• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
• /
• 제12권6호
• /
• pp.346-352
• /
• 2012

성인과 달리 영 유아에게 행해지는 방사선 검사 시 투여되는 방사선량의 평가는 활발하게 이루어지지 않고 있다. 따라서 영 유아의 방사선 검사 시 피폭되는 정도를 나타내는 지표로서 입사피부선량을 측정하고 Geant4를 이용한 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션을 통한 결과값을 비교하여 입사피부선량 측정의 재현성을 높이고 다양한 지오메트리 구현의 가능성을 증명하였다. 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션 결과값은 입사피부선량을 선량보정을 위한 정규인자를 통해 추정하였고 단위 X선 조사영역크기로 표준화한 결과 영 유아에게 있어 일회의 방사선 촬영 당 평균 입사피부선량은 $78.41{\mu}Gy$ 였으며 선량계를 통한 측정값과 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션값의 백분율 오차는 최대 -4.77%로 나타났다. 몬테카를로 시뮬레이션을 통한 입사피부선량 평가 방법은 의료기관에서 실제 진단을 위해 내원한 환아를 대상으로 한 입사피부선량 평가의 어려움을 대체할만한 수단으로서의 가능성을 보여준다.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
• /
• 제35권4호
• /
• pp.203-205
• /
• 2005

Purpose: This study was aimed to compare skin entrance dose of digital radiography with that of film radiography and to show the dose reduction achievement with digital systems at 11 dental schools in Korea. Materials and Methods: Forty six intraoral radiographic systems in 11 dental schools were included in this study. Digital sensors were used in 33 systems and film was used in 13 systems. Researchers and the volunteer visited 11 dental schools in Korea. Researchers asked the radiologic technician (s) at each school to set the exposure parameters and aiming the x-ray tube for the periapical view of the mandibular molar of the volunteer. The skin entrance doses were measured at the same exposure parameters and distance by the technician for each system with a dosimeter (Multi-O-Meter : Unfors instruments, Billdal, Sweden). Results: The median dose was $491.2{\mu}Gy$ for digital radiography and $1,205.0{\mu}Gy$ for film radiography. The skin entrance dose in digital radiography was significantly lower than that of film radiography (p<0.05). Conclusion: Fifty-nine percent skin entrance dose reduction with digital periapical radiography was achieved over the film radiography in Korean dental schools.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• 제39권4호
• /
• pp.182-186
• /
• 2014

Recently, the use of panoramic radiography has shown a constant increase, and significant research is underway. However, radiation exposure attracts less attention in dental radiography than in other types of radiography. We used an OSLD for measurement of the entrance skin dose in eyeballs and the thyroid region, both of which are not covered by examinations but are included in radiographical regions and are sensitive to radiation, as well as orally in Incheon and reported the results. The entrance skin dose was 0.0282 mSv on average for the oral region, and 0.0259 mSv on average for the eyeball, and 0.0261mSv on average, for thyroid gland. While there is no proper shielding method for the eyeball, a thyroid protector is not used by most hospitals and most hospitals are equipped with an apron and a thyroid protector separately; thus, it is necessary to use an integration of an apron and a thyroid protector and medical device manufacturers need to develop a method for controlling the length of the slit in the slit-type area of radiation occurrence in order to reduce unnecessary exposure.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 대한전기학회 2004년도 학술대회 논문집 정보 및 제어부문
• /
• pp.319-321
• /
• 2004

The average glandular dose (AGD) is determined by the breast entrance skin exposure, x-ray tube target material, beam quality (half-value layer), breast thickness, and breast composition. Almost breast cancer always arises in glandular breast tissue. As a result, the average radiation absorbed dose to glandular tissue is the preferred measure of the radiation risk associated with mammography. If the normalized average glandular dose is known, the average glandular dose can be computed from the product of the normalized average glandular dose and breast entrance skin exposure. In this study, AGD was calculated by the breast thickness and various x-ray energy (HVL) in 50% glandular 50% adipose breast by Mo.-Rh. assembly. AGD is 84 mrad in compressed 5 cm breast. These results show that as increasing the breast thickness, dose also increases. But as increasing the x-ray tube voltage, dose decreases because of high penetrating ratio through the object. But high tube voltage is reducing the subject contrast. From this result, we have to consider the trade-off between subject contrast of image and dose to the patient and choose proper x-ray energy range.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• 제41권3호
• /
• pp.229-236
• /
• 2016

