• Journal of the HCI Society of Korea
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 2007

This study aims to empirically examine the effect of feedback on attention recovery. The role of feedback has been proven to be positive in particular to extend the limitation of attention resource. We studied the impact of feedback on attention by varying its type and modality. An experimental system was developed to observe how accurately the participants performed the pattern-matching task with differential feedback provided on a real-time basis based on the ADHD diagnostic model. Six university students participated in this study with 6 different feedback conditions and controlled conditions. The participants experienced the feedbacks before experiment. They was asked two hundred tasks in four feedback conditions. The difference of feedback effect according to different modality is to find within a subject. The results indicated that the combined feedback of cognitive with perceptual stimulus led better performance than the combined of perceptual feedbacks.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.89.1-89.1
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• 2013

We present a multiwavelength study of the X-class flare, which occurred in active region (AR) NOAA 11339 on 3 November 2011. The EUV images recorded by SDO/AIA show the activation of a remote filament (located north of the AR) with footpoint brightenings about 50 min prior to the flare occurrence. The kinked filament rises-up slowly and after reaching a projected height of ~49 Mm, it bends and falls freely near the AR, where the X-class flare was triggered. Dynamic radio spectrum from the Green Bank Solar Radio Burst Spectrometer (GBSRBS) shows simultaneous detection of both positive and negative drifting pulsating structures (DPSs) in the decimetric radio frequencies (500-1200 MHz) during the impulsive phase of the flare. The global negative DPSs in solar flares are generally interpreted as a signature of electron acceleration related to the upward moving plasmoids in the solar corona. The EUV images from AIA $94{\AA}$ reveal the ejection of multiple plasmoids, which move simultaneously upward and downward in the corona during the magnetic reconnection. The estimated speeds of the upward and downward moving plasmoids are ~152-362 and ~83-254 km/s, respectively. These observations strongly support the recent numerical simulations of the formation and interaction of multiple plasmoids due to tearing of the current-sheet structure. On the basis of our analysis, we suggest that the simultaneous detection of both the negative and positive DPSs is most likely generated by the interaction/coalescence of the multiple plasmoids moving upward and downward along the current-sheet structure during the magnetic reconnection process. Moreover, the differential emission measure (DEM) analysis of the active region reveals presence of a hot flux-rope structure (visible in AIA 131 and $94{\AA}$) prior to the flare initiation and ejection of the multi-temperature plasmoids during the flare impulsive phase.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.871-884
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• 2009

Gene expression profiling is a useful tool for identifying critical genes and pathways in metabolism. The objective of this study was to determine the major differences in the expression of genes associated with metabolism and metabolic regulation in liver and mammary tissues of lactating cows. We used the Michigan State University bovine metabolism (BMET) microarray; previously, we have designed a bovine metabolism-focused microarray containing known genes of metabolic interest using publicly available genomic internet database resources. This is a high-density array of 70mer oligonucleotides representing 2,349 bovine genes. The expression of 922 genes was different at p<0.05, and 398 genes (17%) were differentially expressed by two-fold or more with 222 higher in liver and 176 higher in mammary tissue. Gene ontology categories with a high percentage of genes more highly expressed in liver than mammary tissues included carbohydrate metabolism (glycolysis, glucoenogenesis, propanoate metabolism, butanoate metabolism, electron carrier and donor activity), lipid metabolism (fatty acid oxidation, chylomicron/lipid transport, bile acid metabolism, cholesterol metabolism, steroid metabolism, ketone body formation), and amino acid/nitrogen metabolism (amino acid biosynthetic process, amino acid catabolic process, urea cycle, and glutathione metabolic process). Categories with more genes highly expressed in mammary than liver tissue included amino acid and sugar transporters and MAPK, Wnt, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways. Real-time PCR analysis showed consistent results with those of microarray analysis for all 12 genes tested. In conclusion, microarray analyses clearly identified differential gene expression profiles between hepatic and mammary tissues that are consistent with the differences in metabolism of these two tissues. This study enables understanding of the molecular basis of metabolic adaptation of the liver and mammary gland during lactation in bovine species.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.860-868
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• 2005

