• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.217-223
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: Increase of heavy metals in agricultural ecosystem has become a social issue nationwide as it is related to public health. This study was performed to find out the status and long-term trends with consecutive application with the commercial liquid pig manure in the agricultural fields. METHODS AND RESULTS: Heavy metals including arsenic, cadmium, copper, lead, nickel, and zinc were analyzed in the 41 samples of paddy fields and 54 samples of upland fields consecutively applied with commercial liquid pig manure for 0 to 16 years. Heavy metal accumulation were not increased statistically at the both paddy and upland fields as the consecutive application year of commercial liquid pig manure were increased. However, some of surveyed upland soils exceeded the criteria of cadmium, copper, and zinc designated by the Soil Environmental Conservation Act in Korea. CONCLUSION: Therefore, analysis of heavy metals, specially copper and zinc, in agricultural fields is absolutely necessary before liquid pig manure application to the fields. In addition, heavy metal accumulation in agricultural fields following to the long-term application of liquid pig manure will be monitored periodically considering with bioavailability of copper and zinc to the crops as an essential nutrients.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.125-131
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• 2015

Currently, taxol is mainly extracted from the bark of yews; however, this method can not meet its increasing demand on the market because yews grow very slowly and are a rare and endangered species belonging to first-level conservation plants. Recently, increasing efforts have been made to develop alternative means of taxol production; microbe fermentation would be a very promising method to increase the production scale of taxol. To determine the activities of the taxol extracted from endophytic fungus N. sylviforme HDFS4-26 in inhibiting the growth and causing the apoptosis of cancer cells, on comparison with the taxol extracted from the bark of yew, we used cellular morphology, cell counting kit (CCK-8) assay, staining (HO33258/PI and Giemsa), DNA agarose gel electrophoresis and flow cytometry (FCM) analyses to determine the apoptosis status of breast cancer MCF-7 cells, cervical cancer HeLa cells and ovarian cancer HO8910 cells. Our results showed that the fungal taxol inhibited the growth of MCF-7, HeLa and HO8910 cells in a dose-and time-dependent manner. IC50 values of fungal taxol for HeLa, MCF-7 and HO8910 cells were $0.1-1.0{\mu}g/ml$, $0.001-0.01{\mu}g/ml$ and $0.01-0.1{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. The fungal taxol induced these tumor cells to undergo apoptosis with typical apoptotic characteristics, including morphological changes for chromatin condensation, chromatin crescent formation, nucleus fragmentation, apoptotic body formation and G2/M cell cycle arrest. The fungal taxol at the $0.01-1.0{\mu}g/ml$ had significant effects of inducing apoptosis between 24-48 h, which was the same as that of taxol extracted from yews. This study offers important information and a new resource for the production of an important anticancer drug by endofungus fermentation.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.79-94
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• 2004

This research studied the preservation treatment of the papered literature the national treasure 745-9 $\ulcorner$Keumganggyung-samgahae$\lrcorner$, discovered in 1995 from the Four Devas of Borimsa Buddhist Temple at Jangheung County, in the viewpoint of the bibliography. The overall features of the $\ulcorner$Keumganggyung-samgahae$\lrcorner$ were of 25.3cm width, 38.9cm height 1.5cm depth, 58 pages and of high-fine yellow-brown colored reef paper. The book was ruined physically in the shape and color. The covers of the book were deeply stained by the permeated rain and some internal pages were changing into brown color by corrosion. The treatment policies were； maintaining the status quo and capable repeated treatment. And the preservation treatment was done in the sequences of 1) 1st cleaning process, 2) repairing and correcting, 3) 2nd cleaning and preservation 4) cutting, binding the book and making the envelope and wood box. The post-preservation features of $\ulcorner$Keumganggyung-samgahae$\lrcorner$ were； total 64 pages and the size being 25.8 cm width 39.4cm of lenght, and 1.9cm of depth.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.27-37
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• 2013

The purpose of this research is to identify the selection status of the evaluation index in Korea and suggest improvements. In order to do so, comparison and analysis are conducted of terms, items and measures for biotope evaluation indexes attested in related documents published in domestic and foreign areas. The findings of this research are listed in the following. First, terms about biotope evaluation indexes are used and integrated with each other. Second, items used to denote biotope evaluation indexes are largely different in each region since comprehensive concepts have not been established for selecting the items. Third, there are poor grounds for items denoting biotope evaluation indexes to the species of creatures. Fourth, the items cannot provide satisfying explanations for the relative values of the current condition in the urban ecosystem of a specific region. The results of this research may be applied to provide basic materials about what is to be improved for selecting biotope evaluation indexes in Korea. In order to systematically preserve an urban ecosystem environment in Korea for the future, it is necessary for the state to develop and set up such evaluation indexes and guidelines that reflect the relative values of biotopes in each level of urban areas in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.1-13
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• 2017

