• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.185-220
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• 2003

Korean Government is increasingly focusing on the Northeast Asia Business and Logistics Hub strategy to create a competitive advantage. A key element of this strategy is creating or leveraging distribution and logistics hubs that act as centres for distribution in Northeast Asia. A Northeast Asian e-Hub Policy is required for business hub and logistics hub in the Northeastern Asia. An e-Hub is an integrated, sophisticated set of e-Biz, information and e-trade facilities and services that provides access to a marketplace and exchangee the e-trade data. To study the e-Hub policy, Pan Asian e-Commerce Alliance, Korea-Japan e-Trade Hub project, and ASEM e-Trade project are considered. E-trade via cyberspace may need new methods of dispute resolution to reduce transaction costs for small value-related disputes and to erect structures that work well across national boundaries. Voluntary Mediation Councils and cyber tribunals should be encouraged by governmental sectors to continue developing private sector mechanisms to resolve e-trade disputes. Government-sponsored online cross-border dispute resolution systems may be also be useful to complement these private sector approaches. E-trade in Northeast Asia results in disputes owing to the incompleteness of e-trade law in the countries. These disputes contain disputes regarding e-trade model, central title registry, authentication body. To resolve these disputes in the Northeast Asia, a variety of electronic alternative dispute resolution bodies must be organized under cooperation of Korea, Japan, China. This study deals with the e-ADR construction in the Northeast Asia to resolve the disputes in the e-trade and to activate the e-trade in the Northeast Asia.

• 한국중재학회지:중재연구
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.3-43
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• 2018

The emergence of a multi-door courthouse is related with a couple of reasons as follows: First, a multi-door courthouse was originally initiated by the United States government that increasingly became impatient with the pace and cost of protracted litigation clogging the courts. Second, dockets of courts are overcrowded with legal suits, making it difficult for judges to handle those legal suits in time and causing delays in responding to citizens' complaints. Third, litigation is not suitable for the disputant that has an ongoing relationship with the other party. In this case, even if winning is achieved in the short run, it may not be all that was hoped for in the long run. Fourth, international organizations such as the World Bank, UNDP, and Asia Development Bank urge to provide an increased access to women, residents, and the poor in local communities. The generic model of a multi-door courthouse consists of three stages: The first stage includes a center offering intake services, along with an array of dispute resolution services under one roof. At the second stage, the screening unit at the center would diagnose citizen disputes, then refer the disputants to the appropriate door for handling the case. At the third stage, the multi-door courthouse provides diverse kinds of dispute resolution programs such as mediation, arbitration, mediation-arbitration (med-arb), litigation, and early neutral evaluation. This study suggests the extended model of multi-door courthouse comprised of five layers: intake process, diagnosis and door-selection process, neutral-selection process, implementation process of dispute resolution, and process of training and education. One of the major characteristics of extended multi-door courthouse model is the detailed specification of individual department corresponding to each process within a multi-door courthouse. The intake department takes care of the intake process. The screening department plays the role of screening disputes, diagnosing the nature of disputes, and determining a suitable door to handle disputes. The human resources department manages experts through the construction and management of the data base of mediators, arbitrators, and judges. The administration bureau manages the implementation of each process of dispute resolution. The education and training department builds long-term planning to procure neutrals and experts dealing with various kinds of disputes within a multi-door courthouse. For this purpose, it is necessary to establish networks among courts, law schools, and associations of scholars in order to facilitate the supply of manpower in ADR neutrals, as well as judges in the long run. This study also provides six case studies of multi-door courthouses across continents in order to grasp the worldwide picture and wide spread phenomena of multi-door courthouse. For this purpose, the United States and Latin American countries including Argentina and Brazil, Middle Eastern countries, and Southeast Asian countries (such as Malaysia and Myanmar), Australia, and Nigeria were chosen. It was found that three kinds of patterns are discernible during the evolution of a multi-door courthouse model. First, the federal courts of the United States, land and environment court in Australia, and Lagos multi-door courthouse in Nigeria may maintain the prototype of a multi-door courthouse model. Second, the judicial systems in Latin American countries tend to show heterogenous patterns in terms of the adaptation of a multi-door courthouse model to their own environments. Some court systems of Latin American countries including those of Argentina and Brazil resemble the generic model of a multi-door courthouse, while other countries show their distinctive pattern of judicial system and ADR systems. Third, it was found that legal pluralism is prevalent in Middle Eastern countries and Southeast Asian countries. For example, Middle Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia have developed various kinds of dispute resolution methods, such as sulh (mediation), tahkim (arbitration), and med-arb for many centuries, since they have been situated at the state of tribe or clan instead of nation. Accordingly, they have no unified code within the territory. In case of Southeast Asian countries such as Myanmar and Malaysia, they have preserved a strong tradition of customary laws such as Dhammthat in Burma, and Shriah and the Islamic law in Malaysia for a long time. On the other hand, they incorporated a common law system into a secular judicial system in Myanmar and Malaysia during the colonial period. Finally, this article proposes a couple of factors to strengthen or weaken a multi-door courthouse model. The first factor to strengthen a multi-door courthouse model is the maintenance of flexibility and core value of alternative dispute resolution. We also find that fund raising is important to build and maintain the multi-door courthouse model, reflecting the fact that there has been a competition surrounding the allocation of funds within the judicial system.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.1609-1623
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• 2014

