• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.60-82
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• 1977

The purpose of this study is first, to analyse the present nursing education and the curriculum in Korea in view of the changes and the new tendency of nursing education and second, to compare our curriculum with that of America, where nursing activities are actively earring on and, third, to try to find out what we should reconsider and improve in our nursing education. The object of this study is the educational program and the curriculum from 1973 to 1976 by selecting each five from colleges and department of nursing in Korea and America. The results of the study were as fellows : . 1. The aim of nursing education puts impassion the role of leader, knowledge and technology of nursing, welfare of society and service of community in both the America and Korea. In Korea nursing is mainly restricted to the treatment of diseases, while in the America the items of the aim of nursing are mainly extended to the capacity for Self- realization of nurse, in Korea they are restricted to the treatment of diseases. 2. In Korea the rate of credit of the curriculum of nursing education is the highest in professional education, next in general education, next in supporting science and educational subject, while in America the rate of the credit is the highest in general education, next professional education and then supporting Science and educational subject isn′t included in the curriculum. 3. In both Korea and America the role of the animal credit allotment in general education, is the highest in the first year and the rate in supporting science is the highest in the second year. In Korea professional subjects are concentrated in the third year while in America there is a tendency that they are increasing in number in the grade order. 4. There is a tendency that the rate of the credit allotment of the main professional subjects in curriculum is higher in Korea than in America : that is, in Korea the rate of the allotment of the credit is the highest in medical - surgical nursing, next maternal - child nursing, next community - health nursing and the psychiatric nursing and there in a great difference in the rate of the allotment of each credit. While in America the rate of the allotment of the credit is the highest in community - health nursing, next in medical- surgical nursing, next in maternal - child nursing, and then in psychiatric nursing and there is little difference in the rate of tile allotment of each credit. 5. From general education, supporting science and professional education, they have considered the continuity and sequence in the structure of nursing curriculum of Korea and America. While in Korea we have partly made integration in tile content of the subjects. Most of the school in America, they have made integration in the content of subjects especially in all subjects, but in Korea we haven't made it in all subjects. 6. In the system and form of nursing education Problem solving method, Dialectical method and operational method are introduced in some America schools and in others there is a tendency that the whole nursing education has the system based on Preventive frame - work or Health -illness frame work ; while only one college has an attempt for Health - Illness continue in Korea. 7. In Korea nursing education, as the importance of health- nursing and team nursing, the aim which is also comparatively emphasized is about health management and service of collective community. The subject pertaining to the aim is the studies of community health nursing, which are more in number in America. 8. When we consider the association between the social, general aims ?f the nursing education and the formation of the curriculum in Korean nursing school the courses of study concerning "the role of leadership and cooperative personal relation": "nursing care for the group": dynamic nursing care": and "the system of the public health nursing associated with the understanding of the regional community" are insufficient as compared with those of America. Especially, the lack of the behavioral science including the nursing care connected with the care for the group, the basic science on the clinical and developmental psychology, anthropology in known to be a prominent issue.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.129-138
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• 2004

Objective : Treatments for patients with mental retardation and pervasive developmental disorders are not curative, and are designed to help those with disabilities adjust to their environments and daily demands. As clinicians, the present authors tried to find agents with potentially curative properties. Among the numerous herbal formulations available, we chose and assessed Gami-jiwhang-tang (GJT) in the hope that it would improve cognitive development of children. Methods : Subjects were typically-developing healthy, 7- to 8-year-old boys and girls living in Seoul, Korea. The experimental group took GJT for six weeks and was followed up six weeks after discontinuation of GJT. The control group was assessed at the same intervals but did not receive placebos. To measure the effects of GJT, neuropsychological tests and intelligence test were taken before commencing GJT and twelve weeks later. Resulets and Conclusion : For all of the ANOVAs, the treatment by time interaction terms was not significant. However, the experimental group showed the tendency to be progressed in most subscales compared with the control group, especially on performance intelligence, visual organization, and verbal fluency. Conclusion : Although GJT failed to reveal significant improvement in cognition, we remain hopeful about the compound and believe that it should be evaluated by a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in the future.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.267-274
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• 2016

Cichlid fish species exhibit characteristic sexual behaviors according to not only reproductive stages but also social status. In a reproductive season, Astatotilapia burtoni males compete for females and a small number of dominant winners finally obtain the chance of spermiation. In addition to the characteristic behaviors, the dominant males have relatively bigger gonadotropin-releasing hormone 1 (GnRH1) neurons in the preoptic area (POA) of brain compared to those of subordinate males. Although the stimulatory effect of GnRH1 in vertebrate reproduction is well established, little is known about the triggering signal pathway to control GnRH1 neurons and GnRH1-mediated sexual behavior. In the present study, we evaluated the potential effect of TOR inhibitor rapamycin in relation to the cichlid male behaviors and GnRH1 neuron. After 14 h and 26 h of intraventricular injection of rapamycin, behavior patterns of chasing and courtship display did not show significant changes between rapamycin- and DMSO-injected males. Behaviors of spawning site entry increased in rapamycin-injected fish at 26 h post-injection than at 14 h post-injection significantly (P<0.05). Meanwhile, there was a tendency that GnRH1 neurons' soma size in the POA shrank by rapamycin injection, whereas the testes did not show notable changes. Taken together, these results suggest the possible role of TOR signal on GnRH1-mediated sexual behavior in cichlid dominant males, although further biological characterization of the TOR signaling pathway will be required to clarify this matter.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.403-412
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• 2000

