• Proceedings of the Korea Electromagnetic Engineering Society Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.109-112
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• 2002

So far, the closed-form Green's functions have been derived almost for th open microstrip structures. In the present study, closed-form Green's functions for a top-covered microstrip structure are derived. And an effect of top-cover is discussed in comparison with open structure.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.33 no.7
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• pp.1140-1151
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• 2009

This study researches the formative character of 1920's fashion through cinema costumes from the perspective of the theories of W$\"{o}$lfilin and Delong. This study organizes a new perspective such as closed form & open form, part recognition & whole recognition, and flat & rounded to analyze the characteristics of form in the costumes of 'The Great Gatsby', 'Chariots of Fire', and 'Chicago'. The 1920's style in the fashion history is a closed form and flat because of simplicity and functionality. The costumes in Chariots of Fire' that focuses on the reappearance of 1920's fashion is a flat and closed form. However, the costumes of 'The Great Gatsby' that presents a symbolic meaning and 'Chicago' that expresses a splendid look are an open and rounded form. Evening dresses are open, with whole recognition and a rounded form because of sheer fabrics, beading, uneven hemlines, and lighting. Daytime dresses are a closed form and flat because of heavyweight fabrics, dark or achromatic colors and non-patterns. Also, open form and rounded, closed form and flat have a similar distribution in diagrams. When the viewer recognizes the form of clothes, they react in a similar way to two-dimensional and three-dimensional presentations that shows that the form of clothes is recognized by the relation with the body. In addition, this study researches the connection between diverse elements such as clothes, body, movements, space, and external elements such as lighting.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.145-156
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• 2004

This study is regarding closed and open forms, which have relatively high recognition among visual perception phenomena in costumes. In particular, this study reviewed closeness and openness of ethnic look, which is a representative open costume. Closed form can be summarized as simple and clear silhouette, conspicuous differentiation from the background, simple construction of the costume and colors with low brightness and clearness. It Is modern, functional, rational and modest. On the other hand, open form can be summarized as complicated and inconspicuous edge line, complicated inner shape and colors with high brightness, high clearness and vividness. It includes concepts of pleasure, entertainment, joy, eroticism, rebel and resistance. Modern costumes have been simplified for a long time and they have functional and closed characteristics in their shape, structure and form. On the other hand, modern open form costumes are usually found in sub-cultural styles such as punk, hippie, kitsch and vintage, and some ethnic looks. Following is a summary of the characteristics of open form shown in the ethnic look. 1. The shape, structure of costumes, hair accessories, lace, ruffle and ornaments are complicated and irregular. 2. The silhouette is inconspicuous because of ambiguity between backgrounds and ABC (Apparel-Body-Construct) or the use of see-through materials. 3. It makes complicated visual shapes because it does not have a single type but is composed of various clothing items together. 4. It gives complex feelings by matching various colors or more than two different fabrics. 5. It looks like the open type because of the complex patterns shown in the costumes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.58 no.7
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• pp.76-91
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to prescribe formative perspectives as a framework where the aesthetic taste and demands of a certain period are embodied and to develop new analytical tools to examine the beauty of dress in terms of form. First, the theoretical tools selected for this study are Heinrich Wolfflin's formative perspective theory derived from art and Marilyn R. DeLong's framework for visual analysis of dress. Second, several issues that limited the development of a new framework for analyzing the form of dress were identified and addressed. Third, the selected aspects of dress form to be analyzed are specified. They are: silhouette, inner form, structure form, materials and patterns based upon the relationship between the body, dress and space in order to develop new formative perspectives. Based upon these theories a new framework for analyzing dress aesthetics in terms of form is developed. This reconstructed framework consists of three sets of antagonistic representational styles: closed form/open form, linear form/painterly form and multiplicity/unity. Closed form/open form represented in dress can be classified by the clear or obscure silhouette shown not only in the relationship between the dress and space around the dress, but also from changeability or invariability of dress in relation to the body. The material, pattern and various design elements are used as the central criteria to determine the linear/painterly characteristics in dress representations. Finally, the multiplicity/unity can be found in the relationship between the whole and the parts. Multiplicity is represented in dress when the parts have a visual priority over the whole, whereas unity is represented when a dress as a whole has visual priority over the parts. A dress represented with closed form, linear characteristic and multiplicity is perceived as a clear form. In contrast, a dress with open form, painterly characteristic and unity is understood to be an obscure form. It can be said that this study is the first attempt to establish the formative perspectives for analyzing the form of dress in various periods, cultures and races for the future studies.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.185-190
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• 1991

The concept of "almost invertibility modulo closed ideals" in L(X, Y) was introduced, implicitly, by Robin Harte [1, Theorem 3.9.5]. The aims of this note are to make the formal definition of "almost left and right invertible modulo closed ideals" operators and show that they form open sets.they form open sets.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.163-178
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• 2009