This study was intended to provide management directions through the provision of tree spatial information as basic data for the preservation of Gyerim(legal historical site), which is located in Gyeongju city, Gyeonsangnam-do, Korea. As a result of the survey of the entire forest, there are a total of 25 species and 510 individuals growing trees. Of these species, 14 species are native and 14 are introduced species. Apart from Sophora japonica, Zelkova serrata, Celtis sinensis, most of the introduced species were adopted without historical basis after designation as a historical site. By a ratio of 36% to introduced species(including 3% of naturalized species; Ailanthus altissima), the historical heritage was significantly damaged. Gyerim, which has over 2,000 years of history, has a total 15 individuals(2.9%) large trees(over 100cm DBH). Ten of these are Salix glandulosa, and in the past, most of this area was considered a Salix glandulosa forest. Currently, however, there are many small trees(under 20cm DBH) for the next generation of growth and the Salix glandulosa forest will continue to decline. Furthermore, most small trees were afforested, so the historicity and place features as a mythological forest will quickly fade.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.1
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• pp.73-81
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• 2006

This study has the object of deriving schemes for not only securing safety of chestnuts, which is the most important forest product in terms of both production and exportation, to consumers with implementing persistent production of them in harmony with the environment, but also producing environmentally friendly chestnuts that can contribute to the increase of a farm household's income through price differentiation from other chestnuts, which are grown by generally accepted ways. In order to do this, I performed an analysis of the reality and outcome from the management of farm households that produce environmentally friendly chestnuts. The result of the analysis demonstrated some problems such as poor establishment of farming skills in a beginning stage, administrative problems with weeding operations and prevention of blight, difficulty in ensuring distribution channels and high production cost. Therefore, propelling productive expansion of environmentally friendly chestnuts after resolving these problems requires many supports and ideas: establishment and diffusion of farming skill system under the cooperation of civil and government organizations, construction of environmentally friendly INM (Integrated Nutrient Management) and IPM (Integrated Pest Management), creation of production areas for improving productivity, introduction of 'Institution of Income Conservation for Environmentally-Friendly Production' that can help farmers to preserve integrity of income on their switchover to production of environmentally friendly chestnuts from generally-grown chestnuts, and finally strong and persistent promotion of environmentally friendly chestnuts towards existing farmers and consumers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.24-35
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• 2006

The vascular plants of the studied area was listed 384 taxa of 90 families, 234 genera, 331 species, 1 subspecies, 45 varieties and 7 forms. The flora of each reservoir, 285 taxa of 83 families, 190 genera, 247 species, 1 subspecies, 30 varieties, 7 forms in Osongjae, 117 taxa of 39 families, 87 genera, 100 species, 17 varieties in Ogongjae, 83 taxa of 30 families, 67 genera, 73 species, 8 varieties, 2 forms in Shinyongjae and 86 taxa of 33families, 70 genera, 75 species, 1 subspecies, 10 varieties in Eodujae. Based on the list of the rare plants by the Forest Research Institute, 3 taxa were recorded in the studied areas; Magnolia kobus (Preservation priority order : No. 187), Penthorum chinense (No. 144), Prunus yedoensis (No. 110) and based on the list of Korean endemic plants, 4 taxa were recorded; Populus tomentiglandulosa, Clematis trichotoma, Prunus yedoensis, Paulownia coreana. Specific plant species by floral region were total 15 taxa; Prunus yedoensis in class V, 2 taxa (Carex idzuroei, Magnolia kobus) in class IV, 2 taxa (Monochoria korsakowi, Poncirus trifoliata ) in class III, 10 taxa (Sagittaria aginashi, Salix glandulosa, Clematis brachyura, Nymphoides peltata, etc.) in class I. The naturalized plants in this site were 13 families, 29 genera, 43 species, 1 varieties, 44 taxa and naturalization rate was 11.5% and based on the list of an ecosystem disturbance plants, 3 taxa were recorded in the studied areas : Paspalum distichum, Solanum carolinense, Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior. The hydrophytes was listed 31 taxa of 15 families, 20 genera, 29 species, 2 varieties and Eleocharis mamillata var. cyclocarpa, Penthorum chinense, Soirodela polyrhiza were recorded in Osongjae, Sagittaria aginashi, Eleocharis kuroguwai, Scirpus juncoides, Scirpus triqueter, Monochoria korsakowi, Monochoria vaginalis var. plantaginea were recorded in Ogongjae. Besides, Scirpus fluviatilis, Trapa pseudoincisa were recorded in Shinyongjae and Scirpus triangulatus, Nymphoides peltata, Myriophyllum verticillatum were recorded in Eodujae. This site is located in the urban area and ecosystem-disturbing wild animal and plant has been imported here, therefore ecosystem has been disturbed more and more. The wetland here rapidly has changed into upland, so it needs conservation measures through long-term monitoring.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.47-71
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• 2009

