• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제26권8호
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• pp.37-57
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• 2022

Purpose -International diplomacy is key for the cohesive economic growth of countries around the world. This study aims to identify the major topics discussed and make sense of word pairs used in sentences by Chinese senior leaders during their diplomatic visits. It also compares the differences between key topics addressed during diplomatic visits to developed and developing countries. Design/methodology - We employed three methods: word frequency, co-word, and semantic network analysis. Text data are crawling state and official visit news released by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China regarding diplomatic visits undertaken from 2015-2019. Findings - The results show economic and diplomatic relations most prominently during state and official visits. The discussion topics were classified according to nine centrality keywords most central to the structure and had the maximum influence in China. Moreover, the results showed that China's diplomatic issues and strategies differ between developed and developing countries. The topics mentioned in developing countries were more diverse. Originality/value - Our study proposes an effective approach to identify key topics in Chinese diplomatic talks with other countries. Moreover, it shows that discussion topics differ for developed and developing countries. The findings of this research can help researchers conduct empirical studies on diplomacy relationships and extend our method to other countries. Additionally, it can significantly help key policymakers gain insights into negotiations and establish a good diplomatic relationship with China.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.101-108
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• 2022

The article reviews the means of stimulating and motivating to labor intellectualization in diplomatic service employees. The means considered encourage them to raise the effectiveness in achieving goals. Leveling up of intellectual labor of diplomatic services employees, as well as means of motivation of employees are covered in the Law of Ukraine "On Civil Service". The law defines and regulates the conditions for the performance of intellectual labor entrusted to the staff of diplomatic services, namely: defines the direct rights and responsibilities of employees of diplomatic services, protects the interests and assists citizens of Ukraine abroad, meets the needs of all pressing issues and problems for their benefit.

• 기록학연구
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• 제13호
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• pp.205-231
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• 2006

이 글은 2005년에 공개된 한일회담문서(1952-1965)를 중심으로 해서 우리나라 외교기록의 보존관리 및 공개 제도의 현황을 살펴보고 그 개선 방향을 검토한 것이다. 2000년 1월 <기록물관리법>이 시행되기 전에는 외교문서의 보존관리제도가 부실하여 중요 기록이 계통적으로 폐기되어 왔다. <기록물관리법>의 시행으로 외교기록의 보존관리 환경이 현저히 개선되었다. 특히 출처보전의 원칙에 따른 등록, 분류, 편철이 제도화된 것과 비밀기록 원본의 폐기가 금지된 것은 중요한 의미를 지닌다. 그러나 제도 개선을 위해서는 더 많은 기록관리 전문가가 배치되어야 하고, 폰드 형성도 이루어져야 한다. 외교문서 공개심의의 전문성을 강화하기 위해서 외교문서 공개 작업에 직업 외교관만이 아니라 역사학자, 아키비스트, 국제관계전문가 등 민간 전문가의 참여가 확대되어야 하고 이를 위한 제도적 개선도 이루어져야 한다. 한일회담문서의 보존관리와 관련해서는 일본, 미국 등 외국 생산 문서자료의 체계적인 수집보존 대책을 수립하고, 협상 참가자들의 개인기록의 보존관리대책을 수립하는 것이 필요하다. 역사학자, 아키비스트, 국제관계전문가, 국제법학자 등 전문가들로 간행위원회를 조직하여 국제적 규범에 따른 외교문서 편찬간행 사업도 추진해야 한다.

• 동양고전연구
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• 제73호
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• pp.91-117
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• 2018

