• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.11-14
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• 1978

In this work the concentration of serum protein and bilirubin, thymol turbidity, and the activities of SGOT and SGPT were examined in deer (one $P\'{e}re$ David's deer, one Red deer and 5 Formosan deer) raising at Yongin Farm Land. The results

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.14-19
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• 1976

Influence of deer horn on serum cholesterol level as well as growth rate of experimental cholesterol-fed rabbit were observed. The cholesterol level rose progressively in all cholesterol-fed rabbit and only after 17th day of experiment, cholesterol-level in animal treated with deer horn significantly increased at much lower rate than control group. Above results suggested that deer horn might decrease the abnormally elevated serum cholesterol.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-2
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• 1960

Six kinds of free amino acids, leucine, methionine, threonine, lysine, histidine and aspartic acid were found by using partition paper chromatography from water extract of deer horn which is widely used as tonic drug. The results shows that deer horn does not contain any specific free amino acid.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.1859-1866
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• 2010

It is reported that about 80% of deer antlers (Cervi Pantotricuhum Cornu) produced in the world are consumed in Korea. Fraudulent replacement or mislabeling of costly deer antlers with cheaper ones, however, is one of the most common problems in the Korean deer antler market. Therefore, there is a continuous need for the development of genetic markers to discriminate between genuine and fraudulent deer antlers. This study was performed to develop a method for the identification and authentication of deer antlers using nucleotide sequence analysis against displacement loop of mitochondrial genome among four deer antlers, Cervus eleaphus sibericus, Cervus eleaphus bactrianus, Cervus eleaphus Canadensis, and Cervus eleaphus, originated from Russia, China, North America and New Zealand, respectively. As a result, multiple-alignment of mitochondrial displacement (D) loop region in 1.2 kb showed that, among the four deer antlers, a deleted sequence of about 70 bps was only found in Cervus elaphus bactrianus from China. Finally, Cervus elaphus bactrianus among nine samples of deer antlers were successfully identified by PCR using primer amplifying deleted D-loop. Cervus elaphus bactrianus was also confirmed from cloning the PCR products and their nucleotide sequence analyses were confirmed. However, no marker to identify Cervus eleaphus sibericus, Cervus eleaphus canadensis and Cervus eleaphus were found in the nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial D-loop. Our results suggest that PCR for deleted D-loop region of mitochondrial DNA are useful for identification and authentication of deer antlers of Cervus elaphus bactrianus originating from China.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.12 no.8
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• pp.1292-1297
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• 1999

A preference test on feed and nutrient intakes were conducted on four male ($1.25{\pm}0.08kg$) and four female ($1.21{\pm}0.15kg$) lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) in captivity. Each animal was kept in individual cages placed in a well-ventilated animal house. The experiment was conducted in two weeks, where the first week was for adaptation to the feeds and the second week for measurements of nutrient intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance. The feeds offered were kangkong (Ipomoea aquatica), long bean (Vigna sinensis) and french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) as roughages and proteinaceous feeds; sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas) and carrot (Daucus carota) as carbohydrate-rich feeds; and commercial rabbit pellet (0.3 cm diameter and 0.5 cm long) as a complete feed. The dry matter (DM) content of each feed in the order mentioned above was 7.1, 6.1, 3.9, 18.5, 6.2 and 87.6%, respectively. Long bean had the highest protein (CP) content (29.7%), while sweet potato had the lowest (6.2%). The CP contents of other feeds were within the range of 14.2 - 25.1%. Among the feeds, carrot had the lowest energy content (3.83 kcal/g) and long bean the highest (4.67 kcal/g). When fresh weight of the feed was considered, the male mouse deer consumed sweet potato the most ($86.3{\pm}12.90g/d$), but the female had a high preference for carrot ($79.2{\pm}9.76g/d$). The other feeds were consumed in lesser amounts. However, in terms of DM of the feed, the amount of commercial pellet consumed was the highest for both male ($45.0{\pm}5.10%$) and female ($44.7{\pm}7.38%$) mouse deer, followed by sweet potato ($33.1{\pm}4.43%$ and $22.4{\pm}7.73%$ for male and female, respectively). Significant (p<0.05) differences in DM, organic matter (OM) and gross energy (GE) intakes were observed between male and female mouse deer. The male consumed higher amount of DM, OM and GE than the female. The total DM intake was $40.7{\pm}2.24g/d/kg$ $W^{0.75}$ for male and $35.9{\pm}1.72g/d/kg$ $W^{0.75}$ for female mouse deer. Percentage digestibilities of DM, OM, CP and GE were within 72.7~80.8% and were not significantly different between male and female mouse deer. However, male mouse deer had significantly (p<0.05) higher digestible DM, OM and GE intakes than the female. Both male and female mouse deer were in positive nitrogen balance (0.6 g N/d/kg $W^{0.75}$). The male mouse deer gained $7.6{\pm}3.45g/d$, while the female gained $4.3{\pm}2.40g/d$.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2010

