• Journal of Korea Society of Waste Management
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.785-798
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• 2018

Since the Framework Act on Resource Circulation was enacted in 2018, the government should establish a National Resource Circulation Master Plan every 10 years, which defines mid- to long-term policy goals and directions on the efficient use of resources, prevention of waste generation and recycling of waste. In addition, we must set mid- to long-term and stepwise targets for the final disposal rate, recycling rate (based on sorted recyclable materials and recycled products), and energy recovery rate of wastes, and relevant measures should be taken to achieve these targets. However, the current industrial waste (IW) statistics have limitations in setting these targets because the final disposal rate and recycling rate are calculated as the ratio of the recycling facility input to the IW generation. In this study, the material flow from the collection stage to the final disposal of industrial waste was analyzed based on the generation of 2016, and the actual recycling amount, actual incineration amount, final disposal amount and their rates were calculated. The effect on the recycling, incineration and final disposal rates was examined by changing the treatment method of nonhazardous wastes from the factory and construction and demolition wastes, which were put in landfills in 2016. In addition, the variation of the waste treatment charge was investigated according to the change of treatment methods. The results of this study are expected to be effectively used to establish the National Resource Circulation Master Plan and industrial waste management policy in the future in South Korea.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.351-354
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• 2000

In recent years, the world development of alternative construction materials is associated with disposal problems of waste materials as a result of industrial activities. Technologies of refining gypsum to several gypsum modifications ($\alpha$ and $\beta$-hemihydrate) which can be used as construction material in a large scale do actually exist or are under development. This paper provides a technical and economic perspective of the waste gypsum treatment. Especially, several applications particularly of $\alpha$-hemihydrate will be presented, e.g. artificial gypsum aggregate and light-weight masonry units.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.83-89
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• 2008

The stone sludge produced during the manufacturing process of stone blocks is considered as one of industrial waste materials. This stone sludge are managed to either burying under the ground or stacking in the yard, but this disposal process is required an extra costs. The stone sludge disposal like burying or stacking also cause environmental pollutions such as ground pollution and subterranean water pollution. Thus, this study was conducted to explore the possibility of recycling of stone dust sludge as a concrete mixing material in order to extend recycling methods and to solve the shortage of aggregate caused by recently increased demand in construction. Based on the experiment results on various ratios of cement to stone sludge content, the compressive strengths of concrete were recorded in the range of $20{\sim}30N/mm2$. The results did not show any decrease in compressive strength due to the stone dust content. It can be concluded that the stone sludge produced by stone block manufacturing can be sufficiently recycled as one of concrete mixing materials in the aspect of compressive strength.

• Journal of Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Waste Technology(JNFCWT)
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.239-255
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• 2007

An underground research tunnel is essential to validate the integrity of a high-level waste disposal system, and the safety of geological disposal. In this study, KAERI underground research tunnel(KURT) was constructed in the site of Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute(KAERI). The results of the site investigation and the design of underground tunnel were presented. The procedure for the construction permits and the construction of KURT were described briefly. The in-situ experiments being carried out at KURT were also introduced.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.61-65
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• 2003

Bottom ash among the coal ash is not used because of its poor properties. But encouraging the use of bottom ash as a construction material is a sensible method of utilization as it avoids the problems and costs associated with disposal and provides an alternative aggregate source. This study was aimed at using bottom ash as an alternative fine aggregate source to provide a solution to disposal and insufficient fine aggregate for the production of concrete. So properties of domestic bottom ash were estimated due to the difference of each domestic bottom ash. And compressive strength and durability were estimated as basic data to use bottom ash in building industries. As a result of the experiment, the very porous surface and angular shape of the bottom ash particles necessitate a higher apparent water-cement ratio. And due to the higher water requirement, the compressive strength and durability of mortar is lower than those of the control samples. But when 25 percent of the total dry weight of the natural fine aggregate was replaced by bottom ash, the engineering characteristics were similar.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2012.11a
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• pp.155-157
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• 2012

Recently, construction industry makes a great effort on minimizing the environmental impact. While various environmental-friendly technologies are applied to the operating phase of buildings, few equipment or machinery are partly used during the construction phase. For this reason, this study carried out a comprehensive analysis on environmental-friendly technologies for the whole construction process. In this study, appropriate environmental-friendly technologies of each construction activity were elicited to improve the environment of construction sites. Environmental-friendly technologies and construction activities were selected by professional consultation and descriptive statistics analysis, and proper environmental-friendly technologies were elicited from Cross-Impact Analysis. As a result, waste disposal and recycling technology was highly effective for demolition work while development of replacing materials was for reinforced concrete work.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.215-229
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• 2019