Urechis unicinctus spermatogenic cells, sperm and spermatids, prepared from testis are investigated to identify nuclear actin using amoeba monorlonal anti-actin as the first Ab and gold particles (10 nm) conjugated mouse IgG (immunogold) as the Ab marker. The Ag-Ab reactions analyzed the localization of nuclear actin of the spermatogenic cells and the immunogold particles incorporated mainly with nuclear matrices. A few immunogold particles are merged into the acrosomes and the other architectures of spermatogenic cells, such as mitochondrion and centrioles. It is often observed and there is a tendency in which the incorporated immunogold particles are increased in number in the nuclear matrices of sperm compared with that of spermatids The increments and decrements of the incorporated immunogold particles according to developmental stages and the spermatogenic architec-tures are interpreted and discussed in aspect of acrosomal function and of nuclear condensation of spermatids.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.7-13
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• 1980

To study some informations on the morphogenesis and developmental process of the coronal suture in rats, the author performed daily oral administrations of demethylchlorotetracycline, a kind of tetracycline group, in the amount of 30mg/kg of body weight to the female rats from the 7th day of pregnancy to the time of delivery. Microscopic evaluation was undertaken on the fetal rats in the experimental group. The subject of this experiment were defined to the fetal rats of each group at 1st, 3rd, 7th and 14th day after birth. All these fetal rats were sacrificed and the heads were removed. All the tissue sections were fixed with $10\%$ formalin, Bouin' and Carnoy' solution and then stained by Hematoxylin-Van Gieson stain, or Feulgen and Rossenbeck, Periodic acid Schiff, and prepared for alcian blue reaction. The results were as follows; 1. The directions of osteogenic fibers were arranged irregulary during first 3 days, but after the 7th day they tended to change radial directions like control group. 2. The density of deep stained cells by Feulgen-Rossenbeck reaction were shown leu in the experimental group than that in the control group in first 3 days, but there was shown no significant difference between both groups after the 7th day. 3. PAS reaction in early stage was generally negative in the experimental group unlike as in the control group, but diffuse reaction was observed in the loose middle zone like as in the control group after 14th day. 4. Alcian blue reaction was negative in cambial zone, and slightly positive in uniting zone compared with control group in early stage. After 14th day, however, there was observed a tendency of moderately positive reaction.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.391-400
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• 2020

Objective: Increased gingival elasticity has been implicated as the cause of relapse following orthodontic rotational tooth movement and approaches to reduce relapse are limited. This study aimed to investigate the effects of sulforaphane (SFN), an inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis, on gene expression in gingival fibroblasts and relapse after rotational tooth movement in beagle dogs. Methods: The lower lateral incisors of five beagle dogs were rotated. SFN or dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were injected into the supra-alveolar gingiva of the experimental and control group, respectively, and the effect of SFN on relapse tendency was evaluated. Changes in mRNA expression of extracellular matrix components associated with gingival elasticity in beagles were investigated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Morphology and arrangement of collagen fibers were observed on Masson's trichrome staining of buccal gingival tissues of experimental and control teeth. Results: SFN reduced the amount and percentage of relapse of orthodontic rotation. It also decreased the gene expression of lysyl oxidase and increased the gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1 and MMP 12, compared with DMSO control subjects. Histologically, collagen fiber bundles were arranged irregularly and were not well connected in the SFN-treated group, whereas the fibers extended in parallel and perpendicular directions toward the gingiva and alveolar bone in a more regular and well-ordered arrangement in the DMSO-treated group. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that SFN treatment may be a promising pharmacologic approach to prevent orthodontic rotational relapse caused by increased gingival elasticity of rotated teeth in beagle dogs.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.279-287
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• 2012

We investigated the changes in plasma sex steroid hormones, testosterone (T), estradiol-$17{\beta}$ ($E_2$), 17,$20{\beta}$-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one ($17{\alpha}20{\beta}P$), 11-ketotestosterone (11KT) and cortisol levels from ribbed gunnel, Dictyosoma burgeri in associated with annual reproductive cycle. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) of females increased from November, peaked in February and decreased rapidly from March. The GSI of males also increased from November, peaked in January and then decreased gradually. In females, $E_2$ levels increased and remained high from December to February. The levels of T showed a similar tendency and correlated ($r_s$=0.898, p<0.01) with $E_2$ levels. The levels of $17{\alpha}20{\beta}P$ increased rapidly in February ($4.78{\pm}1.01ng/ml$) and peaked in July ($5.08{\pm}0.65ng/ml$). Cortisol level was peaked in March and correlated with $17{\alpha}20{\beta}P$ levels ($r_s$=0.696, p<0.01). In males, the levels of T was peaked in January and then decreased rapidly. The levels of 11KT were remained high from October to January. On the other hand, the levels of $17{\alpha}20{\beta}P$ fluctuated during reproductive cycle. These results suggest that plasma sex steroids in ribbed gunnels have annual periodicity, and that cortisol may involve in maturation of females.

