• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.166-182
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• 1994

Kyonggi Province in the late Chosun dynasty was a center of superior government offices including 'Han' River water-road transportation and was located in the middle of an 'X'-shaped arterial road network. Because of these reasons, Kyonggi Province had a faster inflow of commodities, informations and technics compared with the other province. At this period of time, every local 'Eup' (name of administrative district) had not been affected by their above administrative districts and had their own autonomy. For this reason, every 'Eup' could be developed as a town, even if its size was small when it had sufficient internal growing conditions. Moreover, the markets ('Si-Jon') in big towns and periodical markets which were spread over the Kyonggi Province played role of commercial functions of town. And because military bases for the defence of the royal capital in Kyonggi Province also took parts of a non-agricultural city role, Xyonggi Provinc had much more possibilities of growing as a town rather than the other provinces. The towns of the late Chosun Dynasty were, except the capital and superior administrative districts which were governed by the 'You-Su', small towns which had only about 3, 000-5, 000 people. Most of the town dewellers were local officials, nobles, merchants, craftmen and slaves. And the farmers who lived near town became a pseudo-towner through suburb agriculture. Among these people, the merchants were leaders of townization. The downtowns were affected by the landform and traffic roads. The most fundamental function of towns were administrative. The opcial's grade, which was dispatched to the local administrative district ('Kun' or 'Hyun'), was decided by the size of population and agricultural land of each county. Large county which was governed by a high ranking opcial had more possibilities to develop as a large town. Because they supervised other opcials of lower rank and obtained more land and population for the town. The phonomena of farm abandonment after the Japanese Invasion of Korea in 1592-1598 stimulated the development of towns for commercial function. The commercial functions of towns were evident in the Si-Jon or Nan-Jon (names of markets) in the big cities such as Hansung and Kaesung, meanffwhile in the local areas it was emerged in the shape of periodical market networks as allied with near markets (which were called as Jang-Si) or permanent markets which were grown up from periodical markets. These facts of commercial development induced the birth of commercial town. Kyonggi Province showed the weak points of its defense system during both wars (Japanese Invasion in 1592 and Manchu's Invasion in 1636). The government reinforced its defense system by adding 4 'You-Su-Bus' and several military bases. Each local districts ('Eup'), where Geo-Jins were established, were stimulated to be a town while Jin-Kwan system were, adjusted and enforced. Among Dok-Jins(name of solitary military bases), Youngjongjin was grown up as a large garrison town which only played a role of defense. The number of towns that took roles of non-agricultural functions in Kyonggi Province was 52. Among these towns, 29 were developed as big towns which had above 3, 000 people and most of these towns were located on the northwest-southeast axes of 'X'-shaped arterial trafic network in the Chosn Dynasty, This fact points out that the traffic road is one of the important causes of the development of towns. When we make hierarchy of the towns of Kyonggi Province according to its population and how many functions it had, we can make it as 6 grades. The virst grade town 'Hansung' was the biggest central town of administration, commerce and defdnse. The 2nd grade town includes 'Kaesung' which had historical inertia that it had been the capital of the Koryo Dynesty. The 3rd grade towns include some 'You- Su-Bus' such as Soowon, Kanghwa, Kwangju and also include Mapo, Yongsan and from this we can imagine that the commercial development in the late Chosun Dynasty extremely affected the townization. The 4th-6th grade towns had smiliar population but it can be discriminated by how many town functions it had. So the 4th grade towns were the core of administration, commerce and defense function. 5th grade towns had administrative functions and one of commercial and defense functions. 6th grade towns had only one of these functions. When we research and town conditions of each grades as the ratio of non-agricultural population, we can find out that the towns from the 1st grade to 4th grade show difference by degree of townization but from the 4th grade to 6th grade towns do not show big difference in general.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.5 s.164
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• pp.777-787
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to consider various characteristics in the graffiti-look in the modem fashion by interpreting meanings and properties of graffiti, transferred from street art to a new main stream in art. The scope of this study is limited to works from the 1990s to the present, and the materials for the literatures and exploratory study are fashion-related portfolios and the domestic and foreign fashion magazines. The first characteristic is satire. The graffiti-look conveys directly or indirectly with phrase or symbol various messages of politics, social ideology, wealth and poverty, environmental pollution, anti-war, etc. Body is even more used for graffitiand designers express freely their identity or ideology through the formative style of graffiti. The second characteristic is pleasure. Fantastic expressions from a fairy-tale or fable in the graffiti-look give humor meaning freedom and sense of liberation in a sense of catharsis to the modem people's emotion. The graffiti-look uses graffiti works to introduce its original message of humanism, happiness, humor, etc. to clothing; as a result, the graffiti-look features pleasure. The third characteristic iscommercial application. Brand logo designed by graffiti style is decorated with clothing, accessory, or ornament. This may not only emphasize brand name through lingual function of graffiti, but also be used for a distinctive marketing strategy against other brands. Logo which is regarded motive or pattern of design leaves a image instead of a meaning and performs a design function stressing formative sense.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.12 no.3 s.30
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• pp.32-48
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• 2006