최근 건설분야에 적용될 수 있는 자동화 시스템 개발을 위한 연구가 많이 수행되고 있다. 자동화 기술 적용시 효과가 높은 공종 중에서 건설기계의 의존도가 높고, 건축 및 토목공사에서 기본 공종인 토공을 대상으로 연구가 진행되어 왔다. 공사현장의 모델을 구축하여 자동화 시스템이 토공계획을 수립할 수 있는 기술과 단일 건설장비가 주어진 정보와 환경을 인지하여 작업을 수행할 수 있도록 하는 기술이 개발되었다. 자동화 토공시스템이 현장에 적용되기 위해서 해결되어야 할 문제들이 여전히 많이 있지만, 그중에서 중요한 한 가지가는 다수 및 다종의 건설장비들이 협업작업을 수행할 수 있도록 하는 기술을 제공해야만 하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 사람들의 협업시스템과 의사결정 방법을 모방한 건설시공 시스템을 개발하는 것을 목표로 하고 있으며, 시스템 개발을 위하여 인공지능 분야에서 사용하고 있는 멀티에이전트 개념을 적용하였다. 멀티에이전트 기반 시스템 개발을 위하여 에이전트의 구성과 기능을 제안하고 있으며, 에이전트간 협업 및 중재를 위한 프레임워크를 제시하였다. 그리고 투입되는 건설장비인 다수의 굴삭기와 다짐장비의 효율적인 진로계획과 협업작업시 간섭효과의 최소화 및 중복작업 방지를 위한 방안도 제시하였다. 아직은 이론적인 개념을 제시하고 있는 단계로 가상 시뮬레이션에 의하여 효과를 검증하고 있으나, 추후에는 물리적인 시스템의 구축을 통하여 현장에 적용하기 위한 실증연구를 수행해야 할 것이다.

• 한국건축시공학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.208-220
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• 2011

공동주택 하자분쟁을 해결하고자 하는 노력의 일환으로 최근 하자분쟁조정제도가 도입되었다. 하지만, 당해 제도는 현재의 하자분쟁의 쟁점사항과 분쟁 당사자들의 입장을 제대로 반영하고 있지 못하다. 또한, 제도의 내용과 절차에서 많은 미비점이 존재한다. 본 연구에서는 하자분쟁의 여러 내용적인 측면 중에서 기술적 쟁점사항에 대해 정리하고 하자분쟁조정제도가 정착되기 위한 대안마련을 검토하였다. 그 결과 현행 하자분쟁의 판정논리체계요소에 대해 정리할 수 있었고, 이에 효과적으로 대응하기 위한 전략으로서 활성화 방안을 제시하였다. 그 기본 원칙은 조정자와 분쟁 당사자간의 신뢰관계를 구축해야 하는 것이며, 사회적 기대사항에 대한 부합, 제도적 차원의 활성화 방안이 뒷받침되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제47권
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• pp.129-156
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• 2010

