• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-17
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• 2021

Purpose - The global trend of protectionism has expanded since the onset of US President Donald Trump's administration in 2017. This global phenomenon has led to a significant reduction in world trade volume and a negative impact on economic development in some countries where the external sector accounts for a large proportion of GDP. Although Korea is a country vulnerable to this deteriorating trade environment, few studies have examined the relationship between protectionism and its business cycles based on Korean data. Thus, this paper investigates the impact of protectionism on Korea's business cycle. Design/methodology - To identify future implications, we conduct a structural vector autoregression (VAR) analysis using monthly Korean data from 1994 to 2015. Macroeconomic variables in the model include the industrial production index, inflation rates, exports (or net exports), interest rates, and exchange rates. For the identification of the shock reflecting the expansion of protectionism, we use an antidumping investigation (ADI) data. Since ADIs are followed generally by the imposition of antidumping tariffs, they have no contemporaneous impact on tariffs and are also contemporaneously exogenous to other endogenous variables in the VAR model. We examine two kinds of ADI shocks i) shocks on Korean exports imposed by Korea's trading partners (ADI-imposed shocks) and ii) shocks on imports imposed by the Korean government (ADI-imposing shocks). Findings - We find that Korea's exports decline sharply due to ADI-imposed shocks; the lowest point at the third month after the initial shock; and do not recover until 24 months later. Simultaneously, the inflation rate decreases. Therefore, the ADI-imposed shock can be regarded as a negative shock on the demand curve where both production and price decrease. In contrast, the ADI-imposing shock generates a different response. The net exports decline, but the inflation rate increases. These can be seen as standard responses with respect to the negative shock on the supply curve. Originality/value - We shed light on the relationship between protectionism and Korea's economic fluctuations, which is rarely addressed in previous studies. We also consider the effects of both protective policy measures on imports to Korea imposed by the Korean government and on policy measures imposed by Korea's trading partner countries on its exports.

• 대한기관식도과학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기관식도과학회 1978년도 제12차 학술대회연제 순서 및 초록
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• pp.8.2-8
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• 1978

언어는 청각을 통해서 발달하는 것으로서 난청이 있어서 듣지 못하는 경우 그 사람의 언어발달은 정지되어 농아자가 되는 경우가 많다. 따라서 언어발달에 미치는 영향 때문에 유아난청의 조기진단 및 치료는 대단히 중요하다고 하겠다. 이에 저자를은 유아난청의 원인을 조사함으로써 유아난청의 예방 및 치료에 도움을 주고자 1977년 1월부터 8월까지 8개월 동안에 본원 외래 난청실로 내방한 만5세 이하의 난청아 185명을 대상으로 하여 자세한 병력과 상세한 임상적 검사 및 Impedance audiometer(Madsen ZO 70)에 의한 청역검사를 실시하고 그 원인에 대한 통계적 고찰을 시도하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 유아난청 중 감각신경성난청의 가장 흔한 원인은 유아자신의 감염(123례중, 44례, 35.8%)이었으며 임신중의 모체의 상태(37례 30.1%), 분만시 외상 혹은 두부외상(18례, 14.7%)의 순이었다. 2. 유아난청 중 부음성난청의 가장 흔한 원인은 급성 혹은 만성중이질환이었으며(62례중 32례, 51.6%), 다음으로는 잦은 상기도감염(19례, 30.6%), 아데노이드 증식증(7례, 11.3%)의 순이었다. 3. 유아난청은 외인성원인이 185례중 179례(96.8%), 내인성원인이 6례(3.2%)로 대부분이 외인성 원인이었다.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.163-173
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• 2007

Jeungaektang (JAT) is the herbal formula, has the effect of moistening the dryness by activating lung Qi and by nourishing Yin, has being used for dryness syndromes. Generally the herbal formulae for moistening dryness are used for exogenous or endogenous dryness syndromes. JAT has been clinically used for the treatment of endogenous dryness syndromes. It is composed of Scrophulariae Radix. Rehmanniae Radix and Liriopis Tuber. Recent studies showed that JAT has a protective effect against $CCl_{4}-induced$ hepatotoxicity and anti-inflammatory effects against ear swelling of mouse induced by Crotonis Fructus. However, the effect of JAT on the immunological activity was rarely studied. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of JAT the regulatory mechanism of nitric oxide (NO) and cytokines in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. After the treatment of JAT water extract, cell viability was measured by MTT assay, NO production was monitored by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX -2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were determined by immunoblot analysis, and levels of cytokine were analyzed by sandwich immunoassays. Results provided evidence that JAT inhibited the production of nitrite and nitrate ($0.1{\sim}1.0$ mg/ml), iNOS ($0.1{\sim}1.0$ mg/ml), $interleukin-1{\beta}$ ( $0.1{\sim}1.0$ mg/ml) and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($0.1{\sim}1.0$ mg/ml) in RAW 264.7 cells activated with LPS. Furthermore, JAT inhibited the expression of COX-2 expression and production of prostagladin E2 ($0.1{\sim}1.0$ mg/ml). These findings suggest that JAT can produce anti-inflammatory effect, which may play a role in adjunctive therapy in Gram-negative bacterial infections.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.433-439
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• 2006

