• 한국생활과학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.743-757
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to compare nutrient intakes, blood lipids and bone density of male(n=69) and female(n=71) according to the obesity index by %Fat. The average energy intakes of obesity group was higher than normal group in male & female(p<0.001). The protein and fat intakes among three energy nutrients for male were higher than normal group(p<0.05~0.01), and carbohydrate intake of obesity group in female was higher than the other groups. TG, TC/HDL, blood glucose, blood pressure in male were higher than female(p<0.01~0.001), but HDL in male was lower than female. TC/HDL and diastolic blood pressure of obesity group were higher than normal group in male(p<0.05), but had not significant in female. Blood glucose in male was higher than female(p<0.001). T-score of forearm(=-1.26) and calcaneus(=0.42) for female were lower than male(=-0.63, 0.83), and T-score of calcaneus for obesity group(=1.03) in female was higher than normal group(=0.10). The T-score of forearm for obesity group in female was higher than the other group, but was not significant. These results suggest that ratio among three energy nutrients was kept balance for obesity group, especially, fat must be reduced in male than female, carbohydrate will be reduced in female than male to prevent obesity. Nutritional education for treatment obesity to prevent hyperlipidemia and arteriosclerosis is important for male too. T-score of forearm was lower than calcaneus in female, so exercise with arm than leg would be required to accumulate calcium in bone and to increase muscle to prevent osteoporosis.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.790-797
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate the nutrient intakes and the physical activities of mentally retarded persons (MRPs) accommodated in welfare institutions. A total of 194 cases of MRPs (130 males and 64 females) were surveyed through interviews of the 35 caregivers of the institutions during the period from March 2 to 12, 2005. The mean age of the 2nd degree is the highest, and the duration of institution stay of the 2nd degree is the longest. There were no significant differences in height, weight, but there were still significant differences in BMI by the degree of handicap. The MRPs with the 1st degree handicap consumed less nutrients than the MRPs with 2nd or 3rd degree handicaps, except for vitamins C and E. The mean activity factor was $1.737{\pm}0.422$ meaning 'active'. Among the comparative groups, the activity factor of the 2nd handicap degree MRPs was the highest. Note that the percentage of protein is the lowest in the case of the 1st degree handicap. The intake of the folic acid, in particular, was less than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) in case of all the MRPs while that of vitamin C, riboflavin and calcium was less than the EAR in case of $65{\sim}80%$ of the MRPs. MRPs with higher activity factors showed higher intakes of most nutrients except vitamin C. MRPs with higher marks in the 'balanced dietary habit' field showed more nutrient intakes. More consumption of vegetables and fruits by the MRPs was recommended. Also, more efficient dietary guidance was recommended for the MRPs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.46-57
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• 2015