Since the 1970s, international construction employers have commonly requested first demand guarantees upon their contractors as a form of security for due performance of their works. Contractors prefer the greater protection offered by more traditional forms of security requiring presentation of an arbitral award or other evidence of the caller's entitlement to compensation. Many contractors nonetheless feel that they have no alternative but to provide these unconditional guarantees in order to compete. However, these unconditional first demand guarantees are controversial and have given rise to numerous disputes both in arbitration and litigation. Disputes arising from first demand guarantees can be broken down into a) applications to prevent a perceived fraudulent or otherwise unfair or improper calling of a guarantee, b) claims arising from such abusive calls and c) claims relating to the consequences of such calls even if the call itself may not be abusive as such. The contractors should carefully assess the risk of an abusive call being made bearing in mind the difficulties he may face in seeking to prevent such a call. He should also bear in mind the difficulties, delays and cost he is likely to encounter in seeking to recover any monies wrongfully called. One option would be to provide that the call can only be made once and to the extent that the employer's damages have been assessed or even incurred or even for the default to have been established by an arbitral tribunal or court. Another option would be to provide that any call be accompanied by a decision of a competent and impartial third party stating that the contractor is in breach. For example, such a requirement could be incorporated into a construction contract based on the FIDIC Conditions by submitting this decision to a Dispute Adjudication Board. Another option would be to provide for the "ICC Counter-Guarantee Scheme". In sum, there would appear to be room for compromise between the employer and the contractor in respect of first demand guarantees by conditioning the entitlement to call such guarantees to the determination of a competent and impartial third party.

• 산업노동연구
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.109-142
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• 2018

이 논문은 대표적인 불안정 노동자 직군에 속하는 건설 노동자에 대한 호주의 어워드 임금 체계와 사회보장제도를 분석하고 한국에 대한 시사점을 도출하는 데 그 목적이 있다. 호주는 19세기 후반 격렬한 노사분쟁을 겪은 후 노사갈등을 예방, 해결하기 위한 노사정 중심의 중재위원회를 구축하고 이를 토대로 어워드라는 고유한 임금 체계 및 사회보장제도를 운용하고 있다. 어워드는 공정노동위원회라는 중재위원회에서 결정되는 임금 체계로서 전후 자본주의의 황금기에 고임금을 유지하고 경제성장을 견인해 내는데 중요한 요소로 작용했다. 신자유주의 개혁 이후 그 역할이 축소되었지만, 호주의 건설 노동자들은 여전히 높은 수준의 최저임금을 유지하고 있고 어워드 임금 체계가 직업교육훈련과 숙련 관리체계와 연계되어 있다는 점에서 시사하는 바가 크다. 신자유주의 개혁과정에서 시장경쟁을 이유로 고임금=유효수요창출이라는 전통적 케인스주의적 정책적 목표가 수정되었고 그에 대한 반발을 누그러뜨리려 의무 퇴직연금과 공공 건강보험과 같은 보편적 복지제도가 도입되었다. 한편, 건설 노동자와 같이 이동성과 불안정성이 높은 노동자들을 위해 어워드 임금 체계를 통해 장기근속 유급휴가와 퇴직급여라는 이동식 급부가 제공되고 있다. 호주의 숙련 수준이 낮은 건설 노동자의 사회보장 부담률은 우리나라의 평균 건설 노동자의 사회보장 부담률과 비슷한데 노후소득의 소득 대체율이 월등히 높다는 점에서 우리에게 주는 시사점이 있다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제54권
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• pp.145-166
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• 2012

