• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.171-178
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• 2011

Glycated hemoglobin ($HbA_{1c}$) is a most preferably used baseline of diabetes, implicating average blood glucose levels over a 2-3 month period of time. Recently the American Diabetes Association has recommended the $HbA_{1c}$ assay as one of the criteria for diabetes. Although some studies provide data with "estimated average glucose", by converting the $HbA_{1c}$ results from simple linear regression, the results are not applicable to whole diabetes. We compared the relationship between $HbA_{1c}$ and estimated average glucose by anemia degree of diabetic patients in Korea. The data from the 2008~2009 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. Analysis was done for 1,257 diabetes subjects with $HbA_{1c}$ results. The distribution of subjects was 34.1% in 60's, 25.9% in 70's, 21,6% in 50's, showing that there was more than 80% in over 50's. To take a close look of the differences depending on the anemic degree, we applied WHO criteria (hemoglobin<13.0 in men and hemoglobin<12.0 in women) and divided anemia degree. The regression equation for A1c and estimated average glucose was $eAG_{mg/dL}=24.3{\times}A1c-32.0$ ($R^2=0.54$, p<0.001) in all subjects, $eAG_{mg/dL}=33.1{\times}A1c-96.1$ ($R^2=0.52$, p<0.001) in slight anemia ($11.0{\leq}$Hb<13.0 in men, $10.0{\leq}$Hb<12.0 in women), and $eAG_{mg/dL}=13.5{\times}A1c+34.9$ ($R^2=0.12$, p =0.075) in moderate anemia (Hb<11.0 in men, Hb<10.0 in women). The regression was not significant in moderate anemia. The relationship between HbA1c and eAG was lower correlation than ADAG study, and eAG showed lower value in all ranges among $HbA_{1c}$ 5~13%. Such as a korea where, there are many diabetic patients among the old aged and higher prevalence rate of anemia, we should be extra careful when we reflect eAG using $HbA_{1c}$ and need to establish criteria which can be applicable to koreans.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.31-52
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze the effectiveness of policies in response to low fertility in Korea. Using a recent nationwide survey on marriage and fertility, this study analyzes the effect of low fertility policies on plan of further birth among young married women according to the number of their children. Awareness of polices in response to low fertility is relatively high, showing the great differences among policy measures. In contrast, the degree of polices in response to low fertility is very low. ranging from 2.0% to 27.6%. The distribution of awareness and experience is different according to the number of children. The results of logistic regression analysis show that awareness of polices in response to low fertility such as economic support, promotion of equality of the sexes significantly affects on plan of further birth. However, this effects disappear when we apply parity specific approach. For example, the plan for first child is quite universal as no difference is found by their awareness of policies in response to low fertility. Similar results are found in married women having plan for second child and third child. With respect to the degree of experience of policies in response to low fertility, the results show that economic support, work-family coexistence, and promotion of equality of the sexes significantly affects the plan of further birth. Like awareness of policies in response to low fertility, these effects disappear as we apply parity specific approach. The results indicate that the effect of policies in response to low fertility differs by the current number of children. Thus, consideration of such difference would help us deepen our understanding of fertility behaviors and polices in response to low fertility.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.105-115
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• 2009

The naturalized plants in the Byeonsanbando National Park were listed 88 taxa composed of 24 families, 65 genus, 83 species and 3 varieties and 2 forms by field survey. The naturalized plants divided into pattern by survey of annual plants ratio is 38 taxa (43.2%) by life form spectrum and perennials is 28 taxa (31.8%), biennials is 19 taxa (21.6%), two trees (Robinia pseudoacacia, Ailanthus altissima) and one shrub (Amorpha furticosa) were founded. According to analysis results form place of origin, Europe covered 26 taxa (37.1%), North America covered 23 taxa (32.8%). Naturalized degree 3 plants, as common but not abundant, founded as 28 taxa (31.8%) were hold most highly ratio, naturalized degree 1 plants founded as 8 taxa (9.1%) were hold lowest. Introduction period 1 covered 39 taxa (44.3%) have had highest score and period 2 covered 16 taxa (18.2%) have had lowest scores. In addition, the urbanization index based on 271 taxa was 32.5% and Ambrosia artemisiaefolia is growing by ecosystem disturbing wild plants. Meanwhile, Ambrosia artemisiaefolia have confirmed into district of introduction in the Byeonsanbando National Park were damage the human body of plants develop an allergy to pollen. Therefore, management counterplan of the sequel of monitoring them might be required, introduction into naturalized plants are grasp of ecological characteristics and systematical management plan from this point of time by require.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.308-319
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• 2016