Korean Traditional Confectionary is a part of our traditional culture taking a great part in our food culture for a while. However, it is now barely maintaining its name. In this research, a new consumption trend 'Well-being' is adopted to suggest the ways to develop the Korean Traditional Confectionary industry. This research intends to find out what effects the 'Well-being' trend, which originated from interest in health, have on Korean Traditional Confectionary selection. A survey includes the questions about the Well-being trend, selection and uses of Korean Traditional Confectionary, and demographic data. This research conducted analysis on 249 people who have used Korean Traditional Confectionary in Busan and Kyeongnam Province to find out effects of the Well-being trend on Korean Traditional Confectionary selection. This empirical study showed that the Well-being trend has some effects on Korean Traditional Confectionary selection while it has the greatest effects on healthy properties and commercial values of Korean Traditional Confectionary.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.25-44
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• 2009

The purpose of this parer is to examine the specifies of Institutional Arbitration and Ad Hoc Arbitration. The court prefers the institutional award in the enforcement rather than the award issued under the name of arbitrators alone. For example, the ICC Court of Arbitration scrutinizes awards for completeness, adherence to the ICC Rules and internal consistency, which since the court assurance for enforcement. In terms of arbitration costs, for which the ad hoc arbitration is considered to have comparative advantages, the institutional arbitration may not be more expensive than ad hoc arbitration, as in most commercial case, the administrative fees are insignificant. This paper suggests the standard or model arbitration clauses in institutional and ad hoc arbitrations. These Clauses contains the minimum elements necessary to render the arbitration agreement enforceable and effective. So both parties may add the specific contents such as the number of arbitrator, the place of arbitration and the language. Especially, in Ad Hoc Arbitration without designated set of rules, more clean clause for appointing arbitrators will be needed.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.22 no.10
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• pp.83-92
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• 2017

Reconnaissance is performed gathering information from a series of scanning probes where the objective is to identify attributes of target hosts. Network reconnaissance of IP addresses and ports is prerequisite to various cyber attacks. In order to increase the attacker's workload and to break the attack kill chain, a few proactive techniques based on the network-based moving target defense (NMTD) paradigm, referred to as IP address mutation/randomization, have been presented. However, there are no commercial or trial systems deployed in real networks. In this paper, we propose a threat model and the request for requirements for developing NMTD techniques. For this purpose, we first examine the challenging problems in the NMTD mechanisms that were proposed for the legacy TCP/IP network. Secondly, we present a threat model in terms of attacker's intelligence, the intended information scope, and the attacker's location. Lastly, we provide seven basic requirements to develop an NMTD mechanism for the legacy TCP/IP network: 1) end-host address mutation, 2) post tracking, 3) address mutation unit, 4) service transparency, 5) name and address access, 6) adaptive defense, and 7) controller operation. We believe that this paper gives some insight into how to design and implement a new NMTD mechanism that would be deployable in real network.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.285-290
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• 1989

