• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.431-445
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• 2012

In this regard, urban agriculture is developing into a variety of shapes. Urban agriculture includes various types, such as industrial agriculture, experience agriculture, educational agriculture, exchange agriculture and cyclic agriculture. The result of evaluation on citizens' values about multi-functions provided by urban agriculture can be used for policy making to overcome crisis of urban agriculture due to urban development and industrialization and to vitalize urban agriculture. The willingness-to-pay for the maintenance fund was categorized into vegetable garden users, general consumers, and all respondents, for analysis. The estimation results for the valuation of multi-functionality were KRW 20,367 per household for general consumers; KRW 22,174 for urban agriculture users; and KRW 21,467 for all respondents.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.23-27
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• 1994

The growing condition and the point at issue were investigated for utilization as a fundamental data of the Boxthorn research in the growing farm household, which was chief producing district of Box-thorn in Chongyang, Chungmam province. The results were summarized as follow'; Lycium fruit wasproduced 445M/. in the 170.4ha. In practical cultivation, major numbers of decapitation were threetimes,, and planting distance was dense planting, and also amount of applied fertilizer was beyondbasic-fertilizer level and number of split application was abundant.Numbers of harvesting were six-ten times, and many labor was requiremented.The issues in cultivation were development of processing technique, supplement of varieties whichhave disease tolerance, superior quality and high yielding, improving of cultivation methods for laborsaving and magnification of demand.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.381-394
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• 2005

In order to estimate the damage of orchards due' to natural disasters such as typhoon, severe rain, freezing or frost, it is necessary to estimate the number of fruit bearing before and after the damage. To estimate the fruit bearing after the damages are easily done by delegations, but it cost too high to survey every insured farm household and calculate the fruit bearing before the damage. In this article, we suggest to use a random coefficient model to predict the numbers of fruit bearing in the orchards before the damage based on the tree age and the area information.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 1977

The purpose of this study are to analyze economic and psychological factors associated with the forest protection of the mountain people, and to explain the forms of the forest management by ownership classes, especially with forest in the production structure of the mountain villages, particulary from Aprial 1st to 20th in 1975. And the basis of the data for this study is to have been obtained by the sample of 462 households, in Jeonbuk province, which were selected by the method of Yandom sampling. In order to determine what relations there are between the forest ownership classes are independent and each of the selected economic and psychological factors, the chi-squre test was used. The findings may be summarized as follows; 1. The area per household forest land of the mountain villages farm families with forest was 1.4ha and are middle classes with the cultivated area, and manage their forest in favor of the forest fuel and the byproducts, which we call "Earn Ownership Management Form". As it is acomplished by the agricultural surplus labor, we can't expect the positive forest investments. 2. The expectation of the proceeds of forest investments seems to be high but 30% of them doubtful. And the mountain villages farm families with above 3ha forest area expect their forest investments to be positive and in future they have hope in the economic management from. 3. The mountainous mountain fram families reply to a small sums of capital and the control of after the fact on account of the negative factors of forest investment. But rural mountain villages farm famillies assist on spending too much money for the control and nexious insects damage. 4. The reason about illegal cut away was mainly their fuels problem and then most of moumtain farm villages was used to forest fuel in their fuel. But 57% of mountainous mountain villages farm families not having forest area, and 66% of them get their fual on the self-supply, and 66.9% of them get from public and nationat forest and other's forest. That is one of the big problems of the forest protection. 5. Above 66% of mountain people think that forest law is severe and 50% of mountainous mountain villages farm families think if usual. Especially ones not having forest area but taking advantage of forest among them think so. 6. Rural mountain villages farm families have comparatively positive attitude for protecting forest, but mountainous mountain villages farm families negative. Classes with above 3ha forest area have more outlook of forest protection. And the more such classes are, the better they can protect forest. 7. There are problem about operation and education of the forest law on the mountainous mountain villages farm families.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.31-39
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• 1994