Purpose: DNA in most cell is regularly damaged by endogenous and exogenous mutagens. Unrepaired damage resulted in apoptosis or may lead to unregulated cell growth and cancer. Inheritance of genetic variants at one or more loci results in an reduced DNA repair capacity. These polymorphisms are highly prevalent in the population, and therefore the attributable risks for cancer could be high. Several studies have documented that polymorphisms of XRCC1, XPD and XRCC3 are associated with skin cancer, especially, XRCC1 among of them has been reported frequently. So, this study involves the relationship between mutation of XRCC1 of squamous cell and basal cell cancer of the skin and risk of cancer development in Korean population. Methods: In case control study, study population (n=100, each cancer) is patients who were pathologically diagnosed as skin cancer(squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma) in Yonsei Wonju Christian Hospital and Bundang CHA General Hospital between 1998 and 2004. The samples of DNA from whom no history of premalignant skin lesion and other malignant diseases were reported belonged to the control group(n=210). Blood and tissue samples were analyzed for presence of XRCC1 Arg399Glu, Arg280His, Arg194Trp using PCR/ RFLP method. Results: For Korean, there was a significant correlation between XRCC1 Arg399Gln gene mutation and risk of basal cell carcinoma development(Arg 399Gln(GA), p=0.012, OR=2.016, 95% CI; 1.230-3.305) /Arg399Gln (AA), p=0.011, OR=1.864, 95% CI; 1.149-3.026)). And, there was also significant correlation between XRCC1 Arg194Trp and risk of skin squamous cell carcinoma development (Arg194Trp (CT+TT), p=0.041, OR=0.537, 95% CI; 0.301-0.960)). In contrast, there was no significant correlation between XRCC1 Arg280His and risk of either basal cell carcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma development. Conclusions: Our result present that XRCC1 Arg399 Gln in basal cell carcinoma and XRCC1 Arg194Trp in squamous cell carcinoma have possibility of cancer risk and biomarker in Korean population. But XRCC1 Arg280 His known having cancer risk on other studies is not associated with cancer risk to squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma in Korean population.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.89-94
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• 2010

Melatonin is induced by light information through the retina and leads to growth factor activation. Thus, we investigated the effects of melatonin by controlling the photoperiod of growing young rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n=6; 4 weeks old) were divided into two experimental groups: the L/D group (normal photoperiod; light/dark: 12/12 h; lights on at 9:00 a.m.) and the L/L group (light/light: 24 h). Rat body weight and food consumption were measured daily for 8 weeks. After 8 weeks, the rats were anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine (50 mg/kg) and xylazine (10 mg/kg) and sacrificed. Tissue was then collected for RNA isolation (from brain, heart, liver, kidney, adrenal gland, testis, tibia, hind limb muscles). Also, serum was isolated from blood using a centrifugal separation. The L/L group had significantly lower body weight than the L/D group from 4 to 6 weeks (p<0.05). The L/D group had increased tissue mass, compared with the L/L group, but the difference was not statistically significant. The L/D group had a significantly higher melatonin concentration than the L/L group between the hours of midnight and 2:00 a.m (p<0.01). These results indicate that photoperiod length may affect the secretion of melatonin from the pineal gland. Also, the reduction of nocturnal melatonin secretion may retard the development of growing young rats. In future studies, we plan to compare exogenous melatonin administration with endogenous melatonin concentration induced by photoperiod control. Moreover, we will confirm whether the effects seen in pathological animal models can be reversed by controlling the photoperiod.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.421-437
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• 2009