The biololgical effect of the preemergence rice field herbicide, butachlor(commercial name, Machete) on purple nonsulfur photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum KS-301 has been studied under cultural conditions. Bacterial growth showed a tendency to decline according to the degree of the concentration of butachlor until $10^{-3}$ M and slmost stopped at $10^{-2}$M. The growth inhibitory action at $10^{-3}$M of butachlor was evident (4.2-18.7% inhibition of growth rate) but had little effect in nitrogen fixation. Conversely, there was a little enhancement effect(1%) in pyruvate, dinitrogen gas growing cultures. At concentration of $10^{-3}$ M, instead of spiral form, rod shapes were observed through phase contrast microscope and instead of vesicular intracytoplasmic membrane, irregular tubular forms were observed through electron microscope. Alkaline pH value slightly reversed tha inhibitory action of butachlor.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.46-54
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• 2008

Most commercial CCD/CMOS image sensors have CFA(Color Filter Array) where each pixel gathers light of a selective color to reduce the sensor size and cost. There are many algorithms proposed to reconstruct the original clolr image by adopting pettern recognition of regularization methods to name a few. However the resulting image still suffer from errors such as flase color, zipper effect. In this paper we propose an adaptive edge weight demosaicking algorithm that is based on POCS(Projection Onto Convex Sets) not only to improve the entire image's PSNR but also to reduce the edge region's errors that affect subjective image quality. As a result, the proposed algorithm reconstruct better quality images especially at the edge region.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.143-146
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• 2014

A single serranid specimen of Epinephelus radiatus was collected by a hook for the commercial longline fisheries occurred near Marado, Jeju Island, Korea. The present specimen was characterized by five irregular dark brown bands passing downward and forward from upper edge of body, scales in longitudinal row 107, and pored lateral line scales 55. This species is easily distinguishable from the morphologically similar Korean serranid species of E. poecilonotus based on band patterns on body. That is, the former has five irregular oblique dark-edged brown bands, and the latter has several long horizontal bands on lateral body. We propose a new Korean name, "Ma-ra-bari," for Epinephelus radiatus.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.33-35
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• 1988

During a series of studies aimed at isolation of the tumor growth inhibitory substance from Panax ginseng. we found a new type of antitumor substance. The substance was isolated from a powder of the root of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. which is commonly used for various diseases as a commercial medical drug by the name of Korean Red Ginseng Powder in Japan. Data from infrared spectra proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance. and high resolution mass spectra were identical with those of panaxytriol. Panaxytriol isolated from Korean Red Ginseng Powder (Nikkan Korai Ninjin Co.. Ltd.. Japan) inhibited the growth of several kinds of human and murine malignant cells in vitro. Although the detailed mechanism of cell growth inhibition by panaxytriol is yet to he elucidated. panaxytriol's action appeares to be more dose-dependent than time-dependent.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.691-700
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• 2009

"Lolita," a novel by a Russian-American novelist, Vladimir Nabokov, has been the center of controversy since its first publication in 1955. As it gained wide fame across culture, it has exercised a great influence, altered or developed to diverse forms. Lolita, the title of the novel as well as the heroine's name, now takes a significant part in our society through all cultures and is used as various meanings and symbols. The purpose of this study is to reanalyze and reinterpret the current use of Lolita based on the characteristics initially portrayed in Nabokov's novel. The traits of the heroine were categorized into purity, seductiveness, and dualism and the commercial use of each in the mass media and fashion in Korea was closely examined. First, purity was interpreted as the archetypal image of a 12-year-old girl, while seductiveness was construed to involve temptation and enticement, ultimately leading a man astray. The dualism of an under-aged sexualized nymphet delineated in the novel as a poor little girl as well as a depraved temptress was stated as another trait of Lolita.