우리나라 성인에서 아침결식이 증가하고 있으며, 아침결식은 대사적 위험을 증가시킨다고 한다. 본 연구는 한국성인을 위한 대사적 위험성이 낮은 아침식사 에너지 수준을 제시하고자 제4기 (2007~2009) 국민건강영양조사 자료를 이용하여 19~64세 성인 12,238명을 대상으로 1일 에너지섭취량이 500~5,000 kcal에 속하며, 임신 또는 수유중인 자, 대사 이상 질환이나 암으로 치료받는 자를 제외한 7,769명 (남자 38.4%, 여자 61.6%)의 자료를 분석하였다. 아침식사 에너지비율은 개인별 아침식사의 에너지섭취량이 에너지 필요추정량의 10% 미만 (극저에너지군), 10~20% 미만 (저에너지군), 20~30% 미만 (중간에너지군), 30% 이상 (충분에너지군)인 네 군으로 분류하여 대사질환의 위험요인별 교차비와 영양상태를 비교하였다. 모든 자료는 해당 년도의 가중치를 적용한 후 일반선형모델을 사용하여 성, 연령, 거주지역, 소득수준, 교육수준, 직업 유무 또는 에너지 섭취량을 추가 보정하여 분석하였다. 유의성은 ${\alpha}=0.05$ 수준에서 검토하였다. 1) 전체 대상자 중 아침식사 에너지가 1일 에너지필요추정량의 30% 이상에 속하는 대상자는 16.9%, 20~30% 미만군에 39.2%, 10~20% 미만군에 37.6%, 10% 미만군에 6.3% 순으로 나타났다. 극저에너지군과 저에너지군에는 여자보다 남자, 19~39세의 젊은 성인, 도시 거주자가 많았고 소득수준은 중상이상, 교육수준은 고졸이상이 많았고 직업을 가진 사람, 가족과 아침식사를 하지 않는 사람이 많았으나 중간에너지군과 충분에너지군에는 그와 대조적으로 여자, 40세 이상 성인, 읍면거주자, 소득과 교육수준이 낮고, 무직, 가족과 식사하는 사람이 많았다. 2) 충분에너지군에서 곡류 (주식류, 스낵류), 당류와 함께 감자류, 두류, 육류 및 난류, 어패류, 채소류, 과일류, 유지류, 조미료류의 섭취량이 네 군보다 높았다. 극저에너지군은 채소류의 섭취량이 네 군 중 가장 낮았고, 스낵류, 당류와 함께 육류 및 난류, 유지류, 조미료류의 섭취량이 저에너지 군과 중간에너지군보다 높았다. 3) 아침식사 에너지가 낮은 군일수록 지방에너지비와 단백질에너지비는 높고 탄수화물에너지비는 낮았으며, 에너지와 모든 영양소 섭취량 및 영양소적정섭취비 (NAR, MAR)가 낮아 영양소별 평균필요량 (EAR)에 미달되게 섭취한 대상자의 비율이 높았다. 충분에너지군은 에너지와 모든 영양소의 섭취실태가 가장 양호하였다. 4) 체중, 신장, 체질량지수와 허리둘레가 극저에너지군에서는 높은 반면, 충분에너지군에서는 낮아서 복부 비만위험은 충분에너지군을 기준으로 아침에너지섭취가 낮을수록 증가하여 극저에너지군에서 1.9배로, 저에너지군 1.44배, 중간에너지군 1.32배에 비해 높았으며, 체질량지수에 의한 비만 위험도 유사한 결과를 보였다. 또한 충분에너지군에서 혈청총콜레스테롤이 가장 낮아서 이상지질혈증 발생 위험은 충분에너지군에 비해 극저에너지군에서 1.84배 높았고 공복혈당에 의한 당뇨 발생 위험도 극저에너지군에서 1.57배 높았다. 이상의 연구결과에서 19~64세 성인에서 아침식사 에너지가 개인별 에너지 필요추정량의 10% 미만인 군은 비만, 이상지질혈증, 당뇨의 위험과 동시에 영양부족의 우려가 있는 반면에, 에너지 필요추정량의 30% 이상군은 대사위험성이 가장 낮고 영양상태가 가장 양호하였기 때문에 우리나라 19~65세 미만 성인을 위한 아침식사의 에너지 가이드라인으로 에너지 필요추정량의 30% 이상을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 보인다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.137-147
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• 2011

본 연구는 광주광역시 초등학교 6학년 170명을 대상으로 설문지를 이용하여 급식 및 급식 잔반에 대한 인식 및 태도, 잔반 교육 실시 여부에 따른 영양소 섭취량을 비교, 분석하였다. 첫째, 급식의 만족도는 그저 그렇다, 급식의 좋은 점은 도시락을 가지고 다니지 않아서 편하다, 급식비와 급식의 질은 현재 모두 적당하다고 한 경우 가장 높았다. 급식의 싫은 점은 식당 배식원의 불친절, 급식의 보완 요망 음식으로는 과일 및 음료, 급식의 잔반 종류로는 김치를 포함한 나물류, 급식의 잔반 원인은 싫어하는 음식이어서, 급식의 잔반 횟수는 주 1~2회, 급식의 음식 섭취 순서는 먹어본 경험이 있는 음식을 먼저 먹는다, 급식의 편식 여부는 편식을 한다, 편식의 종류로는 콩류 및 잡곡류의 경우 가장 높았다. 둘째, 급식 잔반에 대한 인식 및 태도에 있어 음식물 잔반 여부는 거의 남기지 않는다, 잔반 감소 방법은 음식을 맛있게 요리해서, 잔반 교육 여부는 받은 적이 있다, 잔반 감소교육 방법으로는 학교수업 시 담임선생님의 지도를 통해서, 잔반 처리 방법은 가축 사료 등으로 재활용, 잔반 감소 필요성의 인식은 환경을 오염시켜 우리에게 피해를 주기 때문,실천 가능한 잔반 감소 방법은 잔반 없는 날 운영이 가장높게 나타났다. 셋째, 총 식품 섭취량은 잔반 교육 실시반의 경우 517.46 g로 미실시반의 경우 474.75 g보다 높았고, 영양소 섭취량도 잔반 교육 실시반이 미실시반보다 각 영양소에서 유의하게 높게 나타났다(p<0.001).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.36-46
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• 1976

This study was projected to provide basic data on prenatal care for future direction in maternity and child care, and also to investigate the diet of women during pregnancy and the period directly afterwards in order to offer to mothers appropriate advice for the improvement of nutritional standards. A clinical study on prenatal care was based on 1054 delivery cases. A nutritional survey was performed on 174 mothers admitted to the department of obstetrics at St. Mary's Hospital during the period of March, 1975 to February, 1976. The results obtained are summarized as follows; I. Clinical study on prenatal care 1) The age distribution showed 59.4% of the mothers were between the ages of 25 to 29 years old. 2) The gestational period was highest between the 37th and 40th gestational weeks. 