• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.50-59
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• 2018

Background: Duodichogamy is the rarest form of dichogamy in angiosperms, which is characterized by flowering in the sequence of male${\rightarrow}$female${\rightarrow}$male. Disentangling factors promoting duodichogamy require the discovery of more duodichogamous species in angiosperms. However, extremely limited information on duodichogamous species makes it difficult to make general conclusions. Given the inflorescence morphology and flowering characteristics, the Meliaceae family is highly likely to contain duodichogamous species. Methods: We selected 48 individuals from 20 populations in Korea and investigated their flower morphology, arrangement of flowers by sexual condition within inflorescences, and flowering phases and duration of male and female flowers of Toona sinensis (Meliaceae) for 5 years (2011-2015) to determine if the species shows duodichogamous flowering. Results: Toona sinensis belonging to Meliaceae possessed functionally unisexual flowers with rudimentary parts of the opposite sex. The floral organs in male were larger than those in female, except for ovary length and width. In dichasium, male flowers were observed on primary or lateral branches, whereas female flowers were borne only on lateral branches. Overall, individuals from six different populations flowered in the male${\rightarrow}$female${\rightarrow}$male sequence, thereby male is blooming far longer than female flowers at the level of individual trees (male vs. female = 17-20 days vs. 2-4 days). Conclusions: This is the first study to report a duodichogamously flowering species, T. sinensis, within Meliaceae. Several flowering characteristics observed from T. sinensis may be important clues used to discover additional duodichogamous Meliaceae species. Short flowering period and relatively small number of female flowers, which is analogous to reduced ovule numbers observed in other duodichogamous species, may intensify male-male competition in T. sinensis. This study contributed to narrowing down potential candidates of duodichogamy based on their geographic distributions and flowering time.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.49-55
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• 2003

The morphology of the leaves and the flowers of angiosperms exhibit remarkable diversity. One of the factors showing the greatest variability of leaf organs is the leaf index, namely, the ratio of leaf length to leaf width. In some cases, different varieties of a single species or closely related species can be distinguished by differences in leaf index. To some extent, the leaf index reflects the morphological adaptation of leaves to a particular environment. In addition, the growth of leaf organs is dependent on the extent of the expansion of leaf cells and on cell proliferation in the cellular level. The rates of the division and enlargement of leaf cells at each stage contribute to the final shape of the leaf, and play important roles throughout leaf development. Thus, the control of leaf shape is related to the control of the shape of cells and the size of cells within the leaf. The shape of flower also reflects the shape of leaf, since floral organs are thought to be a derivative of leaf organs. No good tools have been available for studies of the mechanisms that underlie such biodiversity. However, we have recently obtained some information about molecular mechanisms of leaf morphogenesis as a result of studies of leaves of the model plant, Arabidopsis thaliana. For example, the ANGUSTIFOLIA (AN) gene, a homolog of animal CtBP genes, controls leaf width. AN appears to regulate the polar elongation of leaf cells via control of the arrangement of cortical microtubules. By contrast, the ROTUNDIFOLIA3 (ROT3) gene controls leaf length via the biosynthesis of steroid(s). We provide here an overview of the biodiversity exhibited by the leaf index of angiosperms. Taken together, we can discuss on the possibility of the control of the shapes and size of plant organs by transgenic approaches with the results from basic researches. For example, transgenic plants that overexpressed a wild-type ROT3 gene had longer leaves than parent plants, without any changes in leaf width. Thus, The genes for leaf growth and development, such as ROT3 gene, should be useful tools for the biodesign of plant organs.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.36-58
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• 1999

We designed the model picture of Tourism Botanical Garden, as a kind of theme park, in which we could enjoy flowers all the year round and the glorious tints of its autumn foliage. It would be very important to decide what kinds of trees should be planted and where to plant them. We selected the appropriate flowers and trees according to their value of appreciation and flowering time and the grand view around there and the weather conditions of the central region. We selected perennial plants as native plants, according to their color, flowering time and for the convenience of maintenance. And we selected some kinds of culture plants to show the seasonal change and diversity, according to their color and flowering time. We adopted the roof-tile pattern of Pakjae Kingdom to design the basic model of the garden, and the area was divided into eight sections. Six of them were divided again into four small planting areas from the outside respectively, according to the kinds of trees; pine-tree area, native flowering plant area, flowering tree area and flowering shrub area. The last two sections are by a lake, so they could make a beautiful landscape of waterfront. For the effective and economic operation of the garden, some kinds of flower trees and shrubs, which are little damaged by blight and are needless to prune, were selected. And perennial plants were also selected, because we don't have to change them into other plants, so we could cut down the expenses. As for the culture plants, they could be easily replaced with other culture plants in the flowering time, to show seasonal change and the harmony with the scenery around the garden.