Anemia diagnosed early in pregnancy is associated with increased risks of low birth weight and preform delivery. The purposes of this study were to assess the maternal iron status during pregnancy and to evaluate the relationships between the iron indices of maternal-umbilical cord serum iron and ferritin levels and pregnancy outcomes. Dietary intakes of the pregnant women were estimated by 24 hour-recall (3 times). Serum iron and ferritin levels in maternal blood and umbilical cord were measured at 1st-, 2nd-, 3rd- trimester and delivery, respectively. The mean of maternal se겨m iron levels of the trimester and delivery were $124.27\;{\mu}g/dl,\;97.03\;{\mu}g/dl,\;94.32\;{\mu}g/dl,\;and\;145.53\;{\mu}g/dl$. Those maternal levels were significantly lower than that of umbilical cord blood ($222.59\;{\mu}g/dl$). Serum ferritin levels of maternal trimester and delivery were 22.68 $22.68\;{\mu}g/l,\;11.09\;{\mu}g/l,\;14.18\;{\mu}g/l,\;and\;\;24.54\;{\mu}g/l$, which were significantly lower than those of umbilical cord blood ($184.35\;{\mu}g/l$) (p < 0.0001). This prevalence of anemia of total subjects was $30.3\%$ by WHO criteria (Hb < 11.0 g/dl, Hct < $33\%$). Iron levels of 2nd-trimester was significantly higher in the normal group than in the anemia group. And ferritin levels of 3rd-trimester and delivery was significantly higher in the normal group than in the anemia group. Therefore, we suggest for successful pregnancy outcome and delivery differential iron supplementation programs will be carried out with individual Pregnant women on the basis of pre-Pregnancy nutrition. (Korean J Community Nutrition 10(6) : $860\∼868$, 2005)

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.341-351
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• 2002

In order to examine the mechanistic basis for differential sensitivities to chilling and subsequent recovery between two rice (Oryza sativa L.) cutivars, a chilling-tolerant japonica type (Ilpumbyeo) and a chilling-susceptible indica type (Taebaekbyeo), changes of physiological responses and antioxidant enzymes were investigated. Both cultivars at 3 leaf stage were exposed at a low temperature of $5^{\circ}C$ for 3 days and subsequently recovered in a growth chamber at a $25^{\circ}C$ for 5 days with 250 mmol $m^{-2}$ $s^{-1}$. Physiological parameters such as leaf fresh weight, relative water content, cellular leakage, lipid peroxidation, and chlorophyll a fluorescence showed that the chilling tolerant cultivar had a high tolerance during chilling. However, the chilling-susceptible cultivar revealed severe chilling damages. The chilling-tolerant cultivar was also faster in recovery than the chilling-susceptible cultivar in all parameters examined. We analyzed the activity and isozyme profiles of four antioxidant enzymes which are: superoxide dismutase (SOD), caltalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutation reductase (GR). We observed that chilling-tolerance was due to a result of the induced or higher antioxidant enzyme system, CAT and APX in leaves and SOD, CAT, APX, and GR in roots. Especially, we observed the most significant differences between the chilling-tolerant cultivar and -susceptible cultivar in CAT and APX activity. Also in isozyme profiles, CAT and APX band intensity in the chilling-tolerant cultivar was distinctively higher than in the chilling-susceptible cultivars during chilling and recovery. Thus, the cold stability of CAT and APX are expected to contribute to a tolerance mechanism of chilling in rice plants. In addition, the antioxidative enzymes activity in roots may be more important than in that of leaves to protect chilling damage on rice plants.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.235-243
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• 1996

A carbon paste electrode were chemically modified using ${\alpha}$-cyclodextrin. Characteristics of chemically modified carbon paste electrodes were studied on the basis of the inclusion complex formation of ${\alpha}$-cyclodextrin and p-nitrophenol in solution. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry were used to monitor the efficiency of the chemical modification. When the ${\alpha}$-cyclodextrin and carbon powder ratio of 2 : 1 in weight were used, the reduction peak current of p-nitrophenol was decreased almost completely, whereas those of o-nitrophenol and hydroquinone were not changed much. This result is due to the large difference in the inclusion complex formation constants of p-nitrophenol and the other probes with ${\alpha}$-cyclodextrin. Taking advantage of this difference, we can determine the concentration of o-nitrophenol even in the presence of p-nitrophenol.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.96-106
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• 1984

