• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.8 no.3
• /
• pp.192-201
• /
• 1999

This study was aimed to introduce the measurement of $CO_2$ concentration and leaf area index in the phytotron for predicting the effect of CO.E, light and leaf area index on the instantaneous photosynthetic rate of sweet pepper with the existing ASKAM model. Measurements were made in 2 semi-closed phytotron compartments in which three different $CO_2$ concentrations were applied at random. Plants were grown on containers with circulating nutrient solution at 21$^{\circ}C$ and 80-95% relative humidity. The model estimates crop net $CO_2$ uptake for short time intervals during the day based on short-term data of daily radiation, temperature and $CO_2$ concentration. During the photosynthesis measurements, $CO_2$ concentrations in both compartments and in the basement were measured every minute. This was also done for the flow of pure $CO_2$ into the compartment, global radiation, photosynthetic active radiation inside the compartment, temperature and relative humidity. Crop growth models summarize our knowledge on crop behavior and have as such a wide range of applications in analysis, crop management and thus as a farm management tool.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.17 no.6
• /
• pp.1453-1462
• /
• 2003

In order to study the effect of oral administration of Mawhangyounpye-tang against to asthma, astham was induced to allergy-sensitive Balb/c mouse with ovalbumin using method of Hatfield et al (1997). The changes of diameter lumen of upper portion of the trachea, lung weight, gross appearance of lung, histological profiles of lung and trachea, numbers of cellular compartments in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), numbers and morphology of the mast cells in the trachea, numbers of mucus-secretory cell in the broncus, morphology of the bronchus, ultramicroscopical appearance of surface of trachea and number of cilia and mucous-secretory cells by scanning electron microscope. Obtained results were as follows. 1. The diameters of trachea lumen were significantly decreased in asthma induced control groups and these decreasing were result from hypertrophy of mucous membrane. However, these phenomena were dramatically recovered in the Mawhangyounpye-tang dosing groups. 2. Lung weights and black spots, which were result from infiltration of inflammatory cells, were significantly increased in asthma induced control groups but these phenomena were dramatically recovered in the Mawhangyounpye-tang dosing groups. 3. Hypertrophy of mucous membrane of trachea and bronchus and !bronchioles in the lung, peritracheal, peribronchus and peribronchiolar inflammatory cell infiltration, and mucoid exudate deposit in the lumen were observed in asthma induced control groups but these phenomena were dramatically recovered in the Mawhangyounpye-tang dosing groups. 4. Cellular compartments including neutrophil and eosinophil were dramatically increased in the BALF of asthma induced control groups but these phenomena were dramatically recovered in the Mawhangyounpye-tang dosing groups. 5. Mast cell degranulation and decreasing of the numbers of mast cells were detected in the trachea of asthma induced control groups. However, these phenomena were dramatically recovered in the Mawhangyounpye-tang dosing groups. 6. Shed, decreasing of cilia cell and increasing of mucous-secretory cells in the surface of the trachea of asthma induced control groups but these phenomena were dramatically recovered in the Mawhangyounpye-tang dosing groups. In conclusion, it Is considered that Mawhangyounpye-tang has somewhat favorable effect on the asthma because the asthma specific series of abnormalities in respiratory system were decreased after oral administratin of Mawhangyounpye-tang in this study. In future, it is needed that the toxicological and dosagespecific study of Mawhangyounpye-tang to use against asthma with safe.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.341-348
• /
• 2016

Residual patterns of fungicides fludioxonil and metconazole applied 2 or 3 times on wheat were investigated with consideration for their distribution rates in each compartment of wheat. Wheat samples collected at harvesting day were divided into three compartments such as grain, hull and straw, and the pesticide residue analysis was individually carried out to such compartments of wheat. The analytical methods of fungicide residues in wheat were acceptable, with recoveries of 84.3 to 113.3% and correlation coefficients of 0.1 to 4.7%. Due to the systemic characteristics, the residual amounts of metconazole in the grain part of wheat were greater as 0.13~0.17 mg/kg than those amounts (0.01-0.03 mg/kg) for fludioxonil. To absolute residue amounts of the fungicides in one wheat plant, their distribution rates in each compartment of wheat were the highest in straws (68.5-70.7%), followed by hulls (29.0-31.0%) and grains (0.2-0.8%).