This article examines the limitations of the choice of law caused by Internationally Mandatory Rules in Entering into the Turn-Key Contracts. In June 2007, Clough Engineering, a corporation based in Western Australia, approached the Federal Court of Australia seeking injunctive relief and leave to commence proceedings against an entity located outside Australia, the Oil & Natural Gas Corp of India (ONGC). Clough had contracted with ONGC to provide a range of services in relation to the construction of gas and oil wells off the coast of India. The contract was governed by Indian law, and included a clause by which the parties agreed to submit their disputes to arbitration. Yet the Federal Court assumed jurisdiction over the dispute, principally because Clough had framed its claim as a plea for relief for contraventions of Australia's Trade Practices Act 1974. The result of this cases that it is possible for an arbitral tribunal to hear a claim made under the Trade Practices Act even if that claim arises "in connection with"a contract the proper law of which is not the law of Australia. However, in Transfield Philippines Inc v Pacific Hydro Ltd, the turnkey contract included a choice of law provision, selecting the law of the Philippines, and a clause providing that all disputes arising out of or in connection with the agreement were to be arbitrated under the ICC Rules, with the seat in Singapore. Hearings were in fact conducted in Melbourne, Australia, although all awards were published in Singapore. The result of this cases that it would not be appropriate for an Australian court to adjudicate claims for misrepresentation under Australian statutes dealing with misleading and deceptive conduct, once the arbitral tribunal had determined, applying appropriate choice of law rules, that such claims are governed by the law of the Philippines. To do so would lead to a multiplicity of proceedings, usurp the jurisdiction of the tribunal and deny the intention of the parties as expressed by them in the arbitration agreement. In short, the Internationally Mandatory Rules as an active part of public order create limitation of party autonomy in choice of law rules in a different way. The court is fully entitled to refuse to use those rules of law applicable on the contract which are in the contradiction to the internationally mandatory rules of law of the forum. And the court may give an effect to those Internationally Mandatory Rules that form a part of a law of foreign country when deciding about applicability of certain rules of applicable law.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.357-369
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• 2020

본 연구는 소방공무원의 대처, 자기노출, 반추, 조직문화와 외상 후 성장(Posttraumatic Growth, PTG)의 정도를 살펴보고, PTG의 영향요인 규명을 위해 시행되었다. 자료수집은 경상도 소재 3개 소방서에 근무하는 소방공무원 103명을 대상으로 실시하였다. 연구결과 중~고 수준 PTG가 46명(44.7%)로 평균 58.07점이었으며 전체 PTG 평균은 44.56점으로 나타났다. PTG에 영향을 미치는 요인은 정서중심대처, 자기노출, 의도적 반추와 혁신지향 조직문화로 나타났으며 네 변수의 PTG에 대한 설명력은 45.9%로 나타났다. 소방공무원의 PTG촉진을 위해 정서중심대처, 자기노출, 의도적 반추 뿐 아니라 혁신지향 문화구축이라는 조직측면의 접근이 필요하며 이러한 결과는 소방공무원의 PTG 향상을 위한 중재방안에 활용될 수 있다.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제69권
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• pp.261-301
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• 2016