The 2%, 3% of deer young antler, deer antler, oystershell, crabshell, eggshell were add into the 5%, 10%, 15% solution of glacial acetic acid and vinegar and after incubating it for 4 days at $30^{\circ}C$ respectively, solubility was analyzed. The result shows the difference was minute between glacial acetic acid and vinegar. In the 2% content of deer young antler, solubility was 42~47%, in the 3% content of it, solubility was 41~47%, with the acid concentration becoming higher, solubility increased slightly. In the 2% content of deer antler, solubility was 59~63%, in the 15% content of acid, solubility rather decreased. In the 2% content of oystershell, solubility was 85~96%, in the 3% content, solubility was 95~98%, in the 15% of acid density, it decreased. In the 2% content of crabshell, solubility was 79~88%, in the 3% content, solubility was 81~95%, and in case that acid density was high, solubility increased rather slightly. In the 2% content of eggshell, solubility was 84~96%, in the 3% content, solubility was 84~93%. When young deer antler and deer antler were heated for two hours at $100^{\circ}C$, solubility increased 19~24%, and in the case of crabshell, 10~11% increased. The above result and condition, and the result of pH and acidity don't have much influence on solubility. Thus, the 5% of acidity was enough to melt the 3% of sample. Highest were glacial acetic acid and vinegar in solubility to the various organic acid, and wax gourd vinegar melted the 85% of oystershell, the 78% of crabshell, the 28% of the deer young antler, and in the precipitation was made. Citric acid melted the 57% of deer antler, but it was precipitated with all other samples. Ascorbic acid melted the 92% of eggshell, and did the 37~54% of other samples.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.161-168
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• 2002

A behavioral investigation in deer equipped with EMG telemetry system was carried out to examine the chewing behavior pattern for efficient feeding management of Korean spotted deer(Cervus nippon). There was more frequent and irregular eating and rumination behavior pattern in deer than those in other ruminants. Time spent on eating and ruminating was 261 and 291 min., respectively. Total number of boli regurgitated was 647 times per a day and deer regurgitated an average boil of 21.6 times per a rumination period. Total rumination time was 291 min. and deer have an average rumination time of 26.9 sec. per a boli. Deer had 245.3 min. for total chewing time, 20,405 times fur number of chews, 31.5 times for number of chews per bolus, and 53.4 times for number of chews per minute during rumination period. An average regurgitation bolus an hour was lower with 15.3 numbers in the 09∼15 hours subperiod and higher with 26 numbers in the 15∼21 hours subperiod and it had been gradually trended to become to low after 15∼21 hours subperiod. An average numbers of chews a bolus at every 6 hours subperiod increased gradually according to time. A deer spent 23.3 min. on eating and 26.2 min. on ruminating per 100g ingested dry matter. Consequently, since deer have a different chewing behavioral pattern to other ruminants such as more frequent and irregular eating and ruminating patterns, small bolus and low number of chew, it is likely to needed to establishment and development efficient feeding system for deer.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.65-81
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• 2022

Objectives This study aimed to assess the effects of oral administration of deer antler extracts on an osteoporosis-induced animal model. We analyzed the results of using deer antler single extracts on animal models with osteoporosis through a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods We included osteoporosis studies in animal experiments that administrated deer antler extracts orally. We searched the following 13 databases without a language restriction: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang, Korean Medical Database (KMbase), National Digital Science Library (NDSL), Korean Traditional Knowledge (Koreantk), Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System (OASIS), Research Information Sharing Service (RISS), Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information (KISTI), and Koreanstudies Information Service System (KISS). We used Systematic Review Centre for Laboratory Animal Experimentation's risk of bias tool for assessing the methodological quality of the included studies. Results A total of 299 potentially relevant studies were searched and 11 were included for a systematic review. Nine studies used a single deer antler extract. A study compared the effects of single extracts of deer antler and antler glue, while another study compared the effects of three single extracts of deer antler, old antler, and antler glue. For evaluating the intervention effect, bone mineral density (BMD) was measured as the primary outcome, while the histomorphometric indicators of the bone and serum alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin levels were used as the secondary outcome variables. On conducting a meta-analysis of studies on single deer antler extract, BMD was observed to be significantly increased compared to that in control group (standardized mean difference [SMD]=2.11; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.58~2.65; Z=7.75; p<0.00001; I²=56%). As a result of meta-analysis, according to the concentration of deer antler, the group with high concentration showed statistically significantly higher BMD than the group with low concentration (SMD=1.28; 95% CI=0.74~1.82; Z=4.63; p<0.00001; I²=9%). Conclusions The research shows that the deer antler extracts have significant anti-osteoporotic effects on the osteoporosis-induced animal model. However the studies included in this research had a high methodological risk of bias. This indicates the requirement of considerable attention in the interpretation of the study results.

• Korean Deer Journal
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• v.9 no.3 s.58
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• pp.230-233
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• 2004

• Korean Deer Journal
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• v.9 no.3 s.58
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• pp.226-229
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• 2004