• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제53권2호
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• pp.173-184
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• 2020

Irrigation ponds, 'dumbeong', which are artificially constructed water resources for traditional farming, serve as a biological shelter connecting seasonally created rice paddy fields to local freshwater ecosystems. This 2018 study surveyed 143 irrigation ponds in the western Civilian Control Zone (CCZ) area from August to September, revealing species diversity and community characteristics of benthic macroinvertebrates. A total of 13,454 individuals of macroinvertebrates were captured and classified into 3 phyla, 5 classes, 17 orders, 59 families, 192 species. Among Insecta, the most frequently recorded order was Odonata, 55 spp.(33.7%), followed by Coleoptera, 52 spp. (31.9%), Hemiptera, 34 spp. (20.8%), Diptera, 17 spp. (9.8%), Ephemeroptera, 3 spp. (2.4%), Trichoptera, 1 spp. (0.6%) and Lepidoptera, 1 spp. (0.6%). Taxon of non-Insecta consisted of Mollusca, 14 spp. (48.2%), Annelida, 11 spp. (37.9%) and Arthropoda, 4 spp. (3.4%). The analysis of Diversity Index (H'), Species Richness Index (RI), Dominance Index (DI) and Evenness Index (J') revealed the general stability of communities in the study sites. A total of 28 rare species were found in 98 study sites, including three endangered species designated by the Ministry of Environment. These results showed that the species diversity and rarity of macroinvertebrates in the study area were greater than those of previous research on lentic wetlands (lake, etc.) and national conserved wetlands(Upo-swamp, etc.) in Korea. A conservation planning of aquatic ecosystems in the western CCZ area, therefore, should focus on conservation of irrigation ponds.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.158-163
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• 2016

Mushroom surveys and collections were conducted in the western and eastern forest areas in Cambodia, and then fungal biodiversity was analyzed by identifying mushrooms. One thousand and three hundreds eighty three specimens were identified by morphological and genetical characteristics, and were classified into 238 species, 160 genera, 52 families, 15 orders, and 3 phylums. The collected mushrooms were immersed in 70% ethyl alcohol for DNA extraction, and the rest of them were dried in the portable mushroom dryer for 12 hrs. Among these mushrooms, the genera Mycena (8.7%), Ganoderma (5.6%), Microporus (5.3%), Marasmius (4.2%), Marasmiellus (3.0%), Phellinus (2.5%), Trametes (2.5%), Hygrocybe (1.9%) and Pycnoporus (1.5%) were dominant. In the western Cambodia, 1,061 specimens were collected from Koh Kong forests, while 263 specimens were collected from the eastern Cambodia, Seima and Mondulkiri forests. Elevations of surveyed sites were ranged from 0 to 750 m above sea level. The number of species observed in the elevation of 251-500 m was the highest as compared to the other ranges of elevation. Daldinia concentrica, Microporus vernicipes, Microporus xanthopus, Pycnoporus coccineus, Stereum hirsutum, and Stereum ostrea were commonly distributed in all ranges of elevation, while the distribution of Ceratomyxa fruticulosa, Panus fulvus, Schizophyllum, Trametes versicolor, and Tyromyces chioneus were limited under 500 m. One hundred and forty one species including Amauroderma sp., Bjerkandera adusta, Trichaptum abietinum, and Tyromyces chioneus were collected only in Cardamom, while 20 species including Auricularia auricula-judae, Coriolopsis sanguinaria, Rigidoporus microporus, and Xylaria polymorpha were collected only in Seima. Ganoderma sp., Mycena sp., Marasmius sp., Microporus xanthopus, Phellinus sp., and Russula sp. were dominant species in both the western and eastern Cambodia. Species diversity indices in the eastern and western survey sites were 1.83 and 1.77, respectively, while evenness indices were 0.92 and 0.90. The species similarity index between two survey sites was 0.42.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2016