In order to set the outdoor weather conditions to be applied to the design standard of the greenhouse heating and cooling system, outdoor air temperature and heating degree-hour for heating design, dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature and solar irradiance for cooling design were analyzed and presented. For every region in Korea, we used thirty years from 1981 to 2010 hourly weather data for analysis, which is the current standard of climatological normal provided by KMA. Since the use of standard weather data is limited, design weather conditions were obtained using the entire weather data for 30 years, and the average value of the entire data period was presented as a design standard. The design weather data with exceedance probability of 1, 2.5, and 5% were analyzed by the TAC method, and we presented the distribution map with exceedance probability of 1% for heating and 2.5% for cooling which are recommended by design standards. The changes of maximum heating load, seasonal heating load and maximum cooling load were examined by regions, exceedance probabilities, and setpoint temperatures. The proposed outdoor design conditions can be used not only directly for the greenhouse heating and cooling design, but also for the reinforcement of heating and cooling facilities and the establishment of energy saving measures. Recently, due to the climate change, sweltering heat in summer and abnormal temperature in winter are occurring frequently, so we need to analyze weather data periodically and revise the design standard at least every 10 years cycle.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.55-60
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• 1987

Fifty eight isolates of R. solani collected from rice plants infected to sheath blight disease at seven different locations through the country were evaluated for their cultural characteristics on media. Degree of resistance of nine rice varieties were tested by the seven isolates representing each culture type from the grouped pathogene-city. Great variation of cultural characterisics on PSA media was observed among isolates, and 58 isolates tested were grouped into 7 culture types. Locational distribution of isolates belong to each culture type was different between types, and only isolate type 'Ia' was distributed in all locations collected. The degree of pathogene-city of each isolate to rice adult plant was different between 7 culture types grouped, and no isolates infected severely on all tester rice varieties. The degree of resistance to the disease showed great variation among 9 tester varieties, and varietal reaction to the disease was varied along with isolates inoculated. An isolate, la, shown strong pathogenecity and distributed through 7 locations was selected for the screening of varietal resistance to rice sheath blight disease.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.35
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• pp.1-30
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• 1998

The primary objectives of this research is to identify (1) demographic and behavioral characteristics of donors for social welfare organizations in Korea and (2) factors that predicts the degrees of donors' philanthropic effort measured by the fraction of personal income given to these organizations. This study uses the data based on the responses of 191 participants among 500 donors selected randomly from the donor population of 5 major social welfare organizations. In the demographic aspect, this study showed that donors have higher frequencies in college education, Christianity, married status, age of 30s & 40s, and middle class. In the behavioral aspect, this study showed that donors have higher frequencies in inner motivation for philanthropic participation ("joy of giving"), satisfaction about the activities of social welfare organizations, trust toward funds administration of social welfare organizations, and active participation ("solicitation to others") about donation. This study also showed that donor's duration is distributed around 3 years (median) and donors' donation amount is distributed around 20,000 Won (median). This study found that the median value of donors' philanthropic effort is 1.2 percent and the distribution of philanthropic effort by income has the U shape. Finally, using polynomial regression analysis, this study found that the first power and second power of donor's income, age, continuation motivation of donation, and degree of active participation are statistically significant in predicting the degree of donors' philanthropic effort. This study will contribute to expanding knowledge about donors' characteristics and provide a practical implication for financial resource mobilization strategies in nonprofit nongovernmental sector.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.119-125
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• 2006

This study executed questionnaire by own recording way using questionnaire to Dental Hygiene of W health science college and 365 students locating in Cholla-bukdo area from September 10, 2005 October 9. Distribution by class was first-year student 115 people, second-year student 125 people, third-year student 120 people, and collected data enforced crossing analysis, multiple response analysis, correlation analysis using statistical analysis program SPSS(V. 11.5) and significance level(${\alpha}$) used in all verifications was 0.05. 1. Seoul was the most to employment hope area and(p<0.01), there was difference that keep in mind statistically because appears salary highest about selection reason(p<0.001). 2. knowledge degree about can go to work appeared by 52.8% for doing not know, and when go to work 60.8% was thinking aptitude and interest most importantly and there was difference that keep in mind statistically(p<0.01). 3. when go to work 35.3% prevention medical examination and treatment business that 27.2% hopes dental management business appear(p<0.01). 4. I appeared accomplish result weak static correlation that analyze interrelation of degree of dictionary knowledge about can do interest degree about dental hygienist job and an employment(p<0.01).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.678-684
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• 2005