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.169-175
• /
• 2010

Intestinally absorptive and distributive aspects of the subtoxic level of selenite in rats were investigated using a double perfusion system. The double-perfusion technique is an in situ, in vitro preparation in which the intestinal lumen and its vasculature are perfused simultaneously. In the previous study, the subtoxic level of sodium selenite was determined to be 1.2 mM through inhibition of 3-0-methyl glucose (3MG) absorption. Thus, the selenite used to identify the intestinally absorptive mechanism of selenite was perfused at a luminal concentration of 1, 10, 50, 100 and $200\;{\mu}M$. Appearance of radiolabeled-Selenium (Se) was identified in three compartments: luminal perfusate, small intestine and vascular perfusate. Dose-response curves for Se in the three compartments indicate that selenite is absorbed by non-mediated passive diffusion. Regarding the distributive aspect, $21.02{\pm}3.92%$ of the total amount of selenite in the lumen was transported into the blood vessels across the small intestine. However, $4.75{\pm}1.75%$ of the total amount of selenite in the lumen is retained by the small intestine. Therefore, a total of $25.67{\pm}4.46%$ of the test dose was taken up from the luminal perfusate.

• Biomedical Science Letters
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.175-185
• /
• 1996

The mitogen-activated protein(MAP) kinase signal transduction pathway represents an important mechanism by which mitogen, such as serum and PMA, regulate cell proliferation and differentiation. Target substrates of the MAP kinase are located within several compartments containing plasma membranes and nucleus. We now report that serum addition induces proliferation of the P388 murine leukemia cell, but PMA does not, while both serum and PMA treatment cause translocation of the MAP kinase, mainly p42$^{mapk}$ isoform, from cytosol into the nucleus, which was monitored by immunoblot analysis using polyclonal anti-ERK1 antibodies. We investigated whether the MAP kinase was capable of phosphorylating c-Jun protein and GST-fusion proteins, the P562$^{kk}$N-terminal peptides (1-77 or 1-123 domain) of the T cell tyrosine kinase, using the partially purified MAP kinase by SP-sephadex C-50, phenyl superose and Mono Q column chromatography. We found that the partially purified MAP kinase was able to phosphorylate c-Jun protein and the GST-fusion protein expressed using E.coli DH5$\alpha$ which is transformed with pGEX-3Xb plasmid vector carrying of p562$^{kk}$N-terminal peptide-encoding DNA. These results imply that tyrosine kinase receptor/Ras/Raf/MAP kinase pathway is a major mechanism for mitogen-induced cell proliferation in P388 murine leukemia cell and that the various MAP kinase isoforms may have their own target substrates located in distinct subcellular compartments.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.36 no.3 s.104
• /
• pp.295-303
• /
• 2003

Sorption kinetics of hydrophobic organic compounds (chlorobenzene and phenanthrene) in natural wetland soils was investigated using laboratory batch adsorbers. One -site mass transfer model (OSMTM) and two compartment first-order kinetic model (TCFOKM) were used to analyze sorption kinetics. Analysis of OSMTM reveals that apparent sorption equilibria were obtained within 10 to 75 hours for chlorobenzene and 2 hours for phenanthrene, respectively. For chlorobenzene, the sorption equilibrium time for surface soil was longer than that of deeper soil presumably due to physico-chemical differences between the soils. For phenanthrene, however, no difference in sorption equilibrium time was observed between the soils. As expected from the number of model parameters involved, the three-parameter TCFOKM was better than the two-parameter OSMTM in describing sorption kinetics, The fraction of fast sorption ($f_1$) and the first-order sorption rate constants for fast ($k_1$)and slow ($k_2$) compartments were determined by fitting experimental data to the TCFOKM. The results of TCFOKM analysis indicate that the sorption rate constant in the fast compartment($k_1$) was much greater than that of slow fraction($k_2$) . The fraction of the fast sorption ($f_1$) and the sorption rate constant in the fast compartment($k_1$) were increasing in the order of increasing $k_{ow}$, phenanthrene > chlorobenzene. The first-order sorption rate constants in the fast ($k_1$) and slow ($k_2$) compartments were found to vary from $10^{-0.1}\;to\;-10^{1.0}$ and from $10^{-4}\;to-10^{-2}$, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.198-207
• /
• 2012

In this study, we investigated the effect of ocean fertilization by deep sea water, using an ecosystem model which contains not only phytoplankton but also zooplankton. The model is based on NEMURO which consists of eleven compartments - two species of phytoplankton, three species of zooplankton, $NO_3$, $NH_4$, $Si(OH)_4$, particulate organic nitrogen, dissolved organic nitrogen and particulate silicon. We introduced nitrogen cell quota in the both species of phytoplankton, and silicon cell quota in the large phytoplankton in addition to the eleven compartments of NEMURO. We made the experiment at Izu Oshima Island in order to investigate the effect of ocean fertilization. In this experiment, we could not find clear differences between the cases with and without deep sea water. We investigated the causes of the experiment results by the model simulations. One of the causes was high concentrations of nutrients in surface seawater used in the experiment. Another was that the increase of total concentration of inorganic nitrogen does not necessarily accelerate the photosynthetic rate because inorganic nitrogen uptake rate is related to the ratio of $NO_3$ to $NH_4$. Because the model can represent the results of the experiment, we investigated the effect of ocean fertilization by deep sea water using this model. We found that the effect of ocean fertilization hardly appeared when the interval of the addition of deep sea water was too short, or the amount of deep sea water was too much. It is supposed that if the addition of deep sea water is too frequent or too much, the dilution of plankton's concentrations will exceed the effect of promoting phytoplankton's photosynthesis.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.345-364
• /
• 2021

