• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.153-163
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this research, using descriptive correlation design was to identify the extent to which the mothers having children with rare genetic metabolic diseases(MPS, PWS) have parenting stress and guilt feeling. Method: This study used PSI /SF(Abidin, 1995) and Guilt Index as devised herein. From 156 mothers, data were collected from February to July 2006, using self-administered questionnaires. This study received the approval from IRB at S Hospital (IRB File No: 2006-02-014). Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and correlation. Results: Mothers felt very high level of parenting stress and sense of guilt. Parenting stress was related positively to guilt feeling. Conclusion: These findings could help understand the families of children with rare genetic metabolic diseases and those provide basic information in developing effective counseling and education programs for relief of parenting stress and guilt feeling. This study would be significant in the fact that it is the first research, targeting on the families of children with rare genetic metabolic diseases in Korea.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.51-59
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• 2021

Purpose: Anger has become one of the dominantly experienced emotions in recent years, particularly under the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the critical role that anger plays in consumers' lives, the present research examines how feeling angry about money influences consumers' spending and money distribution decisions. Research design and methodology. Three experiments were conducted using different emotion induction methods (i.e., dictator game, autobiographical recall, and scenario). Results. Feeling angry about money decreased pro-social spending (i.e., less money distribution to the others), but it did not affect virtuous or utilitarian spending for the self-unlike past finding on negative feelings that increased utilitarian spending. Furthermore, whereas anger-tainted money decreased pro-social spending of that money, guilt-tainted money increased pro-social spending. However, the effects of guilt versus anger were not completely symmetrical. The antagonistic effect of anger was diffusive across spending on distant and close others, whereas the pro-social effect of guilt was limited to distant others. Conclusions: These findings help policy makers and financial institutions forecast how money will be distributed or circulated when it is likely to be dampened by anger under the pandemic. They also highlight the importance of examining the effects of discrete emotions (e.g., anger vs. guilt) beyond valence.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.49-62
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• 2015

This study investigates the interactive effects of guilt appeal level and empathic disposition (personal distress/empathic concern) on responses over the international relief messages. Guilt appeal level refers to the high or low degree of a message eliciting guilty feeling from the recipient. Empathic disposition is defined as personal tendency to assimilate and concern about the experience of others and we used two sub-dimensions, empathic concern and personal distress. The experiment was composed of two steps. At the first step, the participants rated the personal disposition measures and at the second step, they were shown one of the relief messages with different guilt level. Thus, the whole experiment was guilt appeal level ${\times}$ personal traits factorial design on guilty feeling, attitudes and behavioral intention. The results showed that guilt appeal level interacted with the personal distress disposition on the responses. The interaction was induced mainly from the differences of personal distress in the condition of high guilt appeal. High empathic concern individuals showed more favorable attitudes and behavioral intention regardless of the appeal conditions compared to low empathic concern individuals.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.469-486
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• 2009

This research aims to examine the differences in the christians' self-conscious feelings - shame and guilt-feeling etc. - according to their religious propensity. For this 711 christians were participated. First, we explored the relationship among demographic variables, religious propensity and self-conscious feelings, and then tested the differences in the self-conscious feelings according to 4 religious propensity - pro-religious, intrinsic-religious, extrinsic-religious and non-religious - groups. The result showed that intrinsic religious group is significantly higher in the guilt-feeling than extrinsic religious group, but there were no difference in shame. In conclusion, christian's intrinsic-religious, propensity seemed to relate to mature religious attitudes, but christian's extrinsic-religious propensity to immature attitudes. Finally the implications and limitations of the study, as well as suggestions for the further study were discussed.

• 한국노년학
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.1249-1264
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• 2008

Guilt feelings are dysfunctional feelings that the primary caregiver of the frail elder are apt to have and those feelings increase a burden of caring, while there is lack of empirical study on the effect of guilt feelings on caring behaviors. In light of this, this study lays its purpose on examining the effect of the primary caregivers' guilt feelings on their burden of caring and request behaviors for help with caring, paying attention to their guilt feelings in our society where Confucian values toward supporting the elderly have remained. The questionnaire survey was conducted for 220 primary caregivers caring frail elders over 60 years of age by visiting. As a tool for measuring guilt feelings, a self-designed measure for caregivers was used (${\alpha}=.949$), and factors of guilt feelings were classified into four namely, the factors of lack of self-control, lack of resources, burnout, and the normative factor As a result, the following findings were derived. First, it was revealed that the guilt feelings of caregivers as family members have a positive correlation with a feeling of burden of caring and the feeling of burden have even effects on the four factors of guilt feelings. Second, when primary caregivers request help with caring, they feel guilty toward cohabiting family members and neighbors, and also they show no guilt feelings when using day-care services for the elderly. Especially, guilt feeling factors affecting primary caregivers were found to be the normative factor to cohabiting family members, the factor of lack of resources to neighbors, and the factor of burnout to using day-care services for the elderly. This result tells that the dysfunctional feelings of primary caregivers namely guilt feelings arising when asking help with caring not only increase their burden of caring but also can cause difficulties in sharing the role of the caregiver. Accordingly for the mental health of caregivers, we should develop programs with which we could understand and cope with their guilt feelings.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.135-148
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• 2010

