• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.44 no.2
• /
• pp.300-307
• /
• 2020

Background: Emerging evidence suggests that endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in endothelial dysfunction due to persistent inflammation is a key component and emerging concept in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. Ginsenoside Rg3 (Rg3), an active compound from red ginseng, has been known to be important for vascular homeostasis. However, the effect of Rg3 on inflammation-induced EndMT has never been reported. Here, we hypothesize that Rg3 might reverse the inflammation-induced EndMT and serve as a novel therapeutic strategy for vascular diseases. Methods: EndMT was examined under an inflammatory condition mediated by the NOD1 agonist, γ-d-glutamyl-meso-diaminopimelic acid (iE-DAP), treatment in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The expression of EndMT markers was determined by Western blot analysis, real-time polymerase chain reaction, and immunocytochemistry. The underlying mechanisms of Rg3-mediated EndMT regulation were investigated by modulating the microRNA expression. Results: The NOD1 agonist, iE-DAP, led to a fibroblast-like morphology change with a decrease in the expression of endothelial markers and an increase in the expression of the mesenchymal marker, namely EndMT. On the other hand, Rg3 markedly attenuated the iE-DAP-induced EndMT and preserved the endothelial phenotype. Mechanically, miR-139 was downregulated in cells with iE-DAP-induced EndMT and partly reversed in response to Rg3 via the regulation of NF-κB signaling, suggesting that the Rg3-miR-139-5p-NF-κB axis is a key mediator in iE-DAP-induced EndMT. Conclusion: These results suggest, for the first time, that Rg3 can be used to inhibit inflammation-induced EndMT and may be a novel therapeutic option against EndMT-associated vascular diseases.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.43-54
• /
• 1999

Shear tests are performed on four full-scale 12.5 m proto-type models, "least depth double tee," which are resulted from the optimization process. Domestic superimposed live load regulation, domestic material properties which is available to product. Korean building code requirements, construction environments and economy are considered as the main factors to establish the process. All of the specimens tested fully comply with the shear strength requirements as specified by ACI 318-95. The research has shown following results. 1) The development length requirement of ACI 318-95 does not seem a good predictor for the estimation of bond failure in a beam with the strands below the supports. 2) The load required for the first initial coner cracking in the dap end and first web shear cracking does not seem to have any relation with the dimension and shear strength of the section in the test beams. 3) The strand slip has a direct relationship with the web shear cracking. However, the coner cracking in the dap end does not give any help for the slip in anchorage. 4) Use of whole area for bearing steel at the bottom of dap end is desired for safe bearing pressure design in the precast prestressed double tee beams. 5) The deflection of beam influences directly on the amount of strand slip at the anchorage after initiation of it, and relationship between them are very linear.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.237-242
• /
• 2012

Purpose: The objectives of this study were to survey the radiographic exposure parameters, to measure the patient doses for intraoral dental radiography nationwide, and thus to establish the diagnostic reference levels (DRLs) in intraoral dental X-ray examination in Korea. Materials and Methods: One hundred two intraoral dental radiographic machines from all regions of South Korea were selected for this study. Radiographic exposure parameters, size of hospital, type of image receptor system, installation duration of machine, and type of dental X-ray machine were documented. Patient entrance doses (PED) and dose-area products (DAP) were measured three times at the end of the exit cone of the X-ray unit with a DAP meter (DIAMENTOR M4-KDK, PTW, Freiburg, Germany) for adult mandibular molar intraoral dental radiography, and corrections were made for room temperature and pressure. Measured PED and DAP were averaged and compared according to the size of hospital, type of image receptor system, installation duration, and type of dental X-ray machine. Results: The mean exposure parameters were 62.6 kVp, 7.9 mA, and 0.5 second for adult mandibular molar intraoral dental radiography. The mean patient dose was 2.11 mGy (PED) and 59.4 $mGycm^2$ (DAP) and the third quartile one 3.07 mGy (PED) and 87.4 $mGycm^2$ (DAP). Doses at university dental hospitals were lower than those at dental clinics (p<0.05). Doses of digital radiography (DR) type were lower than those of film-based type (p<0.05). Conclusion: We recommend 3.1 mGy (PED), 87.4 $mGycm^2$ (DAP) as the DRLs in adult mandibular molar intraoral dental radiography in Korea.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.44 no.3
• /
• pp.25.1-25.10
• /
• 2019