Fashion pictorials are recognized as another form of communication method beyond the concept of simply providing information or being artistic photography. Therefore, it is believed that there is necessity to know methods of making a strong impression on people's conscience by effective usage of various presentation techniques that can be used in fashion pictorials. This research studied characteristics of closed form and open form of Wolfflin's precept of forms presented in scene construction. Depaysement technique was classified into three classes which are alien transportation of a part, deformation and ambivalence of an image through literature review of depaysement presentation technique. After studying the concept and characteristics of narrative applicable as the open form, Annie Leibovitz's "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" published in an actual fashion magazine was analyzed as an empirical study based on the theoretical research. Through this study, potential of applying depaysement technique as a presentation technique of closed form and narrative as a presentation technique of open form on fashion pictorials was identified. Factors that infuse creativity and achieve uniformity in producing fashion pictorials were shown through analysis of actual fashion pictorials.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• v.19 no.spc1
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• pp.237-254
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• 2005

The vast mechanical systems could be classified as closed loop system, open loop system and open & closed (switching) system. In the closed loop system, the kinematics and dynamics of 3-D mechanisms will be reviewed and closed form solutions using the direction cosine matrix method and reflection transformation method will be introduced. In the open loop system, kinematic & dynamic analysis methods regarding the redundant system which has more degrees of freedom in joint space than those of task space are reviewed and discussed. Finally, switching system which changes its phase between closed and open loop motion is investigated with the principle of dynamical balance. Among switching systems, the human gait in biomechanics and humanoid in robotics are presented.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers A
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.586-592
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• 1999

We investigate the characteristic of 소데 responses of the Manabe standard form which is used recently for design of the controller. We obtain some theorems and these theorems have the properties of the relationship between the roots of the polynomial and the stability indices which are used for the Manabe standard form. The Manabe standard form has the following properties: The sum of the squal to zero, the sum of the reciprocal of the squared roots is greater than zero and the parameter $\tau$ is the negative value of the sum of the reciprocal of the roots. We compare the step responses of the Manabe standard form with those of the ITAE form, the dead beat response and Bessel forms. We choose the 6th order closed loop polynomial and keep the same settling time for the four forms. Under these conditions we find that the Manabe standard form have faster 90% rising time than the Bessel and dead beat response. We see that the ITAE, bessel and dead beat responses have some overshoot, whereas the Manabe standard form has none. We also compare the Manabe form with the other three forms for the controller design using the pole assignment technique. If the open loop transfer function is a type-1 system (transfer functions having one integrator), then, for the closed loop system associated with the open loop transfer function, the steady state error of the unit ramp input is obtained in terms of the parameter $\tau$ of the Manabe standard form.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.21-46
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• 2015

Purpose Social Network Service (SNS) users feel fatigue in process of using open type of SNS like Facebook and Twitter. Compared to the open SNS, the closed SNS takes an closed form to prevent privacy exposure, and they are more practical and advantageous to form deeper social relationships. This study attempt to examine the effects of the mobile closed SNS characteristics (such as usefulness, playfulness, perceived security, psychological privacy, social influence, and belonging) on the users' continuous SNS usage intention. Design/methodology/approach This study used a mixed methodology combining in-depth interviews and empirical validation to investigate the effects of the mobile closed SNS characteristics on the continuous SNS usage intention of users. Findings Analytical results from a survey of 210 mobile closed SNS users showed that except perceived security, the effects of the five SNS characteristics on continuous SNS usage intention were significant. These findings contribute to improving the quality of mobile closed SNS services and suggesting SNS related marketing strategies.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.104.1-104.1
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to grasp the characteristics of user''''s response to perceived safety and visual preferences for outdoor green spaces by the types of campus layouts. This research was investigated by color slide ratings and questionnaire survey to the students who are majoring in Landscape architecture in three universities locating at Taegu area. Two research sites have similarities in many ways but have differences in campus land form and design type such as ''''Closed'''' and ''''Open'''' types. Major results were summarised as follows ; 1. As a result of the slide test, the high degree of visual preference was shown in the campus that is ''''Closed'''' type. However the degree of perceived safety was lower than that of in Youngnam Univ. campus. 2. According to the result of the comparative analysis between user''''s perceived safety and visual preferences in each campus, the degree of perceived safety at ''''Closed'''' type was lower than that of ''''Open'''' type, but the degree of visual satisfactioni was higher at ''''Closed'''' type. 3. The factors affecting visual preference in campus were shown as density of wood, land form, and diverse type of the spaces. On the other hand, the factors affecting perceived safety were ''''enclosed space by wood'''' at the day time, and ''''the condition of lighting'''' at night. 4. Regarding gender differences in sensation of each space variables, female users showed higher satisfactio on the scenic beauty. 5. Regression analysis showed that general satisfation was determined by the variables such as ''''arrangement'''', familiarity'''', ''''cleanness'''', and ''''closed feeling'''', in Kyungbook Univ. And in Youngnam Univ. , the variables were ''''texture'''', ''''perceived beauty'''', ''''cleanness'''', and ''''complexity'''' respectively. 6. In conclusion, campus users wanted the outdoor spaces that have various land form and somewhat ''''open-closed'''' mixture type, which has a good ''''Edge Effect'''' to satisfy both aspects in safety and visual preferneces.