Background: In order to manage the patient exposure dose in X-ray diagnosis, it is preferred to evaluate the entrance skin dose; although there are some evaluations about entrance skin dose, a small number of report has been published for direct measurement of patient. We think that a small-type optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dosimeter, named nanoDot, can achieve a direct measurement. For evaluations, the corrections of angular and energy dependences play an important role. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the angular and the energy dependences of nanoDot. Materials and Methods: We used commercially available X-ray diagnostic equipment. For angular dependence measurement, a relative response of every 15 degrees of nanoDot was measured in 40-140 kV X-ray. And for energy dependence measurement, mono-energetic characteristic X-rays were generated using several materials by irradiating the diagnostic X-rays, and the nanoDot was irradiated by the characteristic X-rays. We evaluated the measured response in an energy range of 8.1-75.5 keV. In addition, we performed Monte-Carlo simulation to compare experimental results. Results and Discussion: The experimental results were in good agreement with those of Monte-Carlo simulation. The angular dependence of nanoDot was almost steady with the response of 0 degrees except for 90 and 270 degrees. Furthermore, we found that difference of the response of nanoDot, where the nanoDot was irradiated from the randomly set directions, was estimated to be at most 5%. On the other hand, the response of nanoDot varies with the energy of incident X-rays; slightly increased to 20 keV and gradually decreased to 80 keV. These results are valuable to perform the precise evaluation of entrance skin dose with nanoDot in X-ray diagnosis. Conclusion: The influence of angular dependence and energy dependence in X-ray diagnosis is not so large, and the nanoDot OSL dosimeter is considered to be suitable dosimeter for direct measurement of entrance surface dose of patient.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
• /
• 제23권1호
• /
• pp.13-19
• /
• 2000

We have presented with the "A study on overexposure rate according to over-density in chest X-ray radiography(I)" last year. In this report, We could calculate the entrance skin dose from chest X-ray film density the formula $I_0=Ix/e^{-{\mu}x}{\times}mG$, (mG is Bucky factor) was used to deliver the skin dose. At that time, There was two problems that the Bucky factor from maker was not equal to field experience and the field size influenced on the Attenuation Rate. The experiment of Bucky factor was done from film method and retried the Attenuation Rate of Acryle phantom according to Good & Poor geometry. As the results, The Bucky factor from maker higher than in this experiments $30{\sim}40%$. The Attenuation Rate in good geometric condition brings about a little alteration compare with poor geometric condition. In the field experiment, we could get the chest image with very low entrance skin radiation dose $29.3{\mu}Sv$, especially with air gap methode, the entrance skin dose was detected $10{\mu}Sv$.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.341-348
• /
• 2010

상 하지 촬영 시 서울 경기지역 병원의 FPD(Flat Pannel Detector) System 사용 실태와 격자 사용에 따른 환자 선량 및 C-D Phantom에 의한 화질평가, 임상 평가자들에 의한 영상평가를 한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. FPD system(12대)의 사용 실태 조사결과 격자비는 8 : 1에서 13 : 1까지이며, 12 : 1이 6대로 가장 많았다. 이 중 격자의 탈 부착이 가능한 장비는 8대이지만, 사용하지 않는 것이 5대(62.5%)로 격자를 그대로 사용하는 곳이 9곳(75.5%)이었다. 2. 실험에 사용된 장비에서 격자사용으로 환자가 받은 선량이 4.13배에서 4.79배까지 많이 받는 것으로 나타났다. 3. 노출조건(mAs)의 변화(0.5배나 2.0배)에 따라 환자가 받는 선량의 차이는 환자 두께에 따라 크게 차이 나지는 않았다. 4. C-D Phantom에 따른 영상의 화질평가는 격자 사용 시와 노출량이 많아질 때 영상의 식별은 잘 되었다. 5. 임상 평가는 두께가 얇은 Hand PA 영상에서는 격자사용을 하지 않는 것이 더 좋았다. 두께가 두꺼운 Knee AP 영상에서는 격자를 사용하는 것이 좋다는 평가를 받았다. 그러나 환자선량이 적어진다면 격자를 사용하지 않겠다는 의견이 5명 중 3명으로 더 많았다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
• /
• 제33권3호
• /
• pp.173-178
• /
• 2010