This technical note describes the current status of Finnish radioactive waste disposal project which started to construct the repository for spent nuclear waste for the first time in the world. Finland started operating nuclear power plant in 1977 and is currently operating four nuclear power plants. After detailed site surveys started in 1993, Olkiluoto was finally selected by the parliament of Finland as the site for geological disposal in 2001 followed by a construction license in 2015. If the operating license is approved by the government in the 2020s, it would be the world's first case of geological disposal. In ONKALO, a site-specific underground research facility at the site of Olkiluoto, various studies were conducted to verify the safety of the repository. Finland uses the KBS-3 disposal concept, and Korea considers a similar disposal concept because of similar rock formations. The entire process in Finland including the operation status of intermediate and low-level waste disposal, site investigation and selection stages, and the latest rock mechanics and hydrogeological studies in ONKALO are presented. Suggestions for the radioactive waste disposal in Korea is given based on the Finnish case.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.87-94
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• 2011

This study was suggested to develop sustainable durability design system and proposed the plan to evaluate design conditions that meet the intended service life and $LCCO_{2}$ reduction level of reinforced concrete structure easily from the early design stage. For that the W/B and covering depth of the concrete structure were calculated through calculation of service life based on standard specification expression and the quantitative reduction rate of the vertical member of reinforced concrete structure by the calculated W/B was applied. Life cycle of building classified into construction stage, operation stage, maintenance stage, and demolition/disposal stage and the method of $CO_{2}$ evaluation of each stage was proposed. For construction stage, the major construction materials that take up over 80% $CO_{2}$ emitting during building construction were selected and the $CO_{2}$ evaluation method for 5 standard apartment houses was proposed. Also, for operation stage, $CO_{2}$ emission was calculated through calculation of heating load by energy efficiency rating certification system. For maintenance stage, $CO_{2}$ emission was calculated using concept of re-construction by life and for demolition/disposal stage was calculated with the use of construction standard estimate. As a result of the case study by such evaluation methods, 80 years of service life and 17 specifications of sustainable durability design that meet the 40% intended $LCCO_{2}$ reduction level were deduced. The Maximum $LCCO_{2}$ reduction rate was analyzed by 47.2%.

• Journal of the Korean Recycled Construction Resources Institute
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.251-259
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• 2023

In this study, as a foundational research aimed at promoting the efficient recycling and environmentally friendly disposal of construction waste through the activation of a selective dismantling system, our primary objective was to analyze the economic feasibility of implementing selective dismantling. To achieve this, we conducted an assessment on a 5-story residential building with a construction area of 2,400 m² as a case study. When considering the additional cost of dismantling construction ① the reduction in waste disposal costs due to decreased mixed waste, ② and the potential revenue from recycling through the separation and sorting of waste materials, and ③ we were able to comprehensively confirm that there is an expected cost-saving effect totaling 34,727,000 KRW when compared to conventional demolition methods.

• 수도
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• v.24 no.5 s.86
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• pp.29-44
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• 1997

Sewage sludge produced in Korea was 1,275,800 tons (dewatered sludge cake) per year in 1996, which is 3,495 tons per day, 0.303% of 11,526,100 tons per day of sewage treated in 79 sewage treatment plants. Sludge production has been and will be increasing in accordance with construction of new facilities for sewage treatment. Most of the sludge is currently disposed by landfill and ocean dumping, but it is becoming difficult to find suitable sites for landfill, particularly in big cities such as Seoul. In addition, rapid increase of landfill cost is anticipated in a near future. Current trend for sludge disposal in advanced countries is land application. Over the past 10 to 20 years in the United States, sludge management practices have changed significantly, moving from disposal to beneficial use. They use biosolid for utilization instead of sludge for disposal. Under the Clean Water Act of 1972, amended in 1987 by Congress, the U.S. EPA was required to develop regulations for the use and disposal of sewage sludge. The EPA assessed the potential for pollutants in sewage sludge to affect public health and the environment through a number of different routes of exposure. The Agency also assessed the potential risk to human health through contamination of drinking water sources or surface water when sludge is disposed on land. The Final Rules were signed by the EPA Administrator and were published (Federal Register, 1993). These rules state that sewage sludge shall not be applied to land if the concentration of any pollutant in the sludge exceeds the ceiling concentration. In addition, the cumulative loading rate for each pollutant shall not exceed the cumulative pollutant loading rate nor should the concentration of each pollutant in the sludge exceed the monthly average concentration for the pollutant. The annual pollutant loading rate generally applies to applications of sewage sludge on agricultural lands. The most popular beneficial use of sewage sludge is land application. The sludge has to be stabilized for appling to land. One of the stabilization process for sewage sludge is lime stabilization process. The stabilization process is consisted of the stabilizing process and the drying process. Stabilization reactor can be a drum type reactor in which a crossed mixer is equipped. The additive agents are a very reactive mixture of calcium oxide and others. The stabilized sludge is dried in sun drier or rotary kiln.