• Journal of People, Plants, and Environment
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2020

This study conducted a horticultural therapy program for trainees entrusted to the Juvenile Classification Review Center in order to fill the educational gap while providing emotional stability during the one-month period of commissioned education. The effects of horticultural therapy were examined by the pretest and posttest changes of the emotional items such as anxiety, self-esteem, self-efficacy and stress index. As the research method, this study used the one-group pretest-posttest experimental design on 16 female trainees of commissioned education staying at the Juvenile Classification Review Center in the juvenile reformatory located in A city. The horticultural therapy program was carried out in four sessions: two on flower arrangement and two on planting. The scores before and after the horticultural therapy program were measured using the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) to examine the effects of horticultural therapy on the reduction of anxiety for the adolescents staying in the Juvenile Classification Review Center. The results show that there was significant decrease in the mean of anxiety from 62.5 (SD = 6.8) to 57.6 (SD = 8.1) points after the program (p = .002). There was no significant change in self-esteem, which was 76.9 (SD = 11.2) before the horticultural therapy and 78.3 (SD = 8.7) after the therapy (p = .420). In self-efficacy, there was no significant change from 72.9 (SD = 10.9) before and 75.1 (SD = 11.0) after horticultural therapy (p = .178). In order to examine the physiological changes in such emotional functions, this study measured the stress index using the uBioMacpa as the tool. The result of the measurement showed that there was a significant change in the mean from 33.8 (SD = 2.3) before to 31.1 (SD = 2.2) after the horticultural therapy (p < .001).

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.154-169
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• 2019