The resource plants of northern region in Gapyeong-gun were investigated 7 times from Apr. 2007 to Oct. 2007. In the result of survey, the flora of this area, depend on voucher specimens, consist of 480 taxa totally; 94 families, 286 genera, 412 species, 4 subspecies, 52 varieties and 12 forms. The Resource plants in this area were categorized by their use into edible 177, pasturing 136, medicinal 124, stainable 69, ornamental 133, afforest 24, timber 10, fiber 6, industrial 2 taxa and unknown use plants 72, respectively. There were remarkable plants such as 14 taxa of Korean endemic plants, 85 taxa of specific plants which were designated by the Ministry of Environment, and 12 taxa of rare and endangered plants of Korea Forest Service. Furthermore, 22 taxa of naturalized plants 4.6% were also observed in this area and Urban Index (UI) was 8.2%. The vegetation status of investigated area was comparatively well conserved, but the degree of UI could be increased rapidly by the climbers, development of forest road. Therefore, the systems for conservation need to prepared for the effective management of forest, and the special plans need to control the number of climbers and visitors.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.90-97
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• 1983

Water pollution status of the sewage in Jinju City was investigated to provide the basic information for the conservation of the Nam River. Physicochemical characteristics of the sewage were examined at five sites of sewage ditches, Jinyang Lake and Nam River. The results are as follows; 1) Average value of analyzed components of the sewage at five sampling sites were pH 7.1, DO 2.3 ppm, BOD 126.2 ppm, COD 123.7 ppm, turbidity 22.3 ppm, $NH_4^+-N 9.30 ppm$, alkalinity 121 ppm, hardness 121 ppm, Cl 44.3 ppm, $SO_4--$ 88.9 ppm, Pb 0.0052 ppm, Zn 0.0079 ppm, Cu 0.0124 ppm, Mn 0.0050 ppm, respectively. 2) Discharged amount of sewage in Jinju City was $38,720 m^3/day$. BOD loading of the Nam River discharged from the sewage ditches was 4.93 ton/day, and her BOD loading discharged from the Jinyang Lake was 6.94 ton/day. 3) Heavy metals content of the sewage were comparatively low, and then it would not influence the water quality of the Nam River. But $NH_4+$ contents were very high at all sewage ditches. Therefore, the sewage would not suitable for the agricultural irrigation water.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.908-926
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• 2014

This study investigated the community structure and health assessment of macrobenthic assemblages in Wonmun Bay, in the southern coast of Korea. The total number of species and mean density were 170 species and $1,269\;indivuduals/m^2$, respectively. The major dominant species were the bivalve Theora fragilis ($230{\pm}446\;indivuduals/m^2$) and the polychaetes Lumbrineris longifolia ($180{\pm}339\;indivuduals/m^2$), Sigambra tentaculata ($124{\pm}153\;indivuduals/m^2$), Paraprionospio patiens ($104{\pm}293\;indivuduals/m^2$) and Capitella capitata ($82{\pm}223\;indivuduals/m^2$). Community statistics [cluster analysis and nonmetric multidimentional scaling (NMDS) ordination] revealed that the macrobenthic community structure in the study area was classified into three station groups for both seasons. Several biotic indices based on macrobenthic communities have been developed to assess the ecological quality of coastal ecosystems. In this study, the ecological status was assessed by four biotic indices Shannon's H', the AZTI Marine Biotic Index (AMBI), multivariate-AMBI (M-AMBI) and the Ecological Conservation Index (ECI). The ecological statuses of the macrobenthic communities in Wonmun Bay were poorer in the summer than in the spring. The results of the present study indicate that three biotic indices ( i.e.; Shannon's H', M-AMBI and ECI ) were better correlated with bottom dissolved oxygen than the AMBI in Wonmun Bay.