This study's purpose was to provide basic data for the monitoring of ecological changes caused by change of vegetation structure of Abies koreana forest in a study site susceptible to climatic change in Yeongsil area of Hallasan Mountain, Jeju Island. Surveys revealed this: in Yeongsil area of Hallasan Mountain, per 1 ha of A. koreana forests, total number 1,781, and A. koreana number 989, accounting for 55.5% of the total number of trees. 190 A. koreana or 19.2% were found to be dead. For the number of individual trees by DBH, trees standing 5 cm - 10 cm tall formed the largest portion at 39.9%, and in the case of other trees except A. koreana, the number of individual trees below 5 cm accounted for 23.5% of the total number of trees. The survey of importance by height revealed this: at the top level, the importance of A. koreana was the highest at 106.23, but the sum of importance of temperate deciduous broad-leaved trees (Prunus maximowiczii, Quercus mongolica, and Taxus cuspidata) was higher at 142.84 than that of A. koreana. The analysis of species diversity revealed 0.645 species diversity for the tree layer and 0.817 for the shrub layer; for evenness, 0.549 for the tree layer and 0.664 for the shrub layer; for dominance value; 0.451 for the tree layer and 0.336 for the shrub layer. The analysis of tree vitality revealed that for the A. koreana forests in Yeongsil, the composition ratio of A. koreana by type is AS type>AL type>DS type>DB type, and that of the other trees is AL type>AS type>AF type>AB type. Compared with the forests in other areas, the A. koreana forests in the Yeongsil area have a very high occurrence rate of dead trees, and a high importance of trees is shown in the deciduous broad-leaved tree forests. Compared with the A. koreana forests in the Jindallaebat area, with the same level above sea, the vegetation structures are fast changing. Also, due to dryness and other non-physical environmental changes caused by a lack of rainwater and dry winds in winter, dead trees are fast increasing in number. Environmental changes such as climate change diversely affect the maintenance of A. koreana in individual areas, and if environmental changes are fast and continue long, of the A. koreana forest areas in the Hallasan Mountain, the A. koreana forests in the Yeongsil area will decrease fastest in number and will experience changes in the vegetation structure. Thus, it is necessary to survey the vegetation changes in A. koreana forests, which are distributed in all directions but are centered on Hallasan Mountain, and to thus conduct long-term monitoring and research.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• 제101권3호
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• pp.480-487
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• 2012

This study was conducted to search the effects of debris barrier on the benthic macroinvertebrate. Gimcheon was selected as the survey site as it has relatively stable ecosystem with constantly running water. The survey was conducted 6 times before and after the construction of debris barrier from February in 2009 to October in 2010. In the first survey before construction, the identified species were 36 species belonged to 22 families, 9 order, 4 class, and 4 phylum. The figure slightly decreased to 30 species belonged to 18 families, 7 order, 2 class, and 2 phylum in the sixth survey after construction. Before construction, occupation ratio of EPT taxa was showed in the following order: Ephemeroptera (50.0%, 85.0%), Trichoptera (35.3%, 10.0%), and Plecopteran (14.8%, 5.0%). After construction, it was showed in the following order: Trichoptera (50.3%, 68.0%), Ephemeroptera (42.1%, 29.4%), and Plecopteran (7.5%, 2.7%). Ephemeroptera was the highest before construction. Trichoptera increased rapidly after construction. The Diversity, Richness, Evenness, and Dominance indices were all turned low in the second survey right after the construction. However, each index tended to increase with the course of time. In Functional Feeding Groups, GC type was the highest of 60.7% before construction. After construction, SC(53.1%) and FC(35.4%) increased rapidly and they became stabilized since the third survey. The result of this study reveals that debris barrier greatly affects the Aquatic Ecosystem right after its construction, but the system becomes stable and returns to normal with the course of time (about 18 months). Therefore, the study considering various influence factors such as time is required to recover completely through further long-term monitoring.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• 제101권4호
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• pp.686-694
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate that affect benthic macroinvertebrates for installed erosion control works at a mountain torrential stream. The survey was carried out six times from April 2007 to October 2008 at two points where erosion control works were installed and at a control point in the upstream with no such works. Variations in the community structure and cluster of benthic macroinvertebrates and ecological water quality were analyzed in the survey. From the six times survey, the identified benthic macroinvertebrates were 6,922 individuals belonged to 27 species, 24 families, 13 orders, 6 classes and 4 phyla. As the average results of three surveyed sites, the dominant species was Gammarus sobaegensis of Amphipoda. The species diversity index(H') showed the highest as 1.47 at Site 2 of the fourth survey and the lowest as 0.24 at Site 2 of the sixth survey. The evenness Index(EI) showed the highest as 0.823 at Site 2 of the fourth survey and the lowest as 0.194 at Site 1 of the fifth survey. The richness index(RI) showed the highest as 2.794 at Site 1 of the first survey and the lowest as 0.291 at Site 2 of the sixth survey. The ecological score of benthic macroinvertebrate community(ESB) and individual of EPT-group were declined during the survey period. The functional feeding group(FFG) showed the highest SH types during the survey period.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제32권5B호
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• pp.331-343
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• 2012

In this study, the site investigation for fish was performed in the 15 km of Hongcheon river including Oancheon stream. The river ecosystem health was evaluated using the field data for fish. The field survey was carried out at 9 sites, 4 times from August to November 2011. The ecological diversity, including dominance, evenness, and richness and the ecological health using IBI and QHEI were evaluated. The result shows that the mean IBI in the 9 sites is in good-common condition, but the downtown section has a common-worse condition. The result evaluated by QHEI shows optimum-good condition. Also, the habitat suitability index for Pseudopuntungia tenuicorpa, which is one of endangered species, was evaluated, and then the environment flow was calculated by using the PHABSIM model. The previous research in the literature reports that Acheilognathus signifer, one of the endangered species, inhabited in Hongchen river. However, the existence of Acheilognathus signifer was not found in the recent research and this study. Thus, the physical habitat condition for Acheilognathus signifer was evaluated using the field data in the previous study. Also, the habitat improvement for Acheilognathus signifer in Hongcheon river was proposed.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.230-237
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• 2000