전근대 동아시아의 국제관계를 규제하는 조공체제에서 각 국가 간 외교 관계는 왕경에서 거행되는 조정외교를 원칙으로 하였다. 따라서 왕권이 실재하는 왕경은 정치적 중심지인 동시에 외교의 장으로 기능하였다. 그런데 통일신라와 일본의 외교 관계는 왕권 사이의 조정외교 이외에도 쓰쿠시(축자(筑紫))에 위치한 다자이후(대재부(大宰府))를 매개로 하는 실무외교라는 이원적 형태로 운영되고 있어 주목된다. 대체로 7세기 중엽 이래 한반도를 둘러싼 군사적 긴장관계에 대비하기 위해 일본 조정은 외교와 군사적 방어를 주 임무로 하는 관사(官司)로서의 대재부(大宰府)를 정비하였다. 즉 지정학적으로 구주(九州) 서북단에 위치한 축자(筑紫)는 해외의 관문으로 국방상의 요충지였는데, 663년 백강전투라는 동아시아 전란 속에서 외교적 군사적 대응의 필요성에서 일본 조정이 이 곳에 대재부(大宰府)를 설치하였다. 대외교섭의 일환으로 일본의 대화조정이 설치한 대재부(大宰府)는 7세기 후반 이래 관사(官司)로서의 대외적 기능 이외에 신라와 일본의 공적 외교가 이루어지고 기간 동안 외교의 장(場)으로 기능하고 있어 흥미롭다. 특히 대재부(大宰府)를 매개로 하는 신라와 일본의 외교 교섭은 실무 방식을 택하고 있는데, 이것은 외교의례가 중요한 쟁점이 되었던 8세기 중엽 신라와 다자이후 사이에 왕래된 문서외교(文書外交)를 통해서도 확인 할 수 있다.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.25-35
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• 1996

This study investigated the history of Japanese delegation and their route to Han-Yang(Seoul) and reception and all sorts of facilities to elucidate the characteristics of the reception for Japaneses delegates and all sorts of facilities in the period of Chosun dynasty. The results of the study are as follows; 1) In the early period of the Chosun dynasty, diplomatic facilities for Japanese delegates were established in Pusanpo(Pusan), Jepo, Yumpo and also delegates were invited to Han-Yang through the designated route. 2) Japanese from all areas of Japan have been correspond to Chosun, and many Buddhist monks were reside to draw up the diplomatic document. Also, temples were built in Janpanese style. 3) In case of visit of the most reverend priest of Japan(Wang-guk-sa), Ta-rae-i and Su-pe-re were performed at Yun-dae-chung and Kaek-sa in Pusan. 4) Because of establishing diplomatic facilities (We-Gwan) and other supporting facilities (Kwan-A), Pusan has developed as only one diplomatic city in the period of Chosun dynasty.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.139-144
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• 2020

ICT기반의 인프라가 구축되면서 세계 많은 국가들의 네트워크가 활발하게 이어지는 가운데 외교 활동도 이전까지의 전통외교와는 차별화된 다양한 외교양식으로 진화되고 있다. 특히 그 과정에서 정부 이외의 주체와 새로운 외교영역을 중심으로 하는 공공외교의 활동이 가속화되는 양상을 보이고 있다. 본 연구는 새로운 외교양식의 대표적 유형으로 등장한 공공외교의 현황을 파악하고 글로벌 거버넌스의 활성화를 위한 정책적 함의를 도출하였다. 각 주체별 다양한 외교활동의 주요 내용을 중심으로 생성된 데이터를 통해 현황 분석을 시도하고 공공외교의 트랜드를 토대로 방향성을 모색하였다. 외교의 주체가 더욱 더 다양해지고 있고, 무엇보다 외교 수단의 변화로 인해 세계무대를 토대로 다각적인 활동들이 이어지고 있다. 무엇보다 국민들 모두가 민간외교의 역할을 수행하는 모습을 보이고 있고, 지방정부 차원의 역할과 역량도 더 강해지고 있음을 파악하였다. 공공외교의 활성화를 위해 글로벌 거버넌스구축이 필요하며, 공공외교의 역할과 다양한 주제로 확장하여 지원정책이 지속될 필요가 있다.

• 건축역사연구
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.79-88
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• 2018

Foreign Reception Hall in Gyeongungung Palace was constructed during 1899-1902 according to Yesigjangjeong (禮式章程), Korean Empire's modern diplomatic protocol. This bulilding is a case worthy of notice, because its construction process was written in Jubon(奏本), Korean Empire's official document. Yesigjangjeong(禮式章程) regulates the process of diplomat's audience with Emperor Gojong. The process suggested that Foreign Reception Hall was designed as the place of the end as well as the beginning for audience. According to the process, diplomat came through main gate, Daehanmun and outer gate of main hall(Junghwajeon Hall, Audience Hall), then arrived at the stair to Foreign Reception Hall. After waiting time in the hall, he was going to be granted an audience with Emperor. And he exited through Foreign Reception Hall as the reverse way. This hall was constructed as western-style. Subcontracted carpenters and wood sculptors and laborers from China represents that chinese workers were prevailed in the government construction at that time. And modern building materials, such as glass, colored brick, sanitary wares and lightings were applied, which showed the new landscape in the middle of Gyeongungung Palace. Above all, official documents related with this hall reveals Korean Empire supervised this construction for diplomatic protocol. That is the identity of western-style buildings in Gyeongungung Palace.

