• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• 제28권8호
• /
• pp.791-799
• /
• 1995

Agreement between open question and closed question on portion size of a food frequency questionnaire was assessed for the influence by the restricted choices in closed question on estimated nutrient intakes and agreement of ranking individuals. Dietary intakes of 361 subjects in a rural country, Yang-pyeung Gun were obtained using a interview method. The results are as follows ; 1) Nutrients intakes calculated from closed question on portion size were lower than those calculated from open question on portion size. 2) For most nutrients the percentage of Korean RDA were significantly lower with closed question than open question. 3) Correlation coefficient of nutrient intakes and food intakes obtained by two methods were higher than 0.6 for all nutrients and food items. 4) For each nutrient, misclassification into extreme quartiles was less than 1 percent. 5) These data indicate that closed question on portion size can provide the corresponding information as open question if food frequency questionnarie is used for the ranking of individuals.

• 아동학회지
• /
• 제21권3호
• /
• pp.53-68
• /
• 2000

This study investigated differences between the ability of children and young adults to describe their experience. Forty 5-year-olds and 40 16-year-olds viewed 12 pictures(Azmitia, 1987) and responded to open-ended, closed and misleading questions. Responses were categorized by the SPSS WIN program into rate of correctness, incorrectness, unresponsiveness and "don't know". Data were analyzed by t-test. On open-ended questions, the rate of incorrectness by young adults was higher than that of children. On closed questions, children had a higher rate of incorrectness than young adults. On misleading questions, children showed a lower performance in the rate of correctness and "don't know" and the rate of incorrectness by children was higher than that of young adults.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
• /
• 제50권4호
• /
• pp.537-543
• /
• 2010

Let X be a regular $T_1$-space such that each single point set is a $G_{\delta}$ set. Denot 'hereditarily closure-preserving' by 'HCP'. To consider a question of closed maps of S. Lin in [6], we improve some results of Foged in [1], and prove the following propositions. Proposition 1. $D\;=\;\{x{\in}X\;:\;\mid\{F{\in}\cal{F}:x{\in}F\}\mid{\geq}{\aleph}_0\}$ is discrete and closed if $\cal{F}$ is a collection of HCP. Proposition 2. $\cal{H}\;=\;\{{\cup}\cal{F}'\;:\;F'$ is an fininte subcolletion of $\cal{F}_n\}$ is HCP if $\cal{F}$ is a collection of HCP. Proposition 3. Let (X,$\tau$) have a $\sigma$-HCP k-network. Then (X,$\tau$) has a $\sigma$-HCP k-network F = ${\cup}_n\cal{F}_n$ such that such tat: (i) $\cal{F}_n\;\subset\;\cal{F}_{n+1}$, (ii) $D_n\;=\;\{x{\in}X\;:\;\mid\{F{\in}\cal{F}_n\;:\;x{\in}F\}\mid\;{\geq}\;{\aleph}_0\}$ is a discrete closed set and (iii) each $\cal{F}_n$ is closed to finite intersections.

• 대한수학회보
• /
• 제51권1호
• /
• pp.173-187
• /
• 2014

In this article, we introduce and study the Gorenstein cotorsion dimension of modules and rings. It is shown that this dimension has nice properties when the ring in question is left GF-closed. The relations between the Gorenstein cotorsion dimension and other homological dimensions are discussed. Finally, we give some new characterizations of weak Gorenstein global dimension of coherent rings in terms of Gorenstein cotorsion modules.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제86권1호
• /
• pp.9-16
• /
• 1997

최근 들어 contingent valuation method는 산림휴양자원과 같은 비시장재(非市場財)(nonmarket goods)의 경제적 가치평가에 널리 이용되고 있다. 이 방법에는 개방형(open-ended) 질문과 폐쇄형(closed-ended) 질문이 사용되어지는데, 어느 것이 경제적 가치를 적절히 평가하느냐에 관한 결론적 증거는 없다. 따라서 본 연구는 최근 산림휴양활동중 그 수요가 급격히 증가하는 겨울철 야외스포츠인 스키를 사례로 하여 무주리조트 스키장의 방문객들에게 개방형과 폐쇄형질문을 실시하여 두 설문기법간의 추정결과에 차이가 있는 지를 비모수적검정(非母數的檢定)(nonparametric test)을 통하여 검토하고자 수행되었다. 지금까지 외국에서 개발된 여러 비시장재(非市場財)의 가치평가 모형을 적용하여 경제적 가치를 계량화(計量化)한 결과, 무주리조트 스키장을 이용하는 방문자 한 사람당 순경제적편익(純經濟的便益)은 15,131원에서 25,332원까지 나타났으며, 폐쇄형질문을 적용한 순경제적가치(純經濟的價値)가 개방형질문보다도 약 1.15배에서 1.67배까지 높게 나타났다. 비모수적검정(非母數的檢定) 결과 두 질문형태간에는 유의성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그 이유로는 폐쇄형질문이 개방형질문보다 전략적 편의(strategic behavior bias)의 발생을 줄일 수 있는 것으로 사료되나, 본 연구 결과로서는 폐쇄형 질문이 개방형 질문보다 더 효율적이라는 증거는 찾을 수 없었다. 따라서 contingent valuation을 이용하여 비시장재(非市場財)의 경제적 가치를 측정할 경우, 이 두 가지의 질문형태를 함께 고려하여 경제적 가치를 결정해야할 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
• /
• 제26권5호
• /
• pp.551-557
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the questions in the 'Matter' units of elementary science textbooks under the 7th curriculum. For the analysis, a total of 338 questions were extracted from 15 units. Six criteria (recalling, recognizing, predictive, applied, divergent, and evaluative question) were reconstructed for textbook question analysis based on Blosser(1973)'s question category system for science. The results were as follows. First, there were more closed (recalling, recognizing, predictive, or applied) questions (72.2%) than open (divergent or evaluative) questions (27.8%) in elementary science textbooks. Second, cognitive-memory (recalling or recognizing) question type was the most frequently asked in all grade levels. Open (divergent or evaluative) questions increased according to grade level whereas convergent (predictive or applied) questions decreased. Third, question types were applied based on the characteristics of each unit rather than on children's developmental characteristics. Educational implications were discussed based on the results.

• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
• /
• 제31권1호
• /
• pp.57-70
• /
• 2012

We investigated the perception and preferred type of question and analyzed type of questions asked by teachers in elementary science class to identify how teachers' perception of questioning is reflected in teaching practices. We collected the data from questionnaires, deep-interview and audiotaped four classes from grade 3 and six classes from grade 6. The data form deep-interview were analyzed interpretively and Blosser' framework of question was used to analyze questions which teachers used in classes. By interpretation of data from questionnaires, the teachers agreed that questioning affects science class in elementary school. There were a little differences in perceptions of questioning among three teachers. They preferred various types of question rather than a specific type. They didn't have a good understanding of questioning. The result showed that the teachers used frequently cognitive-memory question and convergent thinking question, which belonged to closed questions in their science classes. This didn't accord with their preferred types of question. The causes came from objectives of science instruction, degree of understanding about questioning, preference and confidence for science class. From this findings, we suggested that teachers should be given opportunities to take training courses in questioning in order to use effective questioning in science class.

• 대한수학회보
• /
• 제53권1호
• /
• pp.83-90
• /
• 2016

We show that any orthogonal almost complex structure on a warped product Riemannian manifold of an oriented closed surface with nonnegative Gaussian curvature and a round 4-sphere is never integrable. This provides a partial answer to a question raised by E. Calabi.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
• /
• 제13권2호
• /
• pp.29-31
• /
• 1974

P.Zenor에 의해서 Monotonically Normal space가 정의되었으며 그후 R. Health와 D. Lutzer에 의해서 Linearly ordered topological space가 Monotonically Normal 임을 증명했다. 한편 Zenor는 Monotonically Normal Space의 hereditary에 관한 것을 question으로 남겼는데 Health와 Lutzer가 증명했고 또 그 증명보다 더 간단한 증명을 Calos R. Boyers가 증명했다[3]. 뿐만 아니라 그 결과로서 Linearly ordered topological space와 Elastic space 가 Monotonically Normal space임을 밝혔다. 또 [4]에서 Gary Gruenhage가 Monotonically Normal space가 Elastic space가 안됨을 counterexample을 들어서 증명했다. 결론적으로 Monotonically Normal spare와 Elastic space는 완전히 분리되었다. 또 Elastic space의 closed continuous image는 paracompact이고 Monotonically Normal 임을 증명했다. 이 논문에서는 본인이 밝힌 것은 Monotonically Normal space의 closed continuous image가 Mono tonically Normal임을 밝혔다.

• 한국조사연구학회지:조사연구
• /
• 제18권4호
• /
• pp.127-147
• /
• 2017

한국에서는 조사의 가장 근본적인 도구인 설문지 설계에 관한 조사방법론 연구가 거의 없다. 본 연구는 2016년 한국종합사회조사의 표본분할을 통한 조사실험을 통하여 한국의 가장 중요한 문제에 대한 폐쇄형 질문과 개방형 질문에 대한 응답의 차이를 분석하였다. 폐쇄형과 개방형에서 모두 경제(35% 대 33.2%)가 가장 많이 언급되었고, 폐쇄형 설문에서는 범죄(24.4%), 교육(15.4%), 빈곤(6.3%)순으로, 개방형에서는 정치(10.8%), 범죄(9.5%), 교육(7.6%)순이었다. 즉, 정치가 포함되지 않은 폐쇄형 질문 응답과 개방형에서 응답순위가 일관성이 있었다. 최대 응답범주였던 경제를 답한 응답자의 특성이 폐쇄형과 개방형에서 인구학적 변수 중 연령과 가구소득 그리고 경제상태만족도 측면에서 제한적으로 차이가 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 타국의 설문문항을 수용할 때 한국적 맥락에서 설문의 질문 부분뿐만 아니라 응답범주의 적정성에 대한 주의가 필요하고, 사전조사에 조사실험이 더 많이 시도될 필요가 있다는 점을 제시한다.