An ecological study of the benthic macrofauna was carried out using a modified van Veen grab in September 1997, in Namdaechon estuary, Yangyang, Korea. A total of 17 macro-invertebrates was collected and examined from eleven stations in the study area, including 3,795 individuals and 738.63 g wet weight. Arthropods, annelids and molluscs were most abundant and occupied more than $95{\%}$ of the total number of species, individuals and biomass. Namdaechon estuary in Yangyang was very poor in macrobenthic biodiversity, and numerically dominated and characterized by the polychaetes Heteromastus filiformis, Hediste japonica, Eteone longa, an unidentified oligochaete Oligochaeta sp., a corbulid bivalve Corbicula japonica, and an estuarine isopod Cyathura higoensis. Species composition, species dominance, density, and species evenness were compared among stations. The macrofaunal azoic zone appeared in the bottom of 7 m in depth nearby the artificial bank to catch the salmons to return to the livers for spawning. It probably resulted from the oxygen depletion following strong stratification in summer, which can cause major effect on the ecological conditions and then finally kill bottom macro-invertebrates in this area. Moreover, some opportunistic species thrived in nearby another station and this is of vital importance in terms of the ecological succession in a benthic polluted area.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• 제84권1호
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• pp.31-40
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to analyze the process of natural plant establishment and revegetation on the slopes of landslide scars, both untreated(l4 plots) and treated plots (14 plots) with rehabilitation measures in 1993 and 1994 at Yongin Hwaseong-gun region. While total of 61 species were identified at surveyed sites. in the region, the pioneer species on landslide scars were Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Arundinella hirta, Artemisia princeps, Pteridium acquilinum, Erigeron canadensis. Rubus crataegifolius, Stephanandra incisa etc. The species diversity (H') and evenness(E') of the untreated scars were greater than those of the treated scars. Similarity indices in the untreated scars were higher than those in the treated scars, and succession indices showed similar value in both areas. As a conclusion, this study shows that the untreated scars were more influenced by the around-vegetation, and the native vegetations(plants) like Lespedeza cyrtobotrya, Arundinella hirta. Miscanthus sinensis, Artemisia princeps, Pteridium acquilinum, Erigeron canadensis. Rubus crataegifolius, Stephanandra incisa ete. could be more effectively used as plant vegetation for rehabilitation of landslide scars.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.105-115
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• 2004

This study was carried out to grade and evaluate the intertidal mudflat by birds. The mudflat was graded by two methods such as the scoring and ranking. First, for the scoring of the mudflat, five factors were estimated; population size, the number of protected species, the individuals of protected birds, the number of species(or subspecies) over 1% level of the survival population, and 1% level of the domestic population. After scoring of these five factors, the grade was scored by total. Second, for the ranking, six factors were estimated; population size, the density of birds, the index of species diversity, species richness, species evenness, and population stability. After ranking of these six factors, the grade was relatively ranked. Five grade by scoring was the important mudflat for the value of international preservation, and the most mudflats of the estuary gained V grade. The higher grades by ranking were the mudflats of Nakdonggang and Mankyunggang river estuaries. And the inner mudflats were more valuable than the outer mudflats in Mankyunggang & Dongjingang river estuaries. The grading of the mudflat by birds can be used for estimating and appointing of the important mudflats, and suggested the objective of criteria for the effective preservation and management.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• 제94권1호통권158호
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• pp.26-33
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• 2005

The study was carried out to provide information about growth and ecological characteristics by site types of natural deciduous forest in Pyeongchang, Gangwon Province. The data were collected from four aspects(the East, the West, the South, and the North) with three elevation(higher than 1.000 m, 700~1,000 m, lower than 700 m) and three topographical conditions(ridge, hill, and valley). Growth parameters by site types were evaluated based on the growth performances of dbh for the last 5 to 10 years; which were also estimated based on both Pressler and Schneider formulae. In addition, ecological characteristics such as Shannon-Wiener's diversity index, evenness index and richness index were analyzed by site types. The management methods by site types were suggested by considering stand density, growth patterns, and ecological characteristics. It was found that the stands on the South and the East are necessary the tending practices to improve growth and ecological characteristics. On the other hand, the West and the North needed the tending practices focusing on stand density management to increase growth rate rather than ecological management. It was also found that the area lower than 700 m in elevation showed Higher growth rate than other areas. As a management standard considered in terms of growth rate, it was suggested that tending practices should be applied to the stands of which growth rate for the last 5 to 10 years were lower than 2%. Considering topographical conditions, valley area showed better ecological characteristics than both ridge and hilly areas. Consequently, it was revealed that the valley areas were suitable for the ecological management.