• Strategy21
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• 통권33호
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• pp.37-64
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• 2014

The year 2010 has been regarded as a year of China's assertive diplomacy. A series of China's behavior--including China's critical reaction to the U.S. for its sales of weapons to Taiwan, the Dalai Lama's visit to President Obama, China's arbitrary designation of 'core interests' over the South China Sea, China's inordinate reactions to the sinking of the Cheonan and Yeonpyeong bombardment, and China's activities in the Senkaku/Diaoyu island areas--has served as the witnesses to China's assertive diplomacy in 2010. The major causes of China's assertive diplomacy can be summed up by three factors: potential power transition from U.S. to China; emerging China's nationalism; and the recession of the Tao Guang Yang Hui as a diplomatic principle. But a majority of Western sinologists claim that China's assertive diplomacy is defensive in terms of its character. China's neighboring states, however, perceive its assertive diplomacy as diplomatic threat. Due to these states' geographical proximity and capability gaps with China, these neighbors experience difficulties in coping with China's behavior. In particular, China's coercive economic diplomacy, in which China tends to manipulate the neighbors' economic dependency on China for its diplomatic leverage, is a case in point for China's assertive diplomacy. China's assertiveness seems to be continued even after the inauguration of Xi Jinping government. Although the Xi government's diplomatic rhetorics in "New Type of Great Power Relationship" and the "Convention for Neighboring States Policy" sound friendly and cooperative, its subsequent behavior, like unilateral announcement of Chinese Air Defense Identification Zone (CADIZ), does not conform with its rhetoric. Overall, China's assertiveness has been consolidated as a fashion of its diplomacy, and it is likely to continue in its relations with neighbors. As a neighboring state, the ROK should approach to it with more balanced attitude. In addition, it needs to find out a new diplomatic leverage to deal with China in accordance with its security environment, in which China plays a growing role.

• STI Policy Review
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.85-110
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• 2015

Science and technology diplomacy has become an important policy agenda because of its diplomatic utility and enhancing of international science networks. However, different countries possess different objectives and governance of S&T diplomacy. In this context, this paper seeks to answer the following questions: what are the similarities and differences of S&T diplomacy in countries and what shapes these characteristics? To answer these questions, this paper conducts a comparative case study with five countries - Switzerland, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom, and the United States - whose S&T diplomatic programs are highly recognized and benchmarked by other countries. A useful typology is devised to conduct a systematic comparison. For S&T diplomatic objectives, this paper suggests five types by elaborating concepts from the previous literature: access diplomacy, promotion diplomacy, public aid diplomacy, functional diplomacy, and global leadership diplomacy. Also, in terms of a governance model for S&T diplomacy, three models - a sciencecentered model, a science-outsourcing model and a top-down coordinating model - are suggested based on leadership organization. This paper reveals the different characteristics of the selected countries in S&T diplomacy. While the selected countries pursue almost every type of S&T diplomatic objective, the US and the UK tend to conduct influence-based diplomacy more than other countries do. In addition, different countries each have unique governance models for S&T diplomacy. While more research is necessary for vigorously testing the causes of different objectives and their relationship with governance models, this paper suggests more general policy implications throughout. The strength of the country's S&T base is fundamentally important for the success of S&T diplomacy. However, domestic S&T assets need to be transferred to its diplomatic capabilities. In this sense, the appropriate governance that fits best with the country's S&T mission should be established, while S&T communities should increasingly play a leadership role in evolving global S&T networks.

• 무역학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.1-19
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• 2022

China and Korea are good neighbors and partners. Since the establishment of diplomatic relations in 1992, the two countries have made promising achievements in political, economic, and humanistic exchanges for over three decades. In particular, bilateral economic and trade relations have yielded fruitful results, attracting worldwide attention. There are also unavoidable issues in the rapid development of bilateral trade and economic cooperation. And it is of great significance to look back on the past and look forward to the future on the 30th anniversary of the establishment of diplomatic ties between China and the Korea. With the upgrading of China's industrial structure and technological level, the bilateral trade relationship has gradually shifted from a complementary one to a competitive one. It is essential that both countries keep in mind the mutually beneficial nature of their relationship and make due contribution to the development of the Northeast Asian region and the world economy.