• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.188-203
• /
• 2023

Lysozymes are well-known antibacterial enzymes that mainly target the peptidoglycan layer of the bacterial cell wall. Animal lysozymes are mainly categorized as g-type, c-type, and i-type based on protein sequence and structural differences. In this study, c-type (AcLysC) and g-like-type (AcLysG-like) lysozymes from Amphiprion clarkii were characterized in silico via expressional and functional approaches. According to in silico analysis, open reading frames of AcLysC and AcLysG-like were 429 bp and 570 bp, respectively, encoding the corresponding polypeptide chains with 142 and 189 amino acids. Elevated expression levels of AcLysC and AcLysG-like were observed in the liver and the heart tissues, respectively, as evidenced by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. AcLysC and AcLysG-like transcript levels were upregulated in gills, head kidney, and blood cells following experimental immune stimulation. Recombinant AcLysC exhibited potent lytic activity against Vibrio anguillarum, whereas recombinant AcLysG-like showed remarkable antibacterial activity against Vibrio harveyi and Streptococcus parauberis, which was further evidenced by scanning electron microscopic imaging of destructed bacterial cell walls. The findings of this study collectively suggest the potential roles of AcLysC and AcLysG-like in host immune defense.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.809-814
• /
• 1995

The acute and subacute toxicity of fumomsin $B_1$ was evaluted in fingerlings of common carp, Cyprinus carpio. Dipping of fish for acute toxicity was performed for a period of 48 hours, and the $TLm_{48h}$ value(median tolerance limit) was more than 1000 ppm in common carp. Severe damages were observed in various organs and among them, clubbing of gill lamella, lytic degeneration and vacuolation of liver cells, and epithelial edema of renal tubules were relatively prominent. The most significant changes were hyperbasophilic foci of liver cells in subacute toxicity test and these can imply the possibility of hepatocarcinogenecity of fumonisin $B_1$.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.105-113
• /
• 2014

Glufosinate-ammonium, a component of the herbicide Basta, is one of the most extensively used pesticides worldwide. In this study, we assessed subchronic and chronic toxicities of Basta and its histopathological effects on the marine medaka Oryzias dancena. Marine medaka were exposed to 0, 2, 4, or 8 mg/L of Basta for 28 or 42 days. The lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) of Basta for 96 h is 8.76 mg/L. Histological changes in the gills and liver were evaluated with histopathological indices, allowing quantification of the damage to fish exposed to Basta. Blood congestion, lamellar fusion, and epithelial lifting were observed in the gills, and hydropic degeneration, fibrosis, lipid degeneration, leukocyte infiltration, and necrosis were found in the liver. These responses could be useful indicators of Basta toxicity in this species.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.52-60
• /
• 1992

Clams were collected from mouth part of Mangeong Gang(river) of which heavy metals were heavily contaminated. Scapharca subcrenata, one of the clams, were fed to mice for 1-2 months with regular food stuffs. Eventhough difference of body weight was recognized between the experimental group and normal diat group, accumulation of heavy metals examined, cadmium was found 1.16 $\mu\textrm{g}$/gm in liver, 3.31 $\mu\textrm{g}$/gm in kidney and 0.21 $\mu\textrm{g}$/gm in blood of experimental group at 60th day, whereas 0.14 $\mu\textrm{g}$/gm, 0.35$\mu\textrm{g}$/gm and 0$\mu\textrm{g}$/gm respectively in normal diet group ate tje same period. No specific histo pathological finding was found in brain and kidney, although slighr fatty change and focal necrosis were found in liver tissues of the experimental group in second month.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
• /
• v.25 no.4
• /
• pp.629-636
• /
• 2014

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as flame-retardant additives have been used in a wide array of products, including building materials, electronics, furnishings, motor vehicles, airplanes, plastics, polyurethane foams, and textiles. They are structurally similar to PCBs and other polyhalogenated compounds. PBDEs are found in a variety of foods, and 95% of all human exposure to POPs comes from food. The major food sources are fish/seafood and dairy products. A number of studies have reported high levels of PBDEs in animals, increasing the public's concern over PBDE levels in animals. This study evaluates the relationship between the level of PBDEs according to piglet diseases. Salmonella spp. and Streptococcus are bacterial diseases. Porcine respiratory reproductive syndrome (PRRS) is a viral disease. The concentration of PBDEs in the piglet liver from viral diseases was higher than that from bacterial diseases. BDE-47 and BDE-99 were detected in most samples. More PBDEs were detected in the piglet liver from PRRS of North American type than from that of European type.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.391-396
• /
• 2009

The biological effects of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (cPAHs) including benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DBA), benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[b] fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), and indeno[1,2,3-c, d]pyrene (InP) on transcriptomic changes were determined in the liver of Oryzias latipes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by binary exposure to cPAHs (BaP+BaA, BaP+BbF, BaP+BkF, BaP+DbA, BaP+InP) were screened by annealing control primers-based polymerase chain reaction followed by sequence analysis and BLAST searching. The results showed that four DEGs were commonly expressed by cPAHs and they were identified as ribosomal protein S4, coagulation factor II, elongation factor 1 beta, and a predicted protein similar to human immunodeficiency virus type I enhancer binding protein 3. This finding suggests that binary exposure to cPAHs interferes protein synthesis required for fundamental liver functions in fish.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.207-210
• /
• 1992