1978년 개혁 개방 이후, 중국은 해외 자본에 대한 의존도가 높은 '외생적 발전 전략'을 추진하였으나, 2000년 이후부터는 과학 기술 및 혁신 역량 강화에 초점을 둔 '내생적 발전 전략'을 추진하였다. 이제 중국에서의 기업 경영 활동은 선진 기술 및 경영 기법 이전을 촉진하는 새로운 제도와 조응하면서 차별적인 기업 혁신 네트워크를 형성하고 있다. 그 결과, 공간 경제의 성격은 초기 '수출 지향적 발전 공간'에서 '기술 지향적 발전 공간'으로 변화되었다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 논문은 중국 후기 사회주의 체제전환의 대표적 사례 공간인 상하이에 입지한 한국 투자 기업의 혁신 네트워크 특성을 기업내, 기업 간, 기업 외 관계 측면에서 분석함으로써, '기술 지향적 발전 공간'의 성격을 규명하고자 한다. 한국 투자 기업의 기업 내 관계에서는 사적 네트워크를 공적 네트워크로 전환함으로써 혁신 창출의 가능성과 경영 효율성을 극대화하려는 기업의 전략을 확인할 수 있었다. 기업 간 관계에서는 기업 규모, 산업 부문, 투자 유형 등에 따라서 차별적인 네트워크 특성을 보여주었다. 기업 외 관계는 외형적으로 제도적 개입 수준이 높은 공적 네트워크가 나타나고 있지만, 내면적으로는 ��시 관계(關係)에 기반을 둔 사적 네트워크가 나타났다. 결론적으로 중국 상하이의 공간적 특성은 외형적으로 '신 구제도 간의 상호작용과 구사회주의 체제 네트워크의 재구조화' 형태를 띠는 한편, 내면적으로 '신제도의 차단에 따른 구사회주의 체제 네트워크의 지속' 형태를 띠고 있어 '착근적' 성격과 '과잉 착근적' 성격이 함께 나타나고 있다.

• 한국경제지리학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.249-263
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• 2014

1950년대에 조성된 RTP는 계획적으로 조성된 첨단 산-학 복합단지임과 동시에 외생적 발전 전략으로 클러스터 기반을 구축한 후, 성장 과정에서 내생적 발전 역량을 갖추게 된 흥미로운 사례이다. 본 논문에서는 외생적 발전 전략에 의해 계획적으로 조성된 RTP가 어떻게 성공적인 진화 경로를 밟게 되었는지, 그 과정과 요인을 트리플 힐릭스 공간의 구축 과정을 통해 분석하였다. RTP의 클러스터 형성 초기에는 지식 공간의 존재와 역할이 중요했으나, RTP의 고도성장기에 지식 공간이 미친 영향은 상대적으로 미흡했다. 반면에, NC 과학기술위원회는 트리플 힐릭스 합의 공간으로서, RTP의 조성단계에서부터 지금까지 클러스터의 경로파괴적 진화를 견인한 핵심 주체라고 할 수 있다. 그리고 RTP의 지속적 진화 과정에는 노스캐롤라이나 생명공학연구센터(NCBC)와 노스캐롤라이나 마이크로일렉트릭센터(MCNC) 등과 같은 혁신 공간은 클러스터의 트리플 힐릭스 상호작용을 유발하는 핵심 중개기관의 역할을 수행했다. 오늘날, RTP에는 합의 공간을 중심으로 지식 공간과 혁신 공간이 연계되는 구조를 통해 트리플 힐릭스 공간이 구축되어 있으며, 이를 통해 기존 산업 생태계의 역동성을 유지하면서도 새로운 산업 생태계가 성장하는 이른바 역동적 진화 구조를 나타내고 있다.

• 한국지역지리학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.256-258
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• 2014

본 논문의 목적은 미국 노스캐롤라이나 주의 세계적인 첨단산업 클러스터인 리서치트라이앵글파크(RTP)를 대상으로 클러스터의 진화를 추동하는 트리플 힐릭스 주체들의 역할을 밝히는데 있다. 먼저, 노스캐롤라이나 주정부는 RTP 개념의 구상단계에서부터 트리플 힐릭스 거버넌스 체계를 갖추고 촉진자적 지방정부의 역할을 수행함으로써 RTP가 첨단산업 클러스터로 진화를 하는데 매우 중요한 역할을 하였다. 둘째, 지역 대학들은 RTP의 성장 속도에 비해 기업가주의적 모델로의 전환이 다소 지체된 결과, 클러스터의 진화 역동성에 미치는 영향은 다소 제한적 수준에 그치고 있다. 셋째, RTP는 클러스터 형성 초기 단계부터 지금까지 대기업 중심적 지배구조를 취하고 있으나, 과거에 비해 대기업 스핀오프의 증가 및 산-학-연 네트워크의 활성화를 통해 클러스터의 내생적 발전 기반을 갖추어 나가고 있다. 마지막으로, RTP의 지속적 진화에는 외생적 발전 모델에서 트리플 힐릭스 체계의 구축을 통해 내생적 발전 모델로의 전환이 중요한 영향을 미친 것으로 판단된다.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.125-153
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• 2006