Developments in the understanding of fire behaviour for large open-plan spaces typical of tall buildings have been greatly outpaced by the rate at which these buildings are being constructed and their characteristics changed. Numerous high-profile fire-induced failures have highlighted the inadequacy of existing tools and standards for fire engineering when applied to highly-optimised modern tall buildings. With the continued increase in height and complexity of tall buildings, the risk to the occupants from fire-induced structural collapse increases, thus understanding the performance of complex structural systems under fire exposure is imperative. Therefore, an accurate representation of the design fire for open-plan compartments is required for the purposes of design. This will allow for knowledge-driven, quantifiable factors of safety to be used in the design of highly optimised modern tall buildings. In this paper, we review the state-of-the-art experimental research on large open-plan compartment fires from the past three decades. We have assimilated results collected from 37 large-scale compartment fire experiments of the open-plan type conducted from 1993 to 2019, covering a range of compartment and fuel characteristics. Spatial and temporal distributions of the heat fluxes imposed on compartment ceilings are estimated from the data. The complexity of the compartment fire dynamics is highlighted by the large differences in the data collected, which currently complicates the development of engineering tools based on physical models. Despite the large variability, this analysis shows that the orders of magnitude of the thermal exposure are defined by the ratio of flame spread and burnout front velocities (V_S / V_BO), which enables the grouping of open-plan compartment fires into three distinct modes of fire spread. Each mode is found to exhibit a characteristic order of magnitude and temporal distribution of thermal exposure. The results show that the magnitude of the thermal exposure for each mode are not consistent with existing performance-based design models, nevertheless, our analysis offers a new pathway for defining thermal exposure from realistic fire scenarios in large open-plan compartments.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.81-98
• /
• 2021

As Korea declared that the entire country is free from ISA (Infectious salmon anaemia) based on the OIE aquatic code in 2019, it is necessary to improve the import quarantine system that meets the level of ISA management in Korea. Currently, Korea imports Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout from countries which have history of ISA outbreak such as Norway and the United States, so there is a constant possibility that trade with these countries will bring ISAV (Infectious salmon anaemia virus) into Korea. Therefore, some amendments to the Aquatic Life Diseases Control Act (ALDCA) are needed to prevent the entry of ISAV into the Korea through international trade. The amendment to the ALDCA should contain a list of countries, zones or compartments that the Korean competent authority has allowed or banned imports of ISA-susceptible fish. In addition, the subordinate statutes or administrative rules of the ALDCA need to be revised so that on-site inspections/audit can be conducted for the evaluation of the ISA management system in exporting countries. After the revision of the subordinate statutes or administrative rules, it is necessary to strengthen the present import conditions in line with those that meet the level of ISA management in Korea. As for the strengthened import conditions, the competent authorities of exporting countries must export only salmonid fish produced in zones or compartments declared freedom of ISA to Korea, and must prove through lab-testing that ISAV should not be detected in the fish exporting to Korea. In addition, official veterinarians/fish health professionals of the exporting country should check the health status of the fish within 72 hours prior to export. Also, competent authorities of the exporting countries must attest that fish storage containers and water, ice and other equipment used for transportation should be cleaned and disinfected to avoid contamination with pathogens, including ISA. Therefore, the proposed measures presented here will further improve the current import condition for salmonid fish and assist decision-making on strategies to reduce the risk of ISA introduction into Korea. Also, it is expected to contribute to maintain the status of ISA-free country.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.76-89
• /
• 1984

Weighted committed dose equivalents($W_T\;H_{50}$) per intake of unit activity of four nuclides-I-131, I-133, Cs-134 and Cs-137-, which was based on the concepts of ICRP Pub. 30, are calculated for adult who is 70 kg and 25 years old and, for infant who is 10 kg and 1 year old. Metabolism of iodine taken through oral or inhalation pathway is described by using the three-compartment model which consists of inorganic, thyroid and organic compartment. After intake, the amount of iodine in every compartment is calculated by solving the transfer equations among the these compartments. As soon as caesium is taken into the body, it is distributed uniformly in the body through the transfer compartment. In this case, the amount of caesium in total body is calculated by using the total body compartment model which is divided into two tissue compartments because of their different biological half-lifes of caesium in body. As a result of calculations, whether oral or inhalation pathway, the values of ($W_T\;H_{50}$) per intake of unit activity of I-131 for infants are about ten times as much as those of adults. On the other hand, for Cs-134 and Cs-137, the values of $W_T\;H_{50}$ per intake of unit activity show that, whether adults of infants, they have almost the same values.