Recently the abusive calls on on-demand bonds have been a critical issue among many engineering and construction companies in Korea. On-demand bond is referred to as an independent guarantee in the sense that the guarantee is independent from its underlying contract although it was issued based on such underlying contract. For this reason, the issuing bank is not required to and/or entitled to look into whether there really is a breach of underlying contract in relation to the call on demand-bonds. Due to this kind of principle of independence, the applicant has to run the risk of the on demand bond being called by the beneficiary without due grounds. Only where the call proves to be fraudulent or abusive in a very clear way, the issuing bank would not be obligated to pay the bond proceeds for the call on on-demand bonds. In order to prevent the issuing bank from paying the proceeds under the on-demand bond, the applicant usually files with its competent court an application for injunction prohibiting the beneficiary from calling against the issuing bank. However, it is in practice difficult for the applicant to prove the beneficiary's call on the bond to be fraudulent since the courts in almost all the jurisdictions of advanced countries require very strict and objective evidences such as the documents which were signed by the owner (beneficiary) or any other third party like the engineer. There is another way of preventing the beneficiary from calling on the bond, which is often utilized especially in the United Kingdom or Western European countries such as Germany. Based upon the underlying contract, the contractor which is at the same time the applicant of on-demand bond requests the court to order the owner (the beneficiary) not to call on the bond. In this case, there apparently seems to be no reason why the court should apply the strict fraud rule to determine whether to grant an injunction in that the underlying legal relationship was created based on a construction contract rather than a bond. However, in most jurisdictions except for United Kingdom and Singapore, the court also applies the strict fraud rule on the ground that the parties promised to make the on-demand bond issued under the construction contract. This kind of injunction is highly unlikely to be utilized on the international level because it is very difficult in normal situations to establish the international jurisdiction towards the beneficiary which will be usually located outside the jurisdiction of the relevant court. This kind of injunction ordering the owner not to call on the bond can be rendered by the arbitrator as well even though the arbitrator has no coercive power for the owner to follow it. Normally there would be no arbitral tribunal existing at the time of the bond being called. In this case, the emergency arbitrator which most of the international arbitration rules such as ICC, LCIA and SIAC, etc. adopt can be utilized. Finally, the contractor can block the issuing bank from paying the bond proceeds by way of a provisional attachment in case where it also has rights to claim some unpaid interim payments or damages. This is the preservative measure under civil law system, which the lawyers from common law system are not familiar with. As explained in this article, it is very difficult to block the issuing bank from paying in response to the bond call by the beneficiary even if the call has no valid ground under the underlying construction contract. Therefore, it is necessary for the applicants who are normally engineering and construction companies to be prudent to make on-demand bonds issued. They need to take into account the creditability of the project owner as well as trustworthiness of the judiciary system of the country where the owner is domiciled.

• 의료법학
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.139-171
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• 2018

「의료사고 피해구제 및 의료분쟁 조정 등에 관한 법률」(이하 '의료분쟁조정법'이라 한다)에서는 보건의료인이 충분한 주의의무를 다하였음에도 불구하고 분만 중 불가항력적으로 발생한 의료사고에 대하여 국가가 예산의 범위 안에서 그 피해자에게 보상하도록 하고 있다(의료분쟁조정법 제46조). 지금까지 의료사고 피해자가 소송을 통해서만 피해회복을 기대할 수 있었던 것에 비한다면 획기적인 법률이라 할 수 있다. 그런데, 이러한 의료사고보상사업에 드는 비용의 100분의 30은 보건의료기관개설자 중 분만 실적이 있는 자가 부담하고 있는 바(의료분쟁조정법 시행령 제21조), 이 분담금 부과 조항이 분만 과정에서의 산모·신생아 사망 등의 사고가 의사의 과실이 없이 불가항력적으로 발생했음에도, 의사들에게 책임을 묻는 것은 아닌지 문제가 되어 왔다. 그러나 최근 헌법재판소에서 분담금 부과와 관련한 의료분쟁조정법법 제46조 제3항 중 '보건의료기관개설자의 범위' 및 '보상재원의 분담비율' 부분에 대하여 합헌 결정을 내린 바 있다(헌법재판소 2018. 4. 26. 선고 2015헌가13 결정, 이하 '이 사건 결정'이라 한다). 이 사건 결정에서는 법률유보원칙 및 포괄위임입법금지원칙에 의하여만 판단하였으나, 본고에서는 실질적인 판단도 가미하였다. 이 사건 분담금운 과잉금지원칙에 비추어 보더라도 보건의료기관개설자들의 재산권을 침해하지 않는 점을 논증하였다. 불가항력 의료보상제도의 분담금 부과가 민사책임의 중요 원칙인 과실책임원칙에 거스르는 측면이 존재한다. 그러나 의료사고보상사업은 의료사고 피해자를 위한 국가정책으로 합리성이 있으며, 동시에 의료분쟁의 조기종결 효과로 의료계 역시 이익을 얻는 측면이 분명 존재한다. 분담금의 납부를 통한 보상재원의 확충은 이러한 의료사고보상제도를 빠르게 정착시킴으로서 분만과정에서 발생한 의료사고 피해자의 고통과 오해를 경감시키고 의료인의 안정적 진료환경 구축에 큰 도움이 될 것이다.