• Journal of Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.205-211
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• 2019

In this study, we investigated the possibility of using mouse embryonic stem cell conditioned medium (ESCM) and embryonic stem cell medium (ESM) for in vitro maturation in the efficient in vitro production of blastocysts from porcine follicular oocyte. Depending on the concentration of supplement of ESCM added to the NCSU-23 solution did not affect 2-cell development rates and blastocysts development. However, in particular, the survival rate (10 days of culture) of blastocyst was significantly higher than that of the control group as the additive concentration (30%) increased (p < 0.05). The survival rate of blastocysts showed a similar tendency even with addition of ESM (30%) alone. On the other hand, the duration of the addition of these additives during IVM (0-44 h) was that the IVM I period (0-22 h) were more effective than the IVM II period (22-44 h). Thus, the effect of these additives is probably due to the combination of the various physiologically active substances of ESCM or the appropriate amino acids and vitamins of ESM. In particular, these additives were more effective during the first half (IVM I) of in vitro maturation. In summary, optimization of ESCM or ESM supplementation may improve in vitro maturation of porcine oocyte and affect developmental competency. Therefore, if more efficient methods of adding ESCM or ESM to basal culture medium can be developed during in vitro maturation of porcine follicle oocytes, high quality blastocysts will be developed from low porcine follicular oocyte compared to other domestic animals.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to comprehend the age-related differences in the relationship and developmental tendency between Orphanage and Normal Children's affective and cognitive perspective-taking ability. The subjects were 5-year-old (N=64) and 7-year-old (N=64) children. In each group, there were equal number of boys and girls, 128 Children were composed of(male: 32, female: 32) and orphanage Children(male: 32, female: 32). Feshbach & Roe's child perspective-taking ability test was modified for this study and the test included four facial expression cards and six different stories including three types of affection. In the procedure of study, after a set of story cards containing one of three affective types, the subject was asked to retell the story shown in each cards to study cognitive perspective-taking ability, and for the affective perspective-taking ability. Then the subject was asked to tell the feeling of the hero in the story and to select one of the four facial expression which is consistent with the feeling. The cognitive perspective-taking ability and affective perspective-taking ability response were coded three kinds of scoring respectively. Scored data were analyzed with MANOVA. t-test, Pearson Correlations and Fisher-z test. The results were shown as follow : First, both Orpanage and Normal Children's the cognitive and affective perspective-taking ability increased with age. Secondly, both Orpanage and Normal Children's perspective-taking ability was lower than Normal Children's perspective-taking ability. Thirdly, both Orpanage and Normal Children's correlation between cognitive and affective perspective-taking ability increased with age.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.115-121
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• 2001

Some of endocrine disruptors with sexual hormone-like effects have been increasingly reported to be immunotoxic in many species in recent several years. Phthalate esters have possible effects on the endocrine system. Prenatal exposure to di(n-butyl) phthalate (DBP) has been reported to impair the androgen-dependent development of the male reproductive tract in rat. Therefore, the immunomodulatory effect of DBP was investigated in the developing immune system of fetal and neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats. Timed-bred pregnant SD rats were given to the doses of 0, 250, 500, and 750 mg DBP/kg$\cdot$ body weight /day by gavage once a day from gestational day (GD) 5 to 18. On GD19 or GD22/postnatal day one (PD1), the dams were euthanized, and the changes in organ weights and thymus phenotypes were examined for their offsprings. At 750 mg DBP/kg$\cdot$b.w./day in maternal exposure group, GD19 fetuses showed decreases in body weight. The spleen/body weight ratios were reduced in GD 19 fetuses from the dams exposed to 500 and 750 mg DBP/kg$\cdot$b.w./day. There were no significant changes in thymus and spleen cellularities though these cellularities showed a tendency to decrease in a dose dependent way. In the DBP-exsposed GD22/PD1 offsprings, the body weights, the relative organ weights and the cellularities did not exhibit alteration. Additionally, the percentages of CD3$^{+}$(CD4$^{+}$CD8$^{+}$, CD4$^{+}$CD8$^{-}$, CD4$^{-}$CD8$^{+}$, and CD4$^{-}$CD8$^{-}$) and CD3$^{-}$(CD4$^{+}$CD8$^{+}$, CD4$^{+}$CD8$^{-}$, CD4$^{-}$CD8$^{+}$, and CD4$^{-}$CD8$^{-}$) thymocyte subsets were not changed in any DBP-treated group. The proliferative responses of splenic T cells to Con A and B cells to LPS were decreased in all DBP-exposed GD22/PD1 offsprings.