This study attempts to shed light on the nature and purpose of the small melon-shaped celadon ewer that was found in the Sinan shipwreck, focusing on the fact that it has the shape of a ewer, yet could not really have served as a tea or liquor utensil given its small size and unusual shape. We analyzed the shape-related characteristics of other melon-shaped celadon ewers as well as this one; checked the use of similar items unearthed in China and Japan; examined the relevant literature, materials, and paintings; and arrived at the following conclusion. First, it was found that the small melon-shaped celadon ewer was one of a type that was first made in the Southern Song Period in China and continued to be made until the Yuan Period. The artifact displays some differences from many similar relics found in the same shipwreck, particularly its spout, lid, and handle. Second, research on the tea ceremonies and types of liquors prevalent during the Song and Yuan Periods of China, as well as the appearance of this ewer, suggest that it was unsuitable for use as a liquor utensil. Third, we looked at the relevant literature records, paintings, and relics unearthed in China and Japan in an attempt to determine its actual purpose. It is well known that the literati had a deep affection for stationery items, particularly water droppers, which were made in a variety of shapes during the Song Period of China and thereafter. According to literature dating from the Song and Ming Periods, it appears that melon- or ewer-shaped water droppers were used. Certain paintings from the Ming Period depict a small ewer, along with a water dropper, as a stationery item. Looking at paintings dating from medieval Japan, small ewer-shaped objects do not figure among the tea and liquor utensils depicted, whereas kettles with handles and hot water bottles do. Objects known as yeonjeok (a water dropper) were included among the items said to have been made in pottery kilns during medieval Japan. However, a book on flower arrangement of Japan dating from the fifteenth century shows a small ewer, with flowers in it, among the stationery items placed on a desk. Based on this detail, it is concluded that the small melon-shaped celadon ewer from the Sinan shipwreck might have been used as a flower bottle as well as a stationery item.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.60-76
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine the spatial and visual arrangement characteristics of Imsil Yi Ung-jae's old house's spatial and visual aspects in order to discover the value of landscape and traditional house garden. The results of this study are as follows. Dongchon-village in Dundeok-ri, where old house is located, is a typical form of with "Back to the mountain and facing the water(背山臨水)", and is located in the north of the three streams of water, forming a Jeonchaghugwan(前窄後寬). Dongchon Village, which has a traditional scenic spot between Danguidae(丹丘臺) and Samgyeseokmun(三溪石門), is understood to be the main street of Nojeokbong Peak and Gyegwanbong Peak, which is Ansan(案山), where the "A centipede flying in the sky(飛天蜈蚣形)". Yi Ung-jae's old house is the oldest existing high-priced house in the North Jeolla region and the closing price of a royal family of the Joseon Dynasty, which was arranged by Chunseongjeong(春城正), Yi Dam-son(李聃孫) in the mid-16C. The Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592 and Japanese colonial era, the loyalty of the gate quarters, the filial piety of the gate quarters, and the faithfulness of the tablet(扁額) and Juryeons(柱聯) are enough to contribute to the rise of the value of a physical house. The men's quarters(Sarangchae), which are placed on a high-pocket or a layout without going against the sloping terrain, have the effect of making the distance as far as possible, enhancing its dignity and hierarchy as a royal building. In addition, the entrance to the main quarters(Anchae) through the four pillar gates(四柱門), the extensive support and the appropriation of the Chaewon(vegetable garden), and the official base for the Anchae are very unique compared to the general nobility. However, in the context of the postwar relationship, the shrine seeks to realize Confucian ideals while harmonizing with nature by arranging wide sponsorships around it. On the other hand, it is confirmed that there was a pond in the form of a circle in a square(方池圓島型) with a relatively large area, which is now disturbed and damaged. Written by the high priced planting species are sponsored pine trees, hackberry, persimmon trees, Japanese apricot flower, Ohmomiji, and plum tree in the side garden, as well as cotyledon trees in the outside garden. However, although flower bed(花階), which is built on the stone axis, is a place that clearly shows the expensive garden, it seems to have lost the texture of the plant due to the extremely high variety of species and the splendor that does not match the plant landscape of the flower world. Yi Ung-jae's old house is highly valuable as it is a portrait house of a prince of the blood in the mid-Joseon Dynasty. Based on these findings, this study proposed a plan to improve the management of high prices that could be met.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.218-223
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• 2017

Using both light and scanning electron microscopies, it was investigated on the visual cells as well as the eyes of Macropodus ocellatus (Pisces, Osphronemidae). This species had a circular lens and yellowish cornea. The eyes had $3.5{\pm}0.2mm$ which is $31.1{\pm}3.0%$ in a percentage of eye diameter relative to head length. The retina ($158.2{\pm}10.6{\mu}m$) was built of several layers, including the visual cell layer which consists of three types of cells: single cons ($27.8{\pm}1.6{\mu}m$) and equal double cone ($33.9{\pm}3.7{\mu}m$), and large rods ($57.3{\pm}1.3{\mu}m$). The visual cell layer then was classified into the correct pattern. All visual cells were clearly distinguished from two parts (inner and outer segments). The elongated rod cells were extend to the bottom of the retinal pigment epithelium. In scanning electron microscopy, the outer segment links to inner segment by so-called calyceal piles. The M. ocellatus single and double cones appearance form a flower-petal arrangement, which is a regular mosaic pattern that contains quadrilateral units by four double cones surrounding a single cone.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.137-151
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• 2012