33.7% of the mothers were primigravidae and 31.8% of them primiparae. 3) 41.3% of the mothers had not received prenatal care or had only received it once before. 4) Induced deliveries were 61.8% and spontantaneous deliveries 38.2%. 61.9% of the mothers had received prenatal care, while those without prenatal care accounted for 61.6% of the total induced deliveries. 5) Low birth weights were 7.7% and 5.0% of the mothers had received prenatal care, while 11.5% had no prenatal care. 6) There were 1.13% of still births, 0.32% of the mothers had prenatal care and the remainder did not have prenatal care. 7) Of those receiving prenatal care, 2.1% showed in the $0{\sim}3$ Apgar score group, 6.3% in the $4{\sim}6$ Apgar score group, and 91.6% in the $7{\sim}10$ Apgar score group. Among the non-prenatally cared for group 5.0% of the newborns were in the $0{\sim}3$ Apgar score group, 9.7% were in $4{\sim}6$ Apgar score group and 85.3% were in the $7{\sim}10$ Apgar score group. 8) Obstetrical complications were developed in 11.86% of the pregnant women when they were hospitalized. Among the group receiving the prenatal care 8.1% of the mothers had obstetrical complications. In the group without prenatal care 17.16% of the mothers had obstetrical complications. The most common obstetrical complication was malpresentation. 9) The first prenatal care was received between the 37th and 40th gestationl weeks. II. Food intake during pregnancy The following are the results from the questionnaires of the mothers concerning diets during pregnancy; 1) Main meals and snacks In 32.2% of the cases, their main meals during the diet amounted to more than was usually eaten at other times. In 67.8% of the cases, their main meals during the diet were the same as that usually eaten. In 22.4% of the cases, snacks during the diet amounted to more than usually eaten at other times. In 77.6% of the cases, snacks during the diet were the same as usually eaten. 2) Itemized list The mothers made a special effort to include certain items in their diets, the following is a breakdown of those items; a. egg, meat, fish 33.3% b. fruit, vegetables 32.2%. c. milk, fruit juice 18.4% d. cake, bread 2.9% e. nothing special 13.2% 3) Milk 44.8% of the mothers had at least one cup of milk everyday. 33.4% of the mothers had at least one cup of milk on occasion. 15.5% of the mothers did not have any milk. 4) Vitamins 39.7% of the mothers had vitamins everyday. 24.7% of the mothers had vitamins occasionally. 35.6% of the mothers did not have any vitamins. 5) Anemic symptoms 9.2% of the mothers very often had anemic symptoms during pregnancy. 39.1% of the mothers often had anemic symptoms during pregnancy. 51.7% of the mothers did not have anemic symptoms at all. 6) Taboos on food 23% of the mothers recognized 'taboos' on food during pregnancy 27% of the mothers displayed on uncertainty about the 'taboos' on food during pregnancy 50% of the mothers displayed indifference toward the taboos. III. Nutritional survey on the new mothers diet. 1) The diets for new mothers can be divided into four categories, such as general diet, low sodium diet, soft diet and liquid diet. 2) Cooked rice and seaweed soup were the main foods for the new mothers as has been the traditional diet for Korean mothers. 