This study was intended to describe women's weight controlling by creating a hypothetic model on the weight adjustment behavior and by examining a cause and effect relationship, and to contribute to countermeasures for practicing their promotion of health and improving the quality of life through creating a predictable model. The subject of study was women who utilize the beauty shop located in Seoul, Busan and Daegu and the study period was 12 weeks from July 10 to September 30 in 2004. Gathered 1093 person's general specialty related with weight adjustment and analyzed covariance to prove the hypothesis using statistics compiled from authentic sources. Also proved coincidence of the hypothetical model. Exogenous variables of the hypothetical model are composed of recognition of her body shape, fatness level, age, stress, and self-respect. Endogenous variables are health- control mind, recognized health state, self-efficacy, intention, and behavior of weight adjustment. There were 5 measured variables for exogenous variable(x). There were 8 measured variable(y) for exogenous variable. And coincidence $x^2=297.38$, standard $x^2(x^2/df)=7.08$, GFI=0.962, AGFI=0.917, NFI=0.875, TLI=0.794, CFI=0.889, RMSEA=0.075. The result of hypothesis had an epoch-making record that 20 out of 27 hypothesis was proved positive way. Generally weight adjustment has been highly seen in housewives, the married and the old age. Health control mind seems to be high as fatness level, age, and self-respect are high and low stress. Recognized health state is high as age and self-respect are high and low stress. However, it is not much related with recognition of her body shape and fatness level. If age, self-respect, health control mind, recognized health state and self-efficacy are high intention of behavior is also high, but intention of behavior has no relation with recognition of her body shape, fatness level and stress. If fatness level, age, self-respect, health control mind, recognized health state and self-efficacy and intention of behavior are high, execution of weight adjustment will be high. However, recognized health state and stress has no influence for weight adjustment. To increase the coincidence of hypothesis and take a simple model I modified a model and then I got the coincidence $x^2=215.62$, standard $x^2(x^2/df)=6.34$, GFI=0.970, AGFI=0.931, NFI=0.902, TLI=0.901, CFI=0.915, RMSEA=0.070. This result is a bit better than original hypothetical model's so that this model might be more suitable. In this modification model, the factors of weight adjustment seems to be high according to this order self-efficacy, recognized health state, age, intention, health control mind, self-respect, fatness level and stress. With this result I suggest ; 1. Enforcement of IR that everybody can be controlled weight adjustment herself and continuous education, which is related with regular habit (food, exercise, restriction of a favorite food and behavior training etc.) is also needed. 2. Because self-efficacy is influenced to execution of weight adjustment specific program which can increase self-efficacy should have to develop and we need to utilize it to take care of herself. 3. To protect fatness and be active weight adjustment the peculiar program including the concept of self-respect, recognized health state, health control mind and intention must be developed and not only women but also all of people should be educated. 4. This hypothetical model is forecasting women's weight adjustment behavior and can be utilized for fundamental data to increase those people's health.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.163-167
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• 2002

Purpose: Interleukin 1$\beta$ (IL-1$\beta$) polymorphisms are associated with hypochlorhydria, atrophic gastritis, and increased risk of gastric cancer in Caucasians. We tried to determine whether the IL-1.. and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1 RN) genetic polymorphisms contribute to the development of gastric cancer and the specific type of gastritis in Korean. Materials and Methods: The study population was comprised of 128 gastric cancer patients with histologically proven carcinoma and 63 normal healthy individuals. Sixty-eight carcinomas were of intestinal-type and sixty tumors were of diffuse-type. No patient had a familial gastric cancer history. The 511 bp and 31 bp polymorphisms in the IL-1.. were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The polymorphism of the IL-1 RN was analyzed with variable number tandem repeat after PCR. Results: The genotype of 511C/-31T of IL-1$\beta$ and allele 1 of IL-1 RN was dominant in the present subjects. The allelic frequencies of the C allele IL-1$\beta$, which is a high risk genotype for gastric cancer, were 0.551 and 0.429 in gastric cancer and normal controls, respectively. Statistically, significant difference in allelic frequencies of three polymorphic sites between gastric cancer patients and normal controls, and between intestinal-type and diffuse-type was not observed. Conclusions: These results suggest that the polymorphisms of IL-1$\beta$ and IL-1 RN may not contribute to the development of Korean gastric caner and that other endogenous or exogenous factors will be important for gastric carcinogenesis.