• KOMUNHWA
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• no.50
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• pp.297-315
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• 1997

Chronology, Paleolithic typology and ecology in Pleistocene East and Southeast Asia have been a constant source of debate and controversy. However, recent significant advances in the fields above-mentioned have improved this condition greatly. The 'ultima

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.428-434
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• 2001

Few topics in operative and perioperative patient management generate more controversy than that of appropriate fluid and electrolyte therapy. especially, controversy has swirled around colloid vs crystalloid therapy and the composition of administered fluids, agreement among clinicians as to what fluid therapy is appropriate, and in what amount, is rare. This controversy likely will be enhanced by Arieff' s provocative article. He described 11 adults and 2 pediatric patients. All developed fatal postoperative pulmonary edema, seemingly caused solely by excessive postoperative fluid administration. From January 1999 to December 1999, we investigated 24 patients, which were operated by orthognathic surgery, about the intraoperative fluid therapy and the associated effect in orthognathic surgery, which is regarded as one of the major surgery of oral and maxillofacial surgery. First, They were devided into two groups, that is one-jaw surgery and two-jaw surgery, and each groups were devided by intraoperative fluid volume of 8ml/kg/hr. Subjective assesment was collected through use of a series of 3 questionnaries. In each questionnaire, a 5-point Liekert scale was used far assessment of following parameters of recovery from anesthesia: headache, dizziness, drowsiness, nausea/vomiting, thirst. The patient completed questionnaire 1 at 4 hour after surgery, questionnaire 2 was completed at 24 hours after surgery, and questionnaire 3 was completed at 48 hours after surgery. This study demonstrated that appropriated perioperative rehydration decreases postoperative adverse outcomes and improved the patient's perception of the postoperative period.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.27-56
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• 2008

The controversy over the mad cow disease in Korea can be understood as a demonstration of complex and skeptical public sentiments toward the government that were all mixed with expectations, demands, hope and mistrust. The governments decision to resume the import of American beef turned such expectations into mistrust and public hope into nationwide resistance expressed in the form of candlelight vigils. This phenomenon can not be simply explained as a fear of risks. Concerns over mad cow disease were a trigger but they were riot sufficient cause to explain the nationwide controversy involving all the Koreans. It was mad cow disease that triggered a sharp confrontation between the government trying to stick to its decision to resume the import of American beef and the opponents who were not convinced by the government. In fact, this is not simply an issue of a disease. It is rather a complex issue of the acceptance of risks, the consistency of the government policy, trust in the government, and the public consensus on the government policy. In this context, this study analyzes the controversy over the mad cow disease from the perspectives of risk management, public policy-making, and public trust and social consensus-building.

• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.141-170
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• 2009

We can witness the recent surge of interest in the controversy over the scientific status of mathematics among Jesuit Aristotelians around 1600. Following the lead of Wallace, Dear, and Mancosu, I propose to look into this controversy in more detail. For this purpose, I shall focus on Biancani's discussion of scientiae mediae in his dissertation on the nature of mathematics. From Dear's and Wallace's discussions, we can gather a relatively nice overview of the debate between those who championed the scientific status of mathematics and those who denied it. But it is one thing to fathom the general motivation of the disputation, quite another to appreciate the subtleties of dialectical strategies and tactics involved in it. It is exactly at this stage when we have to face some difficulties in understanding the point of Biancani's views on scientiae mediae. Though silent on the problem of scientiae mediae, Mancosu's discussions of the Jesuit Aristotelians' views on potissima demonstrations, mathematical explanations, and the problem of cause are of utmost importance in this regard, both historically and philosophically. I will carefully examine and criticize some of Mancosu's interpretations of Piccolomini's and Biancani's views in order to approach more closely what was really at stake in the controversy.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.1 no.2 s.2
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• pp.311-342
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• 2001

The controversy over the ethics of bio-science in Korea involves not only the conventional 'two cultures' dimension of scientific vs. humane culture, but also another dimension of high vs. popular culture. This paper attempts to analyze the problems of the Korean bio-science controversy and explore a desirable solution with such an extended framework of 'two cultures'. If we investigate this controversy based only on the Snow's 'two cultures' model, we may understand why there have been conflicts between scientists and ethicists. But the possible solution from it may fall into a trap of professionalism, which confines to some suggestions to promote communication and trust between these two expert groups. Therefore, adding the second dimension of high vs. popular culture to this will clearly bring out the problem of separation and conflict between experts and the public. This will also help us to conceive a more fundamental and comprehensive solution. In addition, such an approach can greatly illuminate not only the existing discussion on 'two cultures' but also the cultural role of STS education.

