that the most important reason for liking or disliking vegetables is due to the taste. In the practice of dietary guidelines, the group of subjects who liked vegetables followed dietary guidelines more closely than the other group (p < 0.001). When the factors based on SCT were analyzed, personal factors showed significant differences between the groups: outcome expectation (p < 0.001), self-efficacy (p < 0.001) and affective attitude (p < 0.001). Personal factors and rated vegetable preferences showed a significant correlation in multiple regression analysis (F=42.015, p < 0.001). Conclusions: These results showed that vegetable preference is associated with a key point of desirable dietary habits among subjects. In order to increase vegetable preference or consumption, it is important to focus on strengthening not only self-efficacy of students, but also affective attitude of vegetable.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.840-855
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• 2003

This study was conducted to compare the eating habits of disabled and non-disabled children in Seoul and Gangneung. Korea. Questionnaires about eating habits were answered by the children's parents and their teachers. The subjects of this study consisted of 146 disabled children (108 boys and 38 girls) from two special education schools and 241 non-disabled children (control group,120 boys and 121 girls) from two elementary schools in Seoul and Gangneung, respectively. The percentage of the children who required more than 30 minutes to eat was 11.3% in the disabled group and 2.5% in the non-disabled group. In the disabled group,44.0% ate excessive amounts of food or could not control their intake. The percentage of the children whose frequency of eating breakfast was less than 1 to 2 times per week was 21.0% in the disabled group and 9.7% in the non-disabled group. Also, 7.6% of the disabled group and 13.9% of the non-disabled group had snacks more than three times per day. The percentage of children who were able to eat by themselves was lower in the disabled group (47.9%) than in the non-disabled group (87.8%). Of the remainder of the disabled group,28.6% spilled food, and 14.3% needed the aid of others when picking up side dishes. The percentage of parents who worried about their children's eating an unbalanced diet was 48.5% in the disabled group and 41.8% in the non-disabled group. In addition, there were problems with eating behaviors in 22.7% in the disabled group, and with under-eating (15.9%) and with excessive intake of instant foods (16.8%) in the non-disabled group. These results suggest that the eating habits and eating behaviors of disabled children are different from those of non-disabled children. Thus, nutritional educational programs and educational materials for disabled children and their parents should be developed.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.49-58
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to identify the eating habits and attitudes by socioeconomic factors(sex, age, educational level and annual family income) of adults in rural areas. The survey was administered by the nationwide 580 adult persons in rural in February 2001. The survey was conducted by a questionnaire that was composed of 20 items of likert-type scale. These data were analyzed by using SPSS(version 10.0) PC package and were expressed by mean and frequency. The results are following : 1) The degree of efforts to eating safe and fresh food were significantly different according to age(p<0.05), educational level(p<0.001) and annual family income(p<0.001). 2) The degree of efforts to nutritional balanced diet were significantly different by age(p<0.05) and annual family income(p<0.00l). 3) The concern about overeating of energyㆍsaltㆍfat were increased as the educational level goes up(p<0.001). 4) Meal regularity was more regular as age goes up(p<0.05). 5) Regarding for eating a variety of food were differed significantly by age(p<0.05) and educational level(p<0.01). 6) There are significantly different in duration of meal time of the subjects by sex(p<0.001), age(p<0.05) and educational level(p<0.0l). 7) Preference for snacks was significantly different by age (p<0.05) and educational level(p<0.0l). 8) There were significant differences in preference for processed foods(p<0.001) and frequency of using a chemical seasoning in cooking(p<0.05) of the subjects by educational level. 9) As the age(p<0.001) goes up and the educational level(p<0.001) and annual family income(p<0.001) goes down, they did not recognize the necessity for improving eating habits. According to these results, there were differences in eating habits between socioeconomic characteristics group in rural area. Therefore, this study can be used as basic data for specific nutritional intervention program in rural areas.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.258-273
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• 2014

