• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.85 no.1
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• pp.25-36
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• 2022

Background: Only a few studies directly compared the therapeutic efficacy and safety of two pressurized metered-dose inhalers (pMDIs) in asthma. We analyzed the asthma treatment outcomes, safety, and patient preferences using formoterol/beclomethasone (FORM/BDP), a pMDI with extra-fine particles, compared with formoterol/budesonide (FORM/BUD), another pMDI with non-extra-fine particles. Methods: In this randomized, double-blind, double-dummy parallel group study, 40 adult asthmatics were randomized to FORM/BDP group (n=18; active FORM/BDP and placebo FORM/BUD) or FORM/BUD group (n=22; active FORM/BUD and placebo FORM/BDP). During the two visits (baseline and end of 8-week treatment), subjects were asked to answer questionnaires including asthma control test (ACT), asthma control questionnaires (ACQ), and Quality of Life Questionnaire for Adult Korean Asthmatics (QLQAKA). Lung function, compliance with inhaler, and inhaler-handling skills were also assessed. Results: Ten subjects in the FORM/BDP group and 14 in the FORM/BUD group completed follow-up visits. ACT, ACQ, QLQAKA (a primary outcome), and adverse events did not differ between two groups. We found that the increase in forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity and forced expiratory flow at 25% to 75% of the pulmonary volume in the FORM/BDP group was higher than in the FORM/BUD group. Regarding preference, subjects responded that the flume velocity of FORM/BDP was higher, but more adequate than that of FORM/BUD. They also answered that FORM/BDP reached the trachea and bronchus and irritated them significantly more than FORM/BUD. Conclusion: The use of pMDI with extra-fine particles may relieve small airway obstruction more than the one with non-extra-fine particles despite no significant differences in overall treatment outcomes. Some asthmatics have a misconception about the adequacy of high flume velocity of pMDIs.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.473-480
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• 2021

In this paper, We analyze and present improvements to problems in software quality through Static Analysis for Open Source, which is widely used as the Flight Controller software for small unmanned aerial vehicle drones. MISRA coding rules, which are widely applied based on software quality, have been selected. Static analysis tools were used by LDRA tools certified international tools used in all industries, including automobiles, railways, nuclear power and healthcare, as well as aviation. We have identified some safety-threatening problems across the quality of the software, such as structure of open source modules, analysis of usage data, compliance with coding rules, and quality indicators (complexity and testability), and have presented improvements.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.161-169
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• 2009

Republic of Korea is actively adopting IT fusion technologies to achieve the goal of 'Advanced National Defense'. This study is aiming to directly contribute to the ongoing DHRMIS project by analyzing its any discovered and substantial problems as well as suggesting improvements. Current difficulties include the efficient estimation on project cost, the lack of statistics for cross-referencing, the inefficient development methodology, compliance with global quality control standard, and the separated command centers. This study suggests the budget appraisal process prior to the actual execution, the introduce of regulatory business registration system, applying an efficient development methodologies as well as ISO9126 standard for quality control, and a centralized command department. We expect this study would contribute to following researches in advancing our national defense.

• Analyses & Alternatives
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.61-84
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• 2023

In this paper, I tried to clarify the background of the strengthening of centralization in the central-local relations during the Xi Jinping period in terms of the institutional structure of elite politics through a comparative study of the composition of the provincial sector of the Politburo, the highest power body, during the time of Hu Jintao and Xi Jinping. Compared to the Hu Jintao period, it is judged that the strengthening of centralization in the Xi Jinping era is being implemented not through the neutralization of institutionalized formal construction norms, but through the expansion of control within the norms. In other words, the institutionalized frame itself was not broken in the composition of the provincial sector of the Politburo, and local compliance with the central government centered on the general secretary was increased by exercising the right to control personnel more strongly.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.299-312
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• 2023