• Journal of Christian Education in Korea
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• v.74
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• pp.227-253
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• 2023

Purpose of the Study: This paper focuses on a significant historical event, namely the Bremen teachers' movement of 1905, which aimed to abolish religious classes in public schools. By examining an incident in the German history of religious education that remains unfamiliar to the Korean Christian Association, I aim to explore the interconnected diachronic and synchronic influences involved in this particular event. Contents and Method: The religious controversy sparked by the Bremen Teacher's movement of 1905 marked the first official call for reform towards neutral religious education in schools. Several factors contributed to this debate, including the rise of civil society in the 19th century, advancements in science and scholarship, the emergence of social democracy, and the conflict between the Lutheran and Reformed Churches. This paper delves into the historical context of the controversy and analyzes its impact on the develop of religious education in Germany. As reflected in the Bremen Document, the official outcome of the Bremen Teacher's Movement, educators argued for the separation of religion and education, emphasizing that religion is a deeply personal matter. The document called for the adoption of value-neutral moral education in public schools, achieved through objective Bible-History classes. This paper explores the impact of the Bremen School Dispute of 1905 on the development of religious education in Germany. Specifically, the provisions of the Bremen State Constitution of 1948 and the German Basic Law of 1949 were influenced by the controversy, with Article 141 of the Basic Law - known as the 'Bremen Clause' - providing a legal basis for the exclusion of churches from religion-classes at Schools in Bremen. The Bible-History Classes advocated in the Bremen Documents served as the basis for the present-day Bremen religious education curriculum well known for neutral objective religion-classes. Conlusion: This study analyzes the background, content, and influence of the Bremen School Controversy, which remains relatively unknown in Korea. The findings of this study can contribute to the ongoing discussion of Christian school education in Korea, with an emphasis on maintaining a Christian identity while promoting religious publicity in the classroom.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.233-248
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• 2019

This study shows that the Argovian Cantonal School in Aarau, Switzerland, which Albert Einstein attended from 1895 to 1896, had been closely related to the ideological education controversy in German Gymnasium throughout the 19th century. Due to this controversy, Einstein hardly received a formal science education in Bavaria. Despite the lack of formal education in Germany, he had a habit of self-studying from an early age and continued with this practice all through his life. He had a hard time at the authoritarian school in Munich, but at the democratic school in Aarau, where freedom and autonomy were secured, he was able to achieve emotional stability. For a long time, the city Aarau prevailed as a location of tolerance and multi-culturalism, without religious, regional, and national discrimination. This was possible due to the influence of external and unrestricted social mobility, as well as the Enlightenment from France. As a result, this small public school was able to acquire a mass of qualified human resources from outside of Switzerland. As a consequence of the controversy regarding the educational ideology, the Cantonal School adopted practical thoughts and the Enlightenment that fit the spirit of the times. The school consisted of two independent educational organizations: the Gymnasium, where the 'neuhumanistsch' education for the elite training was conducted, and the 'Gewerbeschule', where a more realistic education system was set up to suit the citizen life. In particular, after 1835, the Gymnasium changed gradually from the pure humanistic education to the 'utraquistisch' ways by introducing practical subjects such as natural history. Thereafter, the Cantonal School became an institution that was able to achieve a genuine humanity, academic, and civic life education. Einstein, who attended the 'technische Abteilung' of the 'Gewerbeschule,' considered this school as a role model of an institution that realized true democracy, and that left an unforgettable impression on him.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.25
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• pp.411-437
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• 2009

Generally transition of Thought from Wang Yangming(王陽明) to Liu Zongzhou(劉宗周) is construed from emphasis of subjectivity to emphasis of intention(意; Yi). This Transition from emphasis of subjectivity to emphasis of intention is definitely expressed between Wang Yangming's Four-Sentence Teaching(四句敎) and Liu Zongzhou's explanation of Wang Yangming's Four-Sentence Teaching. Wang Yangming's Four-Sentence Teaching evoked much controversy among scholars of Yangming school. Consequently Four-Sentence Teaching's controversy caused Yangming school's division. Also this was a representative controversy on the transition period from The Ming Dynasty to The Ching Dynasty. Liu Zongzhou's critique and exposition of Four-Sentence Teaching was result from this controversy. The difference between Wang Yangming's Xinxue(心學) and Liu Zongzhou' Xinxue(心學) is due to different interpretation of intention. As is generally known Wang Yangming interprets intention is in heart stiring, but Liu Zongzhou interprets intention is being before heart stiring, immanence in heart. Liu Zongzhou suggests new exposition of Four-Sentence Teaching on intention being before heart stiring, immanence in heart. Liu Zongzhou's critique and exposition is not only criticizing Yangming's Four-Sentence Teaching, but also solves troubles of the times. As a result he promotes theory of Xinxue(心學) being peculiar his own.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.57-59
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• 1994

Ebstein`s anomaly, a rare congenital cardiac anomaly, is characterized by downward displacement of abnormal tricuspid valve. Indication for surgical repair and the optimal surgical approach are still controversy. Recently, we experience a case of Ebstein anomaly, which was treated by atrilized right ventricular plication and annuloplasty. The patient was discharged with good result on 17th post-operative day.

• Journal of Korea Society of Digital Industry and Information Management
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.171-178
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• 2017

The controversy about the burger button triggered in 2013 is that it is difficult to know what the hamburger button itself means and that it is difficult to predict what will happen when the button is clicked, Could. This controversy was found to be fundamentally out of touch, and it could be seen that it caused conflict with Apple's navigation structure with iOS. Therefore, in the case of Apple, it is often used in the form of a tab at the bottom instead of using the slide menu, but it is preferable to be used for the purpose of the hamburger button. I've looked through a variety of documents and found that the amount of content you want to offer on your app or the web is large, and there are five or more categories. And if a sub-category needs to exist in the main category like a large shopping mall, the hamburger button could provide the best UI. Apps and webs that can be curated, such as news and pinterest, are better used to enhance the search filter than to place a hamburger button, and for apps or the web that has a longer amount of content on a page Scrolling was available as an alternative to the burger button. In other words, depending on the amount of content to be provided, it is possible to decide whether to use the hamburger menu from the time of designing the information architecture.