Objectives: The purposes of the study were to develop a questionnaire for dietary habit survey for Korean adults, and unify the terms related to dietary habits. Methods: The Delphi method by 43 professionals on dietary habit research was applied to unify the terms. Results: With regard to results on terms related to dietary habit, the respondents recorded the highest percentage (90.7%) of selecting the term "dietary habits" and also the highest percentage (76.7%) of choosing "dietary habits" for English. The biggest percentage of the respondents chose "individual dietary behaviors repeatedly formed and habitualized under the social, cultural, and psychological influence in the group" as the concept of dietary habits. The Delphi survey for the development of a questionnaire resulted in the first questionnaire of 31 items, the second one of 27 items, and the third one of 25 items. The validity of questionnaire items was tested with content validity ratios (CVR). The items whose CVR value was 0.29 or lower were eliminated or revised, because the minimum CVR value needed to test validity was 0.29. To test the reliability of questionnaire items, test-retest method was performed in 163 adults. According to the Kappa coefficient in the range of 0.314-0.716, all of the 25 items were in the reliability scope. A survey was taken with 702 adults to finally revise and supplement the third questionnaire whose validity and reliability were tested. Conclusions: Through those processes, a questionnaire for adults' dietary habit survey was finally completed. The significance of the study lies in the development of the first questionnaire on dietary habits equipped with both validity and reliability in South Korea.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.683-694
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to determine the body weight control, food habits and nutrient intakes according to the obese index in male middle school students. This study was carried out through questionnaires and measurement by body fat analyzer (Inbody 4.0). The subjects were 275 male middle school students in Iksan. Chonbuk province. The average age, height, weight, and BMI of the subjects were 14.4 years old, 167.8 cm, 60.2 kg and $21.3kg/m^2$, respectively. Seventeen point one percent of the subjects were the underweight group, 47.6% were the normalweight group, and 35.3% were the overweight group by the classification of the Korean Pediatrics Society standard. Body fat of underweight, normalweight, and overweight were 16.1%, 19.0%, and 26.6%, respectively. Thirty one point nine percent of underweight, 39.7% of normalweight. and 31.9% of overweight had misperceptions of their weight (p<0.001). Sixty two point two percent of the males were dissatisfied with their body weight, and 55.3% of the whole tried to reduce their body weights. Even though they were normalweight, half of them dissatisfied with their weight. The source of weight control method was friends and family, TV radio, Internet, and school nutrition education, in order. The subjects exercised 3.4 days per week, 70.2 minutes per day, but it was not different significantly by the obese index. Forty percent of the subjects had meals fast, 58.5% of them have biased food habits even if they didn't differ by the obese index. Activity rate was different by the obese index significantly (p < 0.05), the number of severe activity was most in underweight. In conclusion, nutrition education programs should contain the necessity of normalweight, and regularity of lift habits and activities for energy expenditure in overweight students. It made them to recognize their weight correctly, establish healthy body images, and raise the ability to promote health and improve nutritional status.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.314-323
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• 2022

This study is a descriptive survey research conducted on second and third year nursing students located in G city from October 10 to 13, 2018, in order to assess the effects of life stress and eating habits among nursing students on eating behavior. The results of the study showed that there were differences in the subjects' eating behavior in terms of the amount of pocket money spent on food (F=5.83, p=.003), dietary pattern (t=4.14, p<.001), and unbalanced diet (F=9.27, p<.001). Eating behavior had a significant correlation with life stress (r=-.16, p=.001) and eating habits (r=.50, p<.001). Factors that affected eating behavior included eating habits (𝛽=.42, p<.001), food expenses taken out of pocket money (𝛽=-.14, p=.007), unbalanced diet(𝛽=-.14, p=.007), and life stress (𝛽=-.13, p=.010), and the explanatory power of these factors was 30.6% (F=26.63, p<.001). Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to find a way to promote the practice of having a healthy diet.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.189-200
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• 1996

This study was carried out with 1030 students of Seoul National University to investigate the relationship between residences and food habits of college students. The results obtained were as follows. 1) Food habit scores of the students living in dormitories and in boarding homes with cooking facilities were significantly lower than those of other students, especially with regards to the balance of five basic food groups and skipping breakfast. 2) Energy intake of students living in the boarding homes with meals were low. Students in the boarding home also showed low intake of calcium and iron, whether meals were provided or they had cooking facilities. 3) Cafeteria meals on campus showed better nutritional values than meals at home, or restaurants around the campus. But students were not satisfied with campus cafeterias, because the food items were monotonous, they had long waiting service lines, preferred foods were limited, dishes were not clean, and stated of hygiene did not seem satisfactory. Nutrition education for college students is needed, and menus of campus cafeterias should be developed to meet the various needs of students. (Korean J Community Nutrition 1(2) : 189~200, 1996)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.544-551
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary factors associated with characteristics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in upper-grade elementary school students. The study subjects were 397 students, and 52% of total study subjects were boys. The risk for developing ADHD was assessed by using a DSM-IV questionnaire. Boy's ADHD score was higher than that of girls (p<0.001). Subjects were divided into two groups according to the median of the ADHD score in boys and girls. The high ADHD score group showed higher frequency of skipping breakfast and a lower score for good dietary habits, as compared to the normal group. Further, the high ADHD score group showed higher frequency of processed food intake with lower frequency of vegetable intake, as compared to the normal group. These results suggest that undesirable eating habits and frequent intake of processed foods may be associated with higher risk of developing ADHD in elementary school students.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.342-349
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the information concerning dietary patterns in middle school students. The subjects of this study were 420(underweight 140, normalweight 140, overweight 140) middle school students. We investigated eating habits, life habits, food attitude. Data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed with the SAS program(Version 8.1). The results of investigation are summarized and concluded as follows ; The average BMI of underweight was 18.3kg/$m^2$ , normalweight was 22.2kg/$m^2$ , overweight was 26.6kg/$m^2$ . In the case of eating habit, the overweight group shows that low frequency of meal and high of skipping meal than the others group. Also in Life habit, the overweight group shows longer of watching TV and using computer. The score of food attitude was also high in over weight group. This study can´t represent the whole middle school students in Seoul. So the survey for the whole students should be followed. We can expect to offer basic data for effective nutrition education by studying.