We carried out this study by analyzing the annual reports, surveyed by medical college student(Ewha Woman's University) through the medical records of new patients of Su-Dong Myon Health Subcenter from 1982 to 1992, and the specific survey data of 247 in Su-Dong Myon area which consists of 5,454 population and 1,651 household(43.6% farm household), in December, 1993. Results were as follows: 1) The number of population in Su-Dong Myon is 5,265 in 1982, 4,905 in 1984, 4,885 in 1986, 4,820 in 1988, 4,663 in 1990, 5,454 in 1992. 2) Since 1982, the annual utilization rate of a rural health subcenter showed decreasing tendency: such as 609(the highest rate) per 1,000 inhabitants in 1982, 485 in 1984, 525 in 1985, 281 in 1988, 316 in 1990 and 197 in 1992. The utilization rate by sex was decreasing chronologically in male, and age-specific utilization rate showed rapidly decreasing tendency since 1982 : 1,037 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1982, 877 in 1984, 1,084 in 1986, 519 in 1988, 538 in 1990 and 333 in 1992, in age group of 0-14, but not changing tendency in age-groups of 65 and over. 3) The monthly utilization rate of a rural health subcenter showed increasing tendency in March, July and August from 1982 to 1987, and in March and May from 1988 to 1992. 4) The patient rate of medical insurance showed increasing tendency since 1983: 17.0% per 100 patients(the lowest rate) in 1983, 21.3% in 1985, 20.4% in 1987, 70,0% in 1989 and 77.8% in 1991. However, the patient rate of Medicaid showed no specific change. 5) The utilization rate by the remedial measures for primary health care showed 30.8% of the answered in private special clinic, the highest rate, and 30.0% in drug stores, 25.5% in health subcenter, 10.5% in hospital and 1.2% in oriental clinic. In favorite physicians for primary health care, specialist was the highest rate, 48.6% of the answered, and general practitioner, 39.7% and home doctor, 8.9% in next order. And 70.8% of the answered experienced to visit the health subcenter more than once. 6) Disfavorite reasons of health subcenter were insufficient equipment(42.1%, the highest), and the next order, short cure time per day(25.1%), "be not cured"(12.2%), "be not(6.9%) and unkindness(3.6%), And the major obstacles in utilizing the medical facilities for primary health care were farm works(41.7%, the highest), distance(27.1%) and medical cost(11.4%).

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.599-613
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• 2011

This study aimed to provide an efficient time management scheme for farmers by analysing how they experience time constraints in spending their time and understand time management. Firstly, farmers found that they didn't have enough time for farm keeping as a result of house work obligations. It was caused by excessive time for agricultural work. Thus, 93.7% of respondents recognized that ‘they were pressed for time' because there is relatively less time to spend for socio-cultural and physiological matters. In addition, 83.0% responded that they felt the pressure of something. Respondents who were in forties reduced their sleeping hours due to lack of time. The majority of people who were in the farmhouse doing controlled horticulture cannot enjoy their own time for leisure owing to a lack of time. Secondly, respondents under thirty-nine years of age were solving the problems of time constraints as prioritizing matters, planning handling time and utilizing household instruments. On the other hand, respondents who were in forties found the solution by reflecting on their conduct toward a time consumption plan, self-evaluation and received help from their family and/or neighbors. A group of respondents who had already graduated from college or higher education often reflected on their conduct and self-evaluated. Respondants who participatied in farmhouse controlled horticulture, generally took turns in managing their house work. For reducing farmers' time constraints and managing their time efficiently, they should standardize matters done repeatedly and also manage time by dividing work among family members. Furthermore, if a long-term time scheme such as more than a month is established and practiced, time constraints may be somewhat solved.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.1-26
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• 2009

The aquaculture management considers the maintenance of households lifehood more than profit maximization. As aquaculture industry has developed enterprise farms appeared, and the small and the large scale farms coexist. The features of coexistence could be summarized as followings. First of all, the large scale farms show the higher net profit while the small scale farms show the higher profit per 1ha and the earning rate. Secondly, in the case of over 2ha, the earning rate is stable in spite of the scale expansion. Moreover, in processing method, dried seaweed occupy the biggest proportion in the small scale farms while the raw seaweed occupy the biggest proportion in the large scale farms. Lastly, the scale of farms becomes larger, the participation rate of household labor rises. This thesis analyses the efficiency of Korean seaweed farms in the way of DEA model and suggests the improvements for the efficiency management. The mean technical, pure technical and scale efficiencies were measured to be 0.88, 0.96 and 0.91, respectively. Among the 20 farms included in the analysis, 10 were technically efficient and 12 were scale efficient. In conclusion, it is shown that the aquaculture farms has been becoming the form of coexistence. This appearance results in the effort for reducing the cost in the small scale farms and in profit maximization in the large scale farms. On the other hand, middle scale farms is inefficient compared with the small or large scale farms. Therefore, in order to achieve the efficiency, it is necessary to accomplish economy of scale by extending farm size or to cut expenses by reducing farm area. In other word, the efforts for achieving the efficiency is required in a different direction in spite of the same scale.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.47-56
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to clarify the components for the improvement of outdoor spaces in farmyards and to suggest guidelines for the planning of these spaces. The objects of this study were the general farmyards located around farmhouses which had government support for the construction of on-site gardens. The results were as follows: 1. Although over 50% of the general farmyards did not have gardens, most gardens of farmyards (90% and over) featured trees and/or flowers. This demonstrated that the residents of the farmyards thought positively about green spaces. 2. With the establishment of a garden, the self-image of the household improved along with the physical environment. Thus, the construction of the garden brought about psychologically and physically positive results. 3. Regarding the degree of satisfaction with green space and shade, the rate of farmyards with gardens was higher than those without. With more government support for developing such green spaces, satisfaction with them could increase. The same result was obtained regarding the degree of satisfaction towards visual harmony with nearby farmyards, indicating that neighboring farm households want to have positive relationships with one another. 4. The frequency of use of living space increased through the construction of gardens in farmyards, in spite of decreased working space. %is aspect could be used as data in the planning of gardens in farmyards. 5. The perceived necessity of gardens in the general farmyards and desire to construct new gardens rose. This preference was high in gardens with abundant greenery and a lot of rest facilities. This study suggests those reasons result from a poor farm economy. With government support, general farmyards without gardens could construct gardens. And we might infer that the residents' desire to construct a garden in general famyards had been influenced by a neighbor with a garden.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.1741-1746
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• 2001