Extraction conditions, spectrometric, and sensory properties of pigment extracts from green discolored garlic (GDG) were studied for development of green index to evaluate degree of green discoloration of garlic. GDG pigments were extracted using polar solvents, such as methanol, ethanol, and water. Methanol with 1% HCl resulted in highest extraction of green pigments. Extraction of pigments was affected by temperature, and extracted pigments were partially destroyed at high temperatures. Optimum conditions for extraction of green pigments were $20^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. Because green pigments are unstable at room temperature, and no method has been reported to evaluate degree of green discoloration of garlic, color chart was designed by mixing varying amounts of control and GDG. High correlation was observed between sensory scores and "a" value of color chart samples (y=-3.465x - 11.676) with $R^2$ of 0.993. Green index (GI) was developed based on linear regression equation between sensory scores and "a" values. Sensory panel recognized green discoloration of garlic at $GI{\geq}3.0$. GI developed in this study could be utilized to evaluate degree of green discoloration of garlic during cold storage and distribution of garlic.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.612-622
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• 2024

We examined the physicochemical properties and microbial safety of Enoki mushrooms during storage at 5℃ for 9 weeks, with different packaging containers that are corrugated, Al-coated, and without packaging (control). The weight change of Enoki mushrooms in the different containers due to moisture loss was 1.9%, 0.9%, 0.6% for control, corrugated, and Al-coated packaging, respectively. The degree of browning rapidly increased as the storage period increased in the control sample. However, corrugated and Al-coated packaging suppressed the browning degree. The changes of color L-, a-, and b-vlaues were minimal changes in Al-coated packaging. There was no significant difference in the total amino acids, polyphenol oxidase, and peroxidase in corrugated packaging and Al-coated packaging, regardless of the storage period. The microbial growth such as total aerobic bacteria, yeast, and mold of Enoki mushroom during the storage period, were significantly suppressed in Al-coated packaging samples as compared to the control and corrugated packaging. In conclusion, Al-coated packaging has beneficial effects such as preventing moisture loss, maintaining browning degree, inhibiting oxidative enzyme reaction, and ensuring microbial safety of Enoki mushrooms during the storage period. Al-coated packaging is considered effective for extending the shelf-life and improving the storage and distribution of mushrooms.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.121-145
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• 2010

University timetabling depending on the educational environments of universities is an NP-hard problem that the amount of computation required to find solutions increases exponentially with the problem size. For many years, there have been lots of studies on university timetabling from the necessity of automatic timetable generation for students' convenience and effective lesson, and for the effective allocation of subjects, lecturers, and classrooms. Timetables are classified into a course timetable and an examination timetable. This study focuses on the former. In general, a course timetable for liberal arts is scheduled by the office of academic affairs and a course timetable for major subjects is scheduled by each department of a university. We found several problems from the analysis of current course timetabling in departments. First, it is time-consuming and inefficient for each department to do the routine and repetitive timetabling work manually. Second, many classes are concentrated into several time slots in a timetable. This tendency decreases the effectiveness of students' classes. Third, several major subjects might overlap some required subjects in liberal arts at the same time slots in the timetable. In this case, it is required that students should choose only one from the overlapped subjects. Fourth, many subjects are lectured by same lecturers every year and most of lecturers prefer the same time slots for the subjects compared with last year. This means that it will be helpful if departments reuse the previous timetables. To solve such problems and support the effective course timetabling in each department, this study proposes a university timetabling support system based on two phases. In the first phase, each department generates a timetable template from the most similar timetable case, which is based on case-based reasoning. In the second phase, the department schedules a timetable with the help of interactive user interface under the timetabling criteria, which is based on rule-based approach. This study provides the illustrations of Hanshin University. We classified timetabling criteria into intrinsic and extrinsic criteria. In intrinsic criteria, there are three criteria related to lecturer, class, and classroom which are all hard constraints. In extrinsic criteria, there are four criteria related to 'the numbers of lesson hours' by the lecturer, 'prohibition of lecture allocation to specific day-hours' for committee members, 'the number of subjects in the same day-hour,' and 'the use of common classrooms.' In 'the numbers of lesson hours' by the lecturer, there are three kinds of criteria : 'minimum number of lesson hours per week,' 'maximum number of lesson hours per week,' 'maximum number of lesson hours per day.' Extrinsic criteria are also all hard constraints except for 'minimum number of lesson hours per week' considered as a soft constraint. In addition, we proposed two indices for measuring similarities between subjects of current semester and subjects of the previous timetables, and for evaluating distribution degrees of a scheduled timetable. Similarity is measured by comparison of two attributes-subject name and its lecturer-between current semester and a previous semester. The index of distribution degree, based on information entropy, indicates a distribution of subjects in the timetable. To show this study's viability, we implemented a prototype system and performed experiments with the real data of Hanshin University. Average similarity from the most similar cases of all departments was estimated as 41.72%. It means that a timetable template generated from the most similar case will be helpful. Through sensitivity analysis, the result shows that distribution degree will increase if we set 'the number of subjects in the same day-hour' to more than 90%.