Changes in weed floras and development of plant resistance to herbicides seemed to be closely related with increased and repeated use of herbicides. Herbicide use increased from 5% of the total consumption of pesticide in 1950 to 45% in 1976 in world basis. About 200 herbicides have been introduced to agriculture so as to control about 206 weed species which have been recorded important to human beings. In Korea, there was about 351 times in increased use of herbicides from 1966 to 1982. Interspecific selection by herbicide is mainly responsible for changes in weed floras and resulted in varying tolerance or susceptibility to herbicides, together with the changes of agricultural practices. The present trend toward continuous cereal cultivation throughout world will lead to type of changes in weed floras favorable to therophyte which can survive under unfavorable conditions as seeds rather than the types of geophyte which can survive unfavorable seasons as buds placed below soil surface. However, geophyte such as Sagitaria pygmaea, and Scirpus jurtcoides, and Cyperus rotundus and Cynodon dactylon in temperate warm climate become severe paddy weeds, presumably because of the removal of annual weeds by herbicides. Since differential tolerance to 2,4-D was firstly reported in Agrostis stolofera, about 30 species of weeds in 18 genera are presently known to have developed resistance to triazine herbicides. Resistance of weed biotypes to triazine herbicide is not mainly due to limited absorption and translocation or to the difference in metabolism, but is the result of biochemical changes at the site of metabolic activity, such as a loss of herbicide affinity for triazine binding site in the photosystem II complex of the chloroplast membrane. Genetical study showed that plastid resistance to triazine was wholly inherited through cytoplasmic DNA in the case of Brassica campestris. Plant tissue culture method can be utilized as an alternate mean of herbicide screening and development of resistance variants to herbicides as suggested by Chaleff and Parsons. In this purpose, one should be certain that the primary target process is operational in cell culture. Further, there are a variety of obstacles in doing this type of research, particularly development of resistance source and it's regeneration because cultured cells and whole plants represent different developmental state.

• BMB Reports
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.259-265
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• 2008

Three peroxidase (POD) cDNAs were isolated from dehydration-treated fibrous roots of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas) plant via the screening of a cDNA library, and their expressions were assessed to characterize functions of each POD in relation to environmental stress. Three PODs were divided into two groups, designated the basic PODs (swpb4, swpb5) and the anionic PODs (swpa7), on the basis of the pI values of mature proteins. Fluorescence microscope analysis indicated that three PODs are secreted into the extracellular space. RT-PCR analysis revealed that POD genes have diverse expression patterns in a variety of plant tissues. Swpb4 was abundantly expressed in stem tissues, whereas the expression levels of swpb5 and swpa7 transcripts were high in fibrous and thick pigmented roots. Swpb4 and swpa7 showed abundant expression levels in suspension cultured cells. Three POD genes responded differently in the leaf and fibrous roots in response to a variety of stresses including dehydration, temperature stress, stress-associated chemicals, and pathogenic bacteria.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.23-36
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• 2003

A comprehension-based approach to learning assumes that incoming information and background knowledge are integrated to form a mental representation which is subsequently used to incorporate new knowledge. It is demonstrated that this approach can be validated by comparing human and computational model performance in the prompt learning context. A computational model (ADAPT-UNIX) based on the construction-integration theory of comprehension (Kintsch, 1988; 1998) predicted how users learn from help prompts which are designed to assist UNIX composite command production. In addition, the comparison also revealed high similarity in composite production task performance between model and human. Educational implications of present research are discussed on the basis of the fact that prompt instructions have differential effect on learning and application as background knowledge varies.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.407-411
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• 1996

Stereotactic radiofrequency dorsal root ganglionotomy can be very useful procedures for the treatment of pain emanating from the lumbar segmental nerves. This procedure is reserved for patients who have failed conservative interventional treatments and in whom open surgical intervention is not an option. The advantages of the radiofrequency lesion method are presented, excellent control of the lesion process using temperature monitoring to quantify the lesion size, prevent boiling, and to produce differential destruction of neural tissue. The afferent fibers in the ventral root which are spared by dorsal rhizotomy but nerve fibers with their cells in the ganglion from either dorsal or ventral root can be destructed with stereotactic radiofrequency ganglionotomy. This technique is performed using a 100 mm cannula with a 5 mm active tip. Repeated lateral fluoroscopic view should be taken to make sure that cannlua still resides within the superior, dorsal quadrant or the foramen. With the cannula in this position, electrostimulation is performed and good paresthesia on the leg should be noted with 0.3 and 0.5 volt at 50 Hz stimulation. At 2Hz stimulation distinct dissociation between motor and sensory should be shown. Percutaneous lumbar ganglionotomy have carried out under local anesthesia on inpatient basis in 6 patients. A series of 5 patients with metastatic cancer pain and a patient with compression fracture have been relieved of pain without serious complications.