Recently, the electronic control unit (ECU) has been integrating several functions into one beyond simple convenience functions. Accordingly, ECUs have more functions and external interfaces than before, and various cybersecurity problems are arising. The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP.29) issued UN Regulation No.155 to establish international standards for vehicle cybersecurity management systems in light of the growing threats to vehicle cybersecurity. According to international standards, vehicle manufacturers are required to establish a Cybersecurity Management System (CSMS) and receive a Vehicle Type Approval (VTA). However, opinions were raised that the implementation period should be adjusted because domestic preparations for this are insufficient. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a web-based solution that maps a checklist to check the status of CSMS in the requirement and various vehicle security companies and solutions to mitigate the identified gap.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.127-134
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• 2024

This study was attempted to understand the phenomenon in depth by exploring the food craving of hemodialysis patients experienced during hemodialysis. Participants selected seven adult patients diagnosed with end-stage renal failure and receiving hemodialysis treatment from medical institutions. he collected data were analyzed using a phenomenological analysis method. As a result of the analysis the food craving of hemodialysis patients was derived into two categories included craving experience in the cognitive domain craving experience in the emotional domain and five themes: 'Looking for foods that are water and watery as a result of thirst','Food thoughts come to mind all day as a result of a limited diet', 'Always hungry', 'Faced with appetizing situations every hour', 'experiencing negative emotions due to failure to control meals'. The results of this study which sheds light on food craving from the perspective of hemodialysis patients should improve the understanding of hemodialysis patients appetite control water restrictions and dietary compliance and allow them to understand the food craving attributes of hemodialysis patients and provide customized education optimized for that extent when applying dietary education and nursing interventions suitable for them.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.27 no.1C
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• pp.21-35
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• 2002

Nowadays, in accordance with increasing expectations of multimedia stream service on the internet, a lot of distributed applications are being required and developed. But the models of the existing systems have the problems that cannot support the extensibility and the reusability, when the QoS relating functions are being developed as an integrated modules which are suited on the centralized controlled specific-purpose application services. To cope with these problems, it is suggested in this paper to a distributed QoS management system on CORBA, an object-oriented middleware compliance. This systems we suggested can provides not only for efficient control of resources, various service QoS, and QoS control functions as the existing functions, but also QoS control real-time negotiation and dynamic adaptation in addition. This system consists of QoS Control Management Module(QoS CMM) in client side and QoS Management Module(QoS MM) in server side, respectively. These distributed modules are interfacing with each other via CORBA on different systems for distributed QoS management while serving distributed streaming applications. In phase of design of our system, we use UML(Unified Modeling Language) for designing each component in modules, their method calls and various detailed functions for controlling QoS of stream services. For implementation of our system, we used OrbixWeb 3.1c following CORBA specification on Solaris 2.5/2.7, Java language, Java Media Framework API 2.0 beta2, Mini-SQL 1.0.16 and the multimedia equipments, such as SunVideoPlus/Sun Video capture board and Sun Camera. Finally, we showed a numerical data controlled by real-time negotiation and adaptation procedures based on QoS map information to GUIs on client and server dynamically, while our distributed QoS management system is executing a given streaming service.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2021

Radiopharmaceuticals are drugs that contain radioisotopes and are used in the diagnosis, treatment, or investigation of diseases. Radiopharmaceuticals must be manufactured in compliance with good manufacturing practice regulations and subjected to quality control before they are administered to patients to ensure the safety of the drug. Radiopharmaceuticals for administration to humans need to be sterile and pyrogen-free. Hence, sterility tests and membrane filter integrity tests are carried out to confirm the asepticity of the finished drug product, and a bacterial endotoxin test conducted to assess contamination, if any, by pyrogens. The physical appearance and the absence of foreign insoluble substances should be confirmed by a visual inspection. The chemical purity, residual solvents, and pH should be evaluated because residual by-products and impurities in the finished product can be harmful to patients. The half-life, radiochemical purity, radionuclidic purity, and strength need to be assessed by analyzing the radiation emitted from radiopharmaceuticals to verify that the radioisotope contents are properly labeled on pharmaceuticals. Radiopharmaceuticals always carry the risk of radiation exposure. Therefore, the time taken for quality control tests should be minimized and care should be taken to prevent radiation exposure during handling. This review discusses the quality control procedures and acceptance criteria for a diagnostic radiopharmaceutical.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.18
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• pp.139-178
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• 2008