Oral infection of colostrum-deprived, neonatal piglets with porcine enterovirus serotype 3 can result in hepatic lesions with a short incubation period. In the thin section of the affected liver, crystalline arrays of virus particles characteristic of picornavirus were identified in the sinusoid endothelial cells and Kupffer cells. There were also cytoplasmic aggregates of electron- dense, virus-like particles in the hepatocytes. These findings suggest that porcine enterovirus serotype 3 has hepatotropism as well as neurotropism.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.155-163
• /
• 2016

Metabolism of lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27, LDH) was studied to identify the function of LDH-C. Tissues of LDH liver-specific Ldh-C expressed Carassius auratus and eye-specific Ldh-C expressed Lepomis macrochirus after starvation were studied. LDH activity in liver tissue from C. auratus was increased after starvation. And LDH specific activity (units/mg) and LDH/CS were increased in tissues. It means the anaerobic metabolism was taking place in C. auratus after starvation. LDH B₄ isozyme was decreased in skeletal muscle and increased in heart tissue. LDH C₄ isozymes those showed in eye and brain tissues were identified as liver-specific C₄ isozymes and disappeared after starvation. And C hybrid in eye, A₄ isozyme in brain, and both C hybrid and C₄ isozyme in liver tissue were increased, respectively. In L. macrochirus, the level of variation of LDH activities was low but greatly increased especially in eye tissue and LDH A₄ and AC hybrid were increased in brain tissue. The LDH activities in tissues from C. auratus and L. macrochirus remained 30.30-18.64% and 25-18.75%, respectively, as a result of the inhibition by 10 mM of pyruvate. The Km^PYR values of LDH in C. auratus were increased. As a result, LDH liver-specific C₄ isozyme was expressed in liver, brain and eye tissues during starvation. It seems metabolism of lactate was predominant in brain tissue. After starvation, the liver-specific LDH-C was affected more than eye-specific LDH-C.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.87-94
• /
• 1991

In the late summer of 1990 and 1991, mass mortality occured among cage-cultured grouper, Epinephelus septemfasciatus in south cost of Korea. The moribund fish didn't feed and became pale or dark chestnut colour and irregularly swimmed due to the loss of equilibrium, finally the diseased fish fell down side away on the bottom or the surface of cage showing the bent of body and died. The diseased fish showed the extensive hemorrahge in brain, the swelling of spleen and bile duct as the specific syptoms of internal organs. So the gill, skin and other organs of the diseased fish were examined for the presence of pathogenic parasites and bacteria. The parasitic Trichodina sp. were detected only from the gill lamella of the diseased fish, but these parasites seemed to be not a direct causative agents that induced the gross mortality of the cultured grouper. because these parasites were also observed in normal grouper, yellowtail, red seabream and rock bream co-cultured with the diseased grouper in same or near cages. In the viral examination, although isolation of the causative agent by the use of estabilshed cell Lines, RTG-2 and CHSE-214, was not succeed, the normal grouper inoculated intramuscularly with the filtered homogenate of the organs of the diseased fish showed the same external and internal signs with the naturally infected grouper. They died within a week. By using the naturally and the artificially infected fishes, electron microscopic observation revealed numerous hexagonal or polygonal particles in the cytoplasm of liver cells. Based on the these results, we suggest that the mass mortality of the cultured grouper would be occurred by the infection of a viral agent.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.113-119
• /
• 2003

A feeding trial was carried out to Investigate the effect of lipid level and herb mixture in the diets on growth of juvenile parrot fish, Oplegnathus fasciatus. Two plicate groups of fish averaging 4.5 g were fed four experimental diets containing herb mixture (0 and 5 g/kg diet) at each of two lipid levels $(8\%\;and\;16\%)$ for 8 months from summer to spring (water temperature, $7.2-25.4^{\circ}C)$. Weight gain improved with increasing dietary lipid level or supplementation of herb mixture during the first 4 months feeding period. Weight gain of fish fed the diet containing $16\%$ lipid level was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of fish fed the diet containing $8\%$ lipid level. Weight gain of fish fed the diet with herb mixture was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of fish fed the diet without herb at the $16\%$ lipid level. Feed efficiency was influenced by dietary lipid level or herb mixture during the first 4 months. On the other hand, weight gain and feed efficiency were not affected by dietary lipid level and herb mixture after 4 months until end of feeing period. Survival of fish fed the diet containing $8\%$ lipid without supplementation of herb mixture was the lowest among the groups (P<0.05). Lipid contents of liver and viscera tended to increase with increasing dietary lipid level during the first 4 months feeding period, however muscle lipid content was not influenced by dietary lipid and herb. Total cholesterol of serum was influenced by dietary lipid level during the first 4 months feeding period. These results indicate that an increase of dietary lipid level from $8\%\;to\;16\%$ and supplementation of herb mixture can improve growth performance of juvenile parrot fish when water temperature is optimum for growth such as the summer season in Korea.