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate discoloration of teeth undergoing regenerative endodontic procedures (REPs) using blood clot or platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) as the scaffolds and different calcium silicate-based materials as the intracanal coronal barriers in an ex vivo model. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight bovine incisors were prepared and disinfected using 1 mg/mL double antibiotic paste (DAP). The specimens were then randomly divided into 2 groups (n = 24) according to the scaffolds (blood or PRF). After placement of scaffolds each group was divided into 2 subgroups (n = 12) according to the intracanal coronal barriers (ProRoot MTA or Biodentine). The pulp chamber walls were sealed with dentin bonding agent before placement of DAP and before placement of scaffolds. The color changes (${\Delta}E$) were measured at different steps. The data were analyzed using 2-way analysis of variance. Results: Coronal discoloration induced by DAP was not clinically perceptible (${\Delta}E{\leq}3.3$). Regarding the type of the scaffold, coronal discoloration was significantly higher in blood groups compared with PRF groups at the end of REP and after 1 month (p < 0.05). However, no significant difference was found between PRF and blood clot after 6 months (p > 0.05). Considering the type of intracanal coronal barrier, no significant difference existed between ProRoot MTA and Biodentine (p > 0.05). Conclusions: With sealing the dentinal tubules of pulp chamber with a dentin bonding agent and application of DAP as an intracanal medicament, coronal color change of the teeth following the use of PRF and blood sealed with either ProRoot MTA or Biodentine was not different at 6-month follow-up.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.39 no.3
• /
• pp.297-302
• /
• 2006

We investigated gonadal development and sex ratio of artificial seedlings of the oblong rockfish Sebastes oblongus, based on samplings for 370 days just after parturition. The primordial germ cells and genital ridge appeared separately under the mesentery in the yolk-sac stage larva (total length: 7.10-7.77 mm) just after parturition. The primordial germ cells and genital ridge integrated to form primordial gonad in 5-day-old larvae (7.12-9.68 mm), and then proliferation of somatic cell and germ cell occurred in the gonad, which was maintained undifferentiated until 45-days after parturition (18.6-20.4 mm). The ovarian differentiation began in the larva of 50-days old (dab) after parturition (dap) (20.0-24.5 mm). The somatic tissues elongated from the both opposite end-sites of undifferentiated gonad were consequently fused and formed a complete ovarian cavity at 60-days old dap (25.5-32.0 mm). In 80-days old dap (37.3-47.2 mm), meiosis of oogonia occurred to be chromatin nucleolus stage oocyte. The perinucleolus stage oocytes appeared at in 130-days old dap (68.0-86.0 mm), and previtellogenic stage oocytes appeared in 370-days old dap (101.0-116.0 mm). Only female was observed in the artificially produced oblong rockfish in the present study. This result revealed the effect of higher temperature on the sex determination of the oblong rockfish..

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.209-218
• /
• 2020

This paper investigated actual crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) of tomato and paprika planted in test beds of the greenhouse. Crop water requirement (CWR) is the amount of water required to compensate ET_c loss from the crop. The main objectives of the study are to assess whether the actual crop watering (ACW) was adequate CWR of tomato and paprika and which amount of ACW should be irrigated to each crop. ET_c was estimated using the Penman-Monteith model (P-M) for each crop. ACW was calculated from the difference of amount of nutrient supply water and amount of nutrient drainage water. ACW and CWR of each crop were determined, compared and assessed. Results indicated CWR-tomato was around 100 to 1,200 ml/day, while CWR-paprika ranged from 100 to 500 ml/day. Comparison of ACW and CWR of each crop found that the difference of ACW and CWR are fluctuated following day of planting (DAP). However, the differences could divide into two phases, first the amount of ACWs of each crop are less than CWR in the initial phase (60 DAP) around 500 ml/day and 91 ml/day, respectively. Then, ACWs of each crop are greater than the CWR after 60 DAP until the end of cultivation approximately 400 ml/day in tomato and 178 ml/day in paprika. ET_c assessment is necessary to correctly quantify crop irrigation water needs and it is an accurate short-term estimation of CWR in greenhouse for optimal irrigation scheduling. Thus, reducing ACW of tomato and paprika in the greenhouse is a recommendation. The amount of ACW of tomato should be applied from 100 to 1,200 ml/day and paprika is 100 to 500 ml/day depend on DAP.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.211-224
• /
• 2020