The functional requirements standards for electronic records management systems which have been published recently describe the specifications very precisely including not only core functions of records management but also the function of system management and optional modules. The fact that these functional requirements standards seem to be similar to each other in terms of the content of functions described in the standards is linked to the global standardization trends in the practical area of electronic records. In addition, these functional requirements standards which have been built upon with collaboration of archivists from many national archives, IT specialists, consultants and records management applications vendors result in not only obtaining high quality but also establishing the condition that the standards could be the certificate criteria easily. Though there might be a lot of different ways and approaches to benchmark the functional requirements standards developed from advanced electronic records management practice, this paper is showing the possibility and meaningful business cases of gaining useful practical ideas learned from imaging electronic records management practices related to the functional requirements standards. The business cases are explored central functions of records management and the intellectual control of the records such as classification scheme or disposal schedules. The first example is related to the classification scheme. Should the records classification be fixed at same number of level? Should a record item be filed only at the last node of classification scheme? The second example addresses a precise disposition schedule which is able to impose the event-driven chronological retention period to records and which could be operated using a inheritance concept between the parent nodes and child nodes in classification scheme. The third example shows the usage of the function which holds or freeze and release the records required to keep as evidence to comply with compliance like e-Discovery or the risk management of organizations under the premise that the records management should be the basis for the legal compliance. The last case shows some cases for bulk batch operation required if the records manager can use the ERMS as their useful tool. It is needed that the records managers are able to understand and interpret the specifications of functional requirements standards for ERMS in the practical view point, and to review the standards and extract required specifications for upgrading their own ERMS. The National Archives of Korea should provide various stakeholders with a sound basis for them to implement effective and efficient electronic records management practices through expanding the usage scope of the functional requirements standard for ERMS and making the common understanding about its implications.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.107-116
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• 2022

Background: Pain during fixed orthodontic treatment can have a detrimental effect on patient treatment compliance. To overcome this, there is a definite need to establish the best pain-relieving methods suitable for orthodontic patients in terms of efficacy and use. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of chewing gum and pre-emptive tenoxicam on pain after initial archwire placement and to evaluate the pain perceptions of orthodontic patients in the two groups while performing various functions at specific time intervals. Methods: Forty-two patients were selected and randomly divided into two groups: group A (chewing gum) and group B (pre-emptive tenoxicam). Pain perception was documented by patients immediately; at 4 h; at bedtime on the day of archwire placement; the next morning; at 24 h; and at bedtime on the 2nd, 3rd, and 7th day after the initial archwire placement. Pain scores were noted during fitting of the posterior teeth, biting, and chewing using a visual analog scale. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis. Results: Group A showed a significant increase in pain until the next morning while fitting the posterior teeth, biting, and chewing [36.2, 52.0, 33.4, respectively]], followed by a gradual decrease by the 7th day. Group B showed a significant increase in pain at bedtime on biting, with a peak value of 47.5. Pain on chewing, fitting posterior teeth, peaked the morning of the next day (100.0, 45.0). The Freidman test showed a statistically significant difference with a p-value of < 0.01. Higher pain scores were observed while chewing and biting compared with that while fitting the posterior teeth in both groups. The overall comparison of pain control between the two groups was not statistically significant [P > 0.05] between the two groups. Conclusions: Chewing gum was not inferior to pre-emptive tenoxicam. Thus, chewing gum is a non-pharmacological alternative to analgesics for orthodontic pain control that eliminates the chance of adverse reactions and can be used in the absence of adult observation.