• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.121-132
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• 2008

To establish the diagnosis and treatment plan for skeletal Class II malocclusion, patient's skeletal morphology, prognosis as well as the treatment effect is one of the important factor to consider. Therefore, the present study classified analyzed the difference between initial(T1) and after use of activator(T2), and after finish of direct multi-bonding system treatment(T3) for Class II malocclusion during growth period according to the treatment result(effective body length) and morphology of vertical skeletal type. The experimental group was classified into two groups(1 group, 2 group) according to the effective body length change between before and after use of activator, showed good treatment effect of activator for patient with small mandible and large differential between maxilla and mandible, and short anterior facial height. And the difference between 1 and 2 group in the experimental group before treatment(T1) disappeared in the finished treatment(T3). But in contrast, the initial difference of T1 stage between a and b group in the control group did not disappear in the finished treatment(T3). In short, experimental group's treatment effect was much better than contrast group and the treatment effect was maintained and got stable results at comparison experimental group with contrast group. Through this study, we can find activator's treatment effect and stable retention of that in growing Class II malocclusion patients. By estimate of activator treatment effect through these results, we can establish the correct diagnosis and treatment plan for adolescent Class II malocclusion estimate of activator treatment effect and lead the ideal facial growth pattern.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.231-236
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• 1991

The high affinity binding sites for angiotensin II were solubilized from rat liver membranes by treatment with CHAPS. The binding protein was also partially purified by angiotensin III inhibitor-coupled Affi-gel affinity chromatography. Binding to the intact membrances as well as to the solubilized preparation was specific and saturable. According to the Scatchard plot, the membrane preparations exhibited a single class of high affinity binding sites with a Kd OF 0.71 nM. The solubilized preparation also showed the presence of a single class of bindings sites with less affinity (Kd of 14 nM). Meanwhile the competition studies using angiotensin II analogues represented two separate binding sites for angiotensin II and single binding site for antagonist. These latter findings were correlated to the results provided by Garrison's research group. More works are needed to clarify this discrepancy.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.346-355
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• 1999

To evaluate the micro leakage of compomer, 4 materials were divided into 4 groups of 15 cavities each.(Group 1: Z-100, Group 2: Dyarct AP, Group 3: Fuji II LC, Group 4: Compoglass) After the class II cavities were prepared using carbide bur No. 553, all specimen were restored by incremental filling technique. In group 3, Z-100 was filled with a base of a light curing glass-ionomer. After 7 days, all specimens were thermocycled between $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$ for 500 cycles, followed by placement in 50% silver nitrate dye for 2 hours at $37^{\circ}C$. After rinsed in distilled water, these teeth were immersed in photodeveloping solution and exposed to fluorescent light for 6 hours. Teeth were then washed in distilled water to remove the photodeveloping solution, sectioned mesio-distally and evaluated. The results were as follows : 1. In the cervical portion, there was significant difference between Fuji II LC and other groups(Z-100, Dyract AP, Compoglass), Fuji II LC had the least value.(p<0.05) 2. In the cervical portion, there was not significant difference among Dyract AP, Z-100 and Compoglass. 3. In the occlusal portion, there was not significant difference among Dyract AP, Z-100 and Compoglass. From the results above, In enamel, microleakage of compomer such as Dyract AP and Compoglass resemble to that of composite resin. It is thought that it is due to characteristics of composite resin portion of compomer. But in dentin, microleakage of compomer is higher than that of resin modified glass ionomer cement, it is thought that in compomer, acid-base reaction is not developed with dentin.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.69-81
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to evaluate the toothbrush abrasion characteristics of class V restorations. Thirty extracted human premolars, which were collected from oral surgery clinics were used. We mounted five teeth in a metal ring mold of 50 mm in diameter and 15 mm in height using chemically cured acrylic resin. Class V cavities were prepared in lingual cervical root surfaces and restored using one of following restorative materials : Dentin Conditioner/Fuji II LC (Group FL), All Bond II/Z-250 (Group ZT), One-up Bond F/Palfigue Estelite (Group PE), F2000 Primer/Adhesive (Group FT), and Prime & Bond 2.1/Dyract AP (Group DR). They were stored under distilled water at $37^{\circ}C$ for seven days. The toothbrush abrasion test was conducted using a wear testing machine of pin-on disk type under a load of 1.5 N for 100,000 cycles. We have examined the bonded interfaces, the changes of surface roughness and color of abraded surfaces. From this experiment, the following results were obtained. 1. The change of surface