Arab boycotts of Danish products, Australian boycotts of French products and Chinese consumer aversion toward Japanese products are all examples of how adverse actions at the country level might impact consumers' behavior. The animosity literature has examined how consumers react to the adverse actions of other countries, and how such animosity impacts consumers' attitudes and preferences for products from the transgressing country. For example, Chinese consumers are less likely to buy Japanese products because of Japanese atrocities during World War II and the unjust economic dealings of the Japanese (Klein, Ettenson and Morris 1998). The marketing literature, however, has not examined how consumers react to adverse actions committed by their own country against other countries, and whether such actions affect their attitudes towards purchasing products that originated from the adversely affected country. The social psychology literature argues that consumers will experience a feeling called collective guilt, in response to such adverse actions. Collective guilt stems from the distress experienced by group members when they accept that their group is responsible for actions that have harmed another group (Branscombe, Slugoski, and Kappenn 2004). Examples include Americans feeling guilty about the atrocities committed by the U.S. military at Abu Ghraib prison (Iyer, Schamder and Lickel 2007), and the Dutch about their occupation of Indonesia in the past (Doosje et al. 1998). The primary aim of this study is to examine consumers' perceptions of adverse actions by members of one's own country against another country and whether such perceptions affected their attitudes towards products originating from the country transgressed against. More specifically, one objective of this study is to examine the perceptual antecedents of collective guilt, an emotional reaction to adverse actions performed by members of one's country against another country. Another objective is to examine the impact of collective guilt on consumers' perceptions of, and preference for, products originating from the country transgressed against by the consumers' own country. If collective guilt emerges as a significant predictor, companies originating from countries that have been transgressed against might be able to capitalize on such unfortunate events. This research utilizes the animosity model introduced by Klein, Ettenson and Morris (1998) and later expanded on by Klein (2002). Klein finds that U.S. consumers harbor animosity toward the Japanese. This animosity is experienced in response to events that occurred during World War II (i.e., the bombing of Pearl Harbor) and more recently the perceived economic threat from Japan. Thus this study argues that the events of Word War II (i.e., bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki) might lead U.S. consumers to experience collective guilt. A series of three hypotheses were introduced. The first hypothesis deals with the antecedents of collective guilt. Previous research argues that collective guilt is experienced when consumers perceive that the harm following a transgression is illegitimate and that the country from which the transgressors originate should be responsible for the adverse actions. (Wohl, Branscombe, and Klar 2006). Therefore the following hypothesis was offered: H1a. Higher levels of perceived illegitimacy for the harm committed will result in higher levels of collective guilt. H1b. Higher levels of responsibility will be positively associated with higher levels of collective guilt. The second and third hypotheses deal with the impact of collective guilt on the preferences for Japanese products. Klein (2002) found that higher levels of animosity toward Japan resulted in a lower preference for a Japanese product relative to a South Korean product but not a lower preference for a Japanese product relative to a U.S. product. These results therefore indicate that the experience of collective guilt will lead to a higher preference for a Japanese product if consumers are contemplating a choice that inv olves a decision to buy Japanese versus South Korean product but not if the choice involves a decision to buy a Japanese versus a U.S. product. H2. Collective guilt will be positively related to the preference for a Japanese product over a South Korean product, but will not be related to the preference for a Japanese product over a U.S. product. H3. Collective guilt will be positively related to the preference for a Japanese product over a South Korean product, holding constant product judgments and animosity. An experiment was conducted to test the hypotheses. The illegitimacy of the harm and responsibility were manipulated by exposing respondents to a description of adverse events occurring during World War II. Data were collected using an online consumer panel in the United States. Subjects were randomly assigned to either the low levels of responsibility and illegitimacy condition (n=259) or the high levels of responsibility and illigitemacy (n=268) condition. Latent Variable Structural Equation Modeling (LVSEM) was used to test the hypothesized relationships. The first hypothesis is supported as both the illegitimacy of the harm and responsibility assigned to the Americans for the harm committed against the Japanese during WWII have a positive impact on collective guilt. The second hypothesis is also supported as collective guilt is positively related to preference for a Japanese product over a South Korean product but is not related to preference for a Japanese product over a U.S. product. Finally there is support for the third hypothesis, since collective guilt is positively related to the preference for a Japanese product over a South Korean product while controlling for the effect of product judgments about Japanese products and animosity. The results of these studies lead to several conclusions. First, the illegitimacy of harm and responsibility can be manipulated and that they are antecedents of collective guilt. Second, collective guilt has an impact on a consumers' decision when they face a choice set that includes a product from the country that was the target of the adverse action and a product from another foreign country. This impact however disappears from a consumers' decision when they face a choice set that includes a product from the country that was the target of the adverse action and a domestic product. This result suggests that collective guilt might be a viable factor for company originating from the country transgressed against if its competitors are foreign but not if they are local.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.77-88
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to find out the characteristics of foster care of long-distance parents who meet their children on weekend and to examine the relationships among the separation anxiety and maternal guilt in foster care. The subject consisted of 138 employed mothers who are living separately with their children. The instruments used for this study were the Separation Anxiety Scale(Cho & Park,1992), the Maternal Guilt Scale(Kim & Kang, 1997), the Parental Satisfaction Scale(Hyun & Cho,1994), and the Parental Stress Scale(Park,1994). The main results of this study were as followings: 1. Mothers had a tend to rely on family members expecially grandparents for foster care of their children. They usually have visited to meet their children weekend and made a phone call once a day. Parental satisfaction in foster care was reported to be moderately high level. 2. The subject’s separation anxiety was found to be high, and it was strong positive relationships to maternal guilt feeling in foster care. The results of this study have implications for both formal and informal support systems of employed mothers with children. The findings of this study may used as basis for understanding long-distance parents’problems in foster care, developing support programs, and public policy for employed mothers.