3) The average diet contained 1,783g. And the average consumption of the basic food groups per capita per day was 1,265g for cereals and grains, 456g for meats and legumes, 58g for fruits and vegetables, 0g for milk and fish and 4g for fats and oils. 4) In addition to the 1,783g of food in the main diet there was also 142.8g of food taken as snacks. 5) The average daily consumption of calories and nutrients was 2,697 Kcal and 123.4g for proteins, 44.9g for fats, 718.2mg for calcium, 14mg for iron, 2,101.4 I.U. for vitamin A, 0.43mg for thiamine, 1.02mg for riboflavin, 15.88mg for niacin, 5.26mg for ascorbic acid. When these figures are compared with the recommended allowances for new mothers in Korea, the calories and nutrients taken in were satisfactory. But the intake of minerals and vitamins was below the recommended allowance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.91-98
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• 1969

여자(女子) 대학생(大學生)의 대다수(大多數)가 기숙사(寄宿舍)에서 단체(團體) 급식(給食)에 의하여 식사(食事)를 하고있는 성심여자대학(聖心女子大學)의 기숙생(寄宿生) 360명(名)에 대한 계절별(季節別) 영양(營養) 실태(實態)를 파악하기 위하여 1967년(年) 추동(秋冬)과 1968년(年) 춘하(春夏) 사계절(四季節)에 걸쳐 각(各) 계절(季節)마다 1주일간(週日間)의 식사(食事) 섭취 상태를 조사 하였다. 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 피실험자(被實驗者)의 연령(年齡) 분포(分布)는 만(滿) 19세(歲) 20세(歲) 21세(歲) 나는자(者)가 전원(全員)의 70% 이상(以上)을 차지하고 있었다. 식사(食事) 섭취량(攝取量)은 사계절(四季節)을 통(通)해서 Calorie를 저량(低量) 섭취하고 있었으며 기중(其中)에서 가장 많이 섭취한 계절(季節)은 봄철이고 다음으로는 여름 가을 겨울의 순위(順位)로 되어있다. 각(各) 영양소량(營養素量)도 봄철이 가장 많었고 겨울은 가장 낮았다. 단백질은 권장량에 가까웠고 그중(中)의 약(約) $1/2{\sim}1/3$은 동물성(動物性) 급원(給源)에서 오고 있다. 칼슘과 vitamin A 역시 다른 계절(季節)에 비(比)해서 겨울에는 상당(相當)히 낮았다. Vitamin C와 niacin은 사계절(四季節)을 통(通)해서 전반적(全般的)으로 충분(充分)한 양(量)을 보이고 있다. 겨울철만 제외하고는 $vitamin\;B_1$과 $B_2$의 섭취량은 상당(相當)한 수치(數値)를 보이고 있다. 사계절(四季節) 식사(食事) 섭취량(攝取量)의 차이를 나타내는 주요(主要)한 원인은 식단(食單)의 질(質)과 다양성(多樣性)에 관계(關係)되고 있고 부수적 원인으로는 외식(外食)을 하기 때문이다. 즉(卽) 매식사시(每食事時)에 충분(充分)한 양(量)을 섭취하지 않기 때문이다. 그리고 상당수(相當數)의 학생(學生)이 기분에 좌우 되어서 외식(外食) 간식(間食)을 하고 있는 것으로 본다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.22-30
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• 2009

This study aimed to examine nutritional status and similarities of diets between Vietnamese female immigrants and Korean spouses and dietary changes of Vietnamese females after immigration. Subjects were 608 couples visiting 13 medical centers for the Cohort of Intermarried Women in Korea from November 2006 to November 2007. Anthropometric and biochemical measurements were obtained and dietary intakes were assessed using one-day 24-hour recall. Sixty-eight percent of wives answered there have been changes in their diets and consumptions of meats, fish, dairy products, vegetables, and fruits increased after immigration. Energy intakes of wives and spouses were 1491.7 kcal and 1788.8 kcal, respectively, showing most couples (80.1%) consumed less than the Korean estimated energy requirements. More than half of the couples were below the Korean estimated average requirements of zinc, vitamin $B_2$, and folate. The correlation coefficients between couples ranged 0.15-0.38 for unadjusted, 0.22-0.35 for per 1000 kcal, and 0.21-0.40 for energy-adjusted, respectively. The proportions of couples in the same quartiles of each nutrient intake and in the same answers of each question of Mini Dietary Assessment were about 30% across nutrients and around 50% across questions. The length of