Purpose: This study was conducted to investigate death attitude, death anxiety, and knowledge toward advance directives of nursing students. Method: Participants were 157 nursing undergraduates in Korea. The students responded to a self-reporting questionnaire that included demographics, Death Attitude Profile-Revised (DAP-R), Revised Death Anxiety Scale (RDAS), and knowledge toward advance directives. The data collection period was December, 9-13, 2019. Data were analyzed by descriptive test, independent t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient with SPSS/WIN 23.0. Results: The mean scores for death attitude, death anxiety, and knowledge toward advance directives were 2.70±0.58, 2.45±0.49, and 7.94±2.04, respectively. Knowledge toward advance directives was significantly different according to age, grade, and experience of end-of-life care education. Death attitude was significantly associated with death anxiety (r=. 27, p<.001). Conclusion: Knowledge toward advance directive was relatively low compared to the findings of previous studies. Therefore, nursing colleges need to include legal and institutional aspects when writing written letters on advance directive, death attitude, and ethical approaches to death anxiety.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
• /
• v.11 no.3
• /
• pp.141-152
• /
• 1999

Precast prestressed double-tee slab may be designed by the PCI Design Handbook. It is based on the bridge construction and is required for reorganization for the use of buildings in the domestic construction environments. Much enhanced sections are developed from the reforming process on the determined design factors in the previous experimental works on double tees. Pre-determined shape, reinforcement detail, and 5000 psi concrete strength can not be expected as the best solution for the domestic construction requirements because large amount of use on that systems are anticipated. Flexural tests are performed on four full-scale 12.5m proto-type models, "least depth double tee", which are resulted from the optimization process. Domestic superimposed live load regulation, domestic material properties which is available to product, building design requirements and economy in construction are considered as the main factors to establish. the first two sections are double tee section for 1.2 ton/$\m^2$ market live load with straight and one-point depressed strands and the second two are for 0.6 ton/$\m^2$ parking live load with those strand types. All of the specimens tested fully comply with the flexural strength requirements as specified by ACI 318-95. However, the research has shown that following improved considerations are needed for better result in practice. The locations and method of connection for the lowest bottom mild bar, connection method between precast and cast-in-place concrete, and dap-end reinforcement are need to be improved.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.258-265
• /
• 2009

This research was conducted to compare drymatter production and yield pattern between commercial glasshouse (G) and plastic greenhouse (PG) in Korea. In both greenhouses sawing and plating of sweet pepper was 28 August and 27 September, 2007. Destructive measurement and yield of sweet pepper, cv. 'Derby', was obtained from January to May, 2008. Averaged light transmissivity over 20 times observed 65% in G and 51 % in PG. The averaged daily radiation sum of greenhouses during whole growing period was $9.03MJ/m^2/day$ for G and $7.37MJ/m^2/day$ for PG Leaf area index (LAI) in G crop was 36% higher than the crop in PG at the end of experiment (247days after planting: DAP), whereas there was no significantly difference for 212 DAP in both greenhouses. Total dry matter production was $1759.9g{\cdot}m^{-2}$ for G and $1308.5g{\cdot}m^{-2}$ for PG Fruit production observed $14.1kg{\cdot}m^{-2}$ in G and $7.8kg{\cdot}m^{-2}$ in PG. There was slightly difference measurement of dry matter distribution of generative or vegetative parts to total dry matter between G and PG.

• Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.24 no.4
• /
• pp.680-689
• /
• 2019

Temperature effects on the generation of brake wear particles from railway vehicles were generated, with a particular focus on the generation of ultrafine particles. A real scale brake dynamometer test was repeated five times under low and high initial temperatures of brake discs, respectively, to obtain generalized results. Size distributions and temporal patterns of wear particles were analyzed through visualization using clustered heatmaps. Our results indicate that high initial temperature conditions promote the generation of ultrafine particles. While particle concentration peaked within the range of fine sized particles under both low and high initial temperature, an additional peak occurred within the range of ultrafine sized particles only under high initial temperature. The timing of peak occurrence also differed between low and high initial temperature conditions. Under low initial temperature fine sized particles were generated intensively at the latter end of braking, whereas under high initial temperature both fine and ultrafine particles were generated more dispersedly along the braking period. The clustered correlation heatmap divided particle sizes into two groups, within which generation timing and concentration of particles were similar. The cut-off point between the two groups was approximately 100 nm, confirming that the governing mechanisms for the generation of fine particles and ultrafine particles are different.