An experiment was conducted at the experimental duck farm of Cantho University to determine the effects of feeding duckweed (Lemna minor) that completely replaced commercial protein supplements in diets for crossbred meat ducks. The experiment included five treatments, with four replicates and ten crossbred ducks per replicate (pen). The five diets were based on broken rice offered ad libitum, supplemented with either 27 (control, SB100), 19 (SB70), 15 (SB55), 12 (SB40) or zero (SB0) g/day of ground, roasted soya beans, with fresh duckweed supplied ad libitum, except for the control (SB0) treatment. A vitamin / mineral premix and salt were included in the control (SB100) diet, but not in the diets with duckweed. These diets were fed to growing crossbred meat ducks (Czechoslovak Cherry Valley hybrids) from 28 to 63 days of age, when two birds (one male and one female) per pen were slaughtered for carcass evaluation. Total daily intakes were 95, 108, 108, 105 and 107 g of dry matter (DM) (p<0.001) and daily live weight gains 26.1, 29.1, 28.3, 27.1 and 27.6 g (p<0.001) for the SB100, SB70, SB55, SB40 and SB0 diets, respectively. Corresponding feed conversion ratios (FCR, dry matter basis) were 3.63, 3.71, 3.82, 3.89 and 3.88 kg feed/kg gain, respectively. There were no significant differences in carcass yields, chest and thigh muscle weights, and internal organ weights between the ducks fed the control diet and those fed duckweed diets. Fresh duckweed can completely replace roasted soya beans and a vitamin-mineral premix in broken rice based diets for growing crossbred ducks without reduction in growth performance or carcass traits. If the duckweed is grown on farm, and managed and harvested by household labour, the saving over purchased protein supplements is up to 48%.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1996.06c
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• pp.263-269
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• 1996

In indian agricultural , the energy use pattern has played dominant role in influencing the level of mechanization . Besides that the agro-climatic factors as well as the size of holdings do affect the degree of mechanization . Nearly 30 percent of total cultivated area is owned by l76 percent of the small and tiny land holders each owning even less than a hectare. On the other hand, about 2 percent of land owners cultivate land. These variabilitieshave greatly influenced the ownership of power sources on Indian farms. Small farmers, employ human and animal energies with the use of hand tools and animal drawn equipments. Whereases, the use of tractors, power tillers, electric motors, etc. on small farms is on a marginal scale. There are few pockets and also extensive wheat growing regions where mechanical and electrical power sources are extensively used in production agriculture leading to about 185% of cropping intensity . In that region, the animal energy is employed for on the farm transport of fertilizers, fodders and fuel to support milch animals and other household activities . Inspite of high degree of mechanization, the harvesting of crops is done by human labour with few exceptions of harvesting wheat crops by combines in few pockets. In overall assessment of mechanization, the following conclusions are drawn : ⅰ) Farm operation which show a growing trend of mechanization are (a) tillge, (b) seedling (c) Irrigation (d) Plant protection application (e) Threshing and (f) Transport . ⅱ) Crop cultivation system in respect of wheat, maize and sorghum have been greatly mechanized. ⅲ) The least mechanized cropping systems are (a) vegetable production and (b) cultivation of sugarcane, cotton, rice and pulses. ⅳ) Annual production of tractor has touched the figure of 280.000 by 1995 and the total number has crossed 1.5million on Indian farms.