In 1966, $Seokgatap$ pagoda in $Bulguksa$ temple was damaged by the tomb robbers and was dismantled to fix the damage. In the process, many offerings to Buddha and containers for Sarira(the cremated remains) were found in $Sarigong$(specially designated space for the Sarira casket) inside the second floor of the pagoda. Many fabrics like $Geum$, $Neung$(twill), $Rha$(complex gauze), silk tabby and linen were also excavated. In this study, $Geum$ fabric from the $Seokgatap$ was closely examined. $Geum$ of $seokgatap$ is weft-faced compound weave according to the analysis of its weaving pattern which was wrongly presumed as warp-faced compound weave for some time. Technical analysis of $Geum$: Main: silk, Binding: silk, Proportion: 1 main warp to 1 binding warp, Count: 15 main warps and 15 binding warps per centimeter, Weft: polychrome silk without apparent twist, Colors: yellow, mustard yellow, deep blue, green and purple, Weave: weft-faced compound twill, 1/2 S. $Geum$ of $Seokgatap$ was made in the $8^{th}$ century, since it was weaved in weft-faced compound weave twill which was popular in the $8-9^{th}$ century. And also, the arrangement of the colors was done in the same way of gradation $Geum$ silk which was popular in the $7-8^{th}$ C in China and Japan. Third, we restored the pattern of $Geum$ of the Unified Shilla Dynasty for the first time. It was very difficult to figure out the shape and the size of pattern since the fabric was partially lost and ruined. We tried to draw the diagram of structure with the cross point of the warp and the weft to restore the pattern. By doing so, we could identify two kinds of small flower pattern, palmette and the pattern of repeating vines. Fourth, we could infer that the $Geum$ of $Seokgatap$ was used for $geumdae$(a pouch made of $geum$) by analyzing all the documents and the characteristics of the fabric.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.43-70
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• 1995

This paper aims to clarify the historical background and the architectural purpose of the buildings in NakSunJae area to the original state. Through the investigation, the clarified facts are as follows. 1. The relation with the buildings for the Crown Prince in the ChangDok Palace By constructing buildings in the NakSunJae area, the spatial conception of the Royal Palace was changed, that is, buildings for the Crown Prince in the ChangDok Palace disappeared and they became to belong to the ChangGyeong Palace. Moreover, by constructing the NakSunJae and its attached buildings, the area for the Crown Prince shifted to use as a private area for the king. 2. The date and the purpose of the construction The NakSunJae area is consisted of three compounds of building: NakSunJae, SukBokHun and SooKangJae. The NakSunJae was constructed for the king HunChong's private occupancy in 1847 and the SukBokHun for a residence of a royal concubine Kim, in 1847. The SooKangJae was originally built in 1785 in the SooKang Palace where the ex-king took up as his residence after abdicate the throne. Later on, it was repaired as the residence of the Queen SoonWon, king HunChong's grandmother, in commemoration for the 60th anniversary of her birth in 1848. 3. Architectural features of the NakSunJae area at the time of construction First, as the NakSunJae area is surrounded by quite high hills in northeast and by low hills in southwest, it is naturally distinguished from its surroundings and gives a cosy feeling. Second, the NakSunJae area shows very untrammeled style of arrangement in general, because it was constructed as a private occupancy for the king. other buildings are arranged in the latticing orderly, nonetheless, they are free by themselves from a strict form and make themselves an area full of variety. Third, the buildings in the NakSunJae area have a characteristic of naivety of common people's houses, because they were not an official but private place for the king, his concubine and his grandmother. Forth, the ornaments in the NakSunJae area are variously, elegantly and harmoniously patterned with the meaning of good luck. Fifth, back garden in the NakSunJae area was made by taking advantage of sloping hills. The back garden is beautifully configurated by arranging various constituent elements of pavilions, tiered flower beds, chimneys, decorated walls, small doors between walls, stoneworks and trees.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.261-266
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• 1981

In order to clarify the removal of astringency in persimmon fruits (Diospyros koki L.) and its mechanism, a comparative histology of tannin cells in tile cultivars of astringent persimmon fruits (Sangju Dungsi. Daegu Bansi. Cheongdo Bansi) and a sweet persimmon fruit (Fuyu) was observed. Tannin cells were widespread in all fruits tissue expert for tissue of ovule before full blossom. The epidermal cells of ovary. flower and calyx consist of tannin cell. Arrangement of tannin cells has radiated type toward the upper directions in the calyx. The major part of seed coat consisted of tannin cells. The epidermal cells of persimmon fruits were consisted of small tannin cells, and the inner part of epicarp of the astringent persimmon was consisted of stone cells, but the sweet persimmon was consisted of parenchymatous cells. It was suggested that differantiation of tannin cell In persimmon fruits occured until about the middle of August. Some tannin cells of matured astringent persimmon fruits was coagulated and wall of tannin cell produced protuberance, and most of tannin cells of matured sweet persimmon fruits was coagulated or ruptured.