방사선 일반촬영은 크게 두 가지 유형으로 구분할 수 있는데 디지털 영상 시스템인 CR(Computed Radiography)과 DR(Digital Radiography)이 주로 활용되고 있다. 이 둘의 차이는 선량과 영상의 질 관점에서 정의할 수 있다. 본 연구에는 피부입사선량(Entrance Skin Dose, ESD)의 관점에서 환자에게 투여된 선량을 계산하고 비교하여 CR과 DR 간의 선량 차이를 연구하기 위해 8가지의 표준 영상의학적 검사(Skull AP, Skull LAT, Chest PA, Chest LAT, Abdomen AP, L-spine AP, L-spine LAT, Pelvis AP)가 고려되었다. 영상화질에 대한 평가는 진단방사선학적 영상을 위한 화질 기준에 부합하는지를 보증하기 위해 영상의학과 전문의에 의해 시행되었다. DR의 ESD는 CR의 ESD보다 낮다는 것이 확인되었다. 방사선 촬영을 담당한 방사선사가 동일인 이었고 CR과 DR의 영상 화질이 유사하거나 DR에서 조금 더 우수했기 때문에 본 연구는 고려된 검사 내에서 DR이 CR보다 선량 절감 차원에서 볼 때 더 우수한 기기라는 것을 보여준다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• 제48권1호
• /
• pp.15-19
• /
• 2023

Background: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a specialized medical equipment and plays a significant role in the diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial diseases and abnormalities; however, it is attributed to risk of exposure of ionizing radiation. The aim of the study was to estimate and determine the amount of scattered radiation dose to the thyroid gland in dental CBCT during maxilla and mandible scan. Materials and Methods: The average scattered radiation dose for i-CAT 17-19 Platinum CBCT (Imaging Sciences International) was measured using a Multi-O-Meter (Unfors Instruments), placed at the patient's neck on the skin surface of the thyroid cartilage, with an exposure parameter of 120 kVp and 37.07 mAs. The surface entrance dose was noted using the Multi-O-Meter, which was placed at the time of the scan at the level of the thyroid gland on the anterior surface of the neck. Results and Discussion: The surface entrance dose to the thyroid from both jaws scans was 191.491±78.486 µGy for 0.25 mm voxel and 26.9 seconds, and 153.670±74.041 µGy from the mandible scan, whereas from the maxilla scan the surface entrance dose was 5.259±10.691 µGy. Conclusion: The surface entrance doses to the thyroid gland from imaging of both the jaws, and also from imaging of the maxilla and mandible alone were within the threshold limit. The surface entrance dose and effective dose in CBCT were dependent on the exposure parameters (kVp and mAs), scan length, and field of view. To further reduce the radiation dose, care should be taken in selecting an appropriate protocol as well as the provision of providing shielding to the thyroid gland.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
• /
• 제6권2호
• /
• pp.3-12
• /
• 1995

두께가 50 $\mu\textrm{m}$인 니오비움 필터와 정량적으로 대등하게 결정된 알루미늄 필터를 입사표면 선량, 영상의 질, X-선관에 걸리는 부하를 진단 방사선의 에너지 영역에서 평가하였다. 입사 표면 선량의 감쇠와 선관에 걸리는 부하의 증가를 비교해 볼 때 두 경우에 특이할 만한 큰 차이가 없었고 이 때 필름상의 화상의 대조도는 일정하게 유지 시켰다. 임상에서 알루미늄 필터를 니오비움 필터로 대용하기 위하여 진단 방사선의 에너지 영역의 중간지점, 90 kVp, 에서 대등한 알루미늄 필터의 두께를 측정하였고 이 필터를 73 kVp 와 125 kVp에 적용시켜 입사 표면 선량과 X-선관에 걸리는 부하를 비교 평가하였다. 선택된 두 kVp에서 두 필터의 경우에 특이할 만한 차이는 없었다. 니오비움과 대등한 두께의 알루미늄 필터는 니오비움 필터의 저렴한 대체물로 쓰일 수 있다.