• 한국생활과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.184-185
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• 2008

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.130
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• pp.135-159
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• 2014

This article has the purpose of clarifying that Rollo May's existential psychotherapy is based on Kierkegaard's concept of anxiety in philosophical aspects. May makes use of Kierkegaard's concept of anxiety to establish his own existential psychotherapy. May points out that Freud's concept of anxiety is too technical in comparison with Kierkegaard's concept of anxiety. Freudian theory accepting anxiety as the cause of repression overlooks the importance of human relationship which brings about repression. May mentions the presence or absence of object to distinguish fear and anxiety. Kierkegaard and Freud also mention that the presence of object is called fear and the absence of object is anxiety. May interprets anxiety ontologically. Succeeding Kierkegaard's comment on nothing/non-being, May insists that anxiety is the experience of Being affirming itself against Nonbeing. May interprets Kierkegaard's concept of freedom as the possibility or potentiality in terms of similar meaning. May argues that Anxiety is the situation when faced with the problem which human being will achieve his potentiality. Kierkegaard's concept of freedom is also associated with sin at the same time as the freedom associated with anxiety. Succeeding this, May discusses the relation of guilt feeling and anxiety is the flipside of the coin. He understands that guilt feeling is not a pathological symptom but an evidence of the human being's possibility. Kierkegaard's The Concept of Anxiety has a sub-title which is 'a simple psychologically orienting deliberation on the dogmatic issue of hereditary sin'. This shows that he understood the relationship between anxiety and guilt as dilemma that can not be separated. Through this study, I want to clarify that May's concept of anxiety which is the most important concept in his existential psychotherapy, is derived from Kierkegaard's concept of anxiety.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.302-311
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate on parenting stress, parenting guilt feelings and separation anxiety and alternative care in nurses. Data were collected from nurses with preschooler at 2 hospitals from August 2013 to January 2014. Self reported questionnaires were used to collect data from 163 nurses. There were significant differences according to the age, satisfaction of work place and co-worker, spouse support of parenting in parenting stress, parenting guilt feelings and separation anxiety in common. The majority type of alternative care was surrogate foster home when they went to work. However, there were significant differences according to type of alternative care in parenting stress, parenting guilt feelings and separation anxiety. Particularly, those who use child day-care center and surrogate foster home showed more parenting guilt feelings and separation anxiety in Scheffe post-hoc comparison. As a result, it is needed to be improvement of working conditions and policy for nurses' parenting support to continue work.