residence is related to similarities of nutrient intakes between couples: similarities decreased after 3 years of residence in Korea. In conclusion, nutritional intakes of inter-married couples were inadequate although wives reported that their dietary intakes increased after immigration. Inadequate nutrient intakes of wives were partly explained by similar diets between couples because these wives without enough adjustment to Korean culture were more likely to follow what their spouses ate. Findings from this study may be helpful to improve the nutritional status of inter-married couples and make policies and programs for them. A follow-up study should identify factors affecting inadequate nutritional status of intermarried couples and similarities of their diets.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.705-712
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 제4기 국민건강영양조사 중 성인 남녀를 대상으로 외식 현황과 이와 관련된 인구사회학적 특성, 영양섭취 수준, 식습관 등을 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 첫째, 남성이 여성과 비교하여 외식을 자주하는 경향을 보였고, 도시에 거주하는 젊은 성인일수록, 가구소득 및 교육 수준이 높을수록 더 자주 외식을 하는 것으로 보였다. 둘째, 외식 빈도에 따라 영양 섭취 기준 대비 영양소 섭취비율을 분석한 결과 남녀의 패턴이 유사한 경향을 보였는데, 외식을 자주 하는 사람에게서 대부분의 영양소 섭취가 더 높은 반면 탄수화물 및 조섬유의 섭취는 더 낮은 수준을 보였다. 또한 외식 빈도가 높은 그룹에서 낮은 그룹에 비해 에너지/지방 과잉 섭취자의 비율이 더 높은 경향을 보였다. 셋째, 외식 빈도에 따른 아침 결식률을 분석한 결과, 남녀 모두 외식을 자주 하는 사람일수록 아침결식률이 더 높았고, 특히 이는 여성에게서 두드러졌다. 넷째, 대상자의 한국인 식생활 지침 실천도를 분석한 결과, 나이가 많은 여성일수록 식생활 지침 실천도가 더 높은 것으로 보였고, 남녀 모두 외식을 자주 하는 사람일수록 식생활 지침 실천 점수가 더 낮은 경향을 보였다. 이를 바탕으로 구체적인 문항에 대한 실천도를 비교한 결과, 성별, 연령별로 상이한 식생활 문제점이 파악되었다. 따라서 한국인 식생활 중 외식의 비중이 꾸준히 높아지고 있는 가운데, 성인의 건강한 외식 관련 식생활 문화에 기여하기 위한 공중보건안이 마련되어야 하며, 이러한 영양교육 및 정책 마련 시 본 연구 결과에 근거하여 집단의 특성에 따라 외식 관련 식습관문제점이 차이가 있음을 고려하여야 한다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.253-262
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• 2008

Previous studies have indicated that incidence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is partly related to the damage of antioxidant systems, but etiology of RA is not fully identified. This study was performed to evaluate nutrient intakes including antioxidants, health related behaviors and food habits of RA patients and controls. RA patient group (n = 68) and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 68) were joined in this study. Nutrient intake was estimated using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. As mean age of RA ($52.9{\pm}13.8$ years) was significantly higher than those of controls ($48.7{\mp}5.9$ years), data were analyzed by using Student's t-test, adjusted for age. There was no significant difference between two groups in body mass index. Compared with those of controls, frequencies of drinking (p < 0.001) and coffee consumption (p < 0.05) of RA groups were lower. RA groups had lower frequencies of fruit (p < 0.01), vegetable (p < 0.05) and fatty meat (p < 0.05) consumptions and balanced diet (p < 0.01), and higher frequencies of fried dishes (p < 0.01), and salty dishes (p < 0.01), compared to controls. The most nutrient intakes including energy intake of RA were tended to be lower than those of controls. Vitamin A, ${\beta}$-carotene and vitamin C intakes were significantly lower in RA than controls (p < 0.001). Daily vitamin A, ${\beta}$-carotene and vitamin C intakes of RA were lower than those of control (vitamin A: RA $360.6{\pm}252.23{\mu}g$ RE, control $844.5{\pm}426.2{\mu}g$ RE, p < 0.001; ${\beta}$-carotene: RA $1450.9{\pm}1019.0{\mu}g$, control $3968.8{\pm}2248.21{\mu}g$, p < 0.001; vitamin C; RA $40.6{\pm}21.48mg$, control $84.7{\pm}40.29$, p < 0.001) These results suggest sufficient consumption of antioxidant nutrients may prevent and improve RA status.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.185-197
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• 1991

An eating behavior research was done with 50 females at a buffet styled restaurant during their lunch time. Of the respondents, 52.0% were professional and 54.0% were graduate school graduates. Of the respondents, 58.0% of the company were friends and 24.0% were relatives. The average time period of eating was $93.0{\pm}23.4$ minutes. The average frequency of taking food was $4.0{\pm}1.1$ and the average frequency of taking food after satiety was $1.4{\pm}0.8$. It is significant that lower frequency of food consumption was directly proportional to the age groups of respondents. The average selected food items were $30.4{\pm}7.1$ out of 175 and the average weight of the consumed food was $995.0{\pm}240.9$ g. The older age group chose a similar number of food items, but the amount of each food item was considerably less than younger. So the younger the age group was, the more they ate. The average food items at one time was $7.1{\pm}2.2$ and the average food weight time was $233.7{\pm}69.7$ g. The percentage of respondents who evaluated themselves as 'ate too much' was 70.0% and those who evaluate themselves 'ate properly' was 14.0%. Most of them were satisfied with the buffet service. The average of number of food items consumed by respondents before cooking was $50.5{\pm}8.9$. The consumption of calories and nutrients was compared with the Korean Daily Recommended Dietary Allowances. The consumed calories were 60.9% of RDAs, protein 104.4%, calcium 77.1%, iron 129.8%, vitamin A 66.5%, thiamin 96.0%, riboflavin 95.7%, niacin126.6% and ascorbic acid 112.3%. This data exceeded 1/3 of the Korean Daily RDAs tremendously and tells us extreme overeating. The energy ratio of carbohydrate: fat: protein was 51.6: 29.9: 18.5. Caloric consumption of animal food was 27.9% and the consumption rate of the other nutrients from animal food was considerably high. But the consumption rate of vitamin A was 90.9% from vegetable groups. Accoding to this study, buffet service gives some advantages. It gives customers an good opportunity to vary their food intake, which enhances eating experiences and can cause an improvemont of food habits. But overeating is a problem. Therefore, we think it is necessary for those women who have influence over their family's food selection, to have nutrition education about a desirable order of eating a meal, food selection, and health problems due to overeating at buffet styled restaurant. There should be some improvement in the management of buffet service. For example, proper temperature, texture, and freshness of the food should be maintained. Prevention of mixed food smells should be considered as well. To lower the price it is desirable to reduce the number of similar items and to use seasonal food as much as possible. A buffet styled restaurant with less food items with cheaper prices is recommended. Various traditional food should be developed for the menu items. We expect buffet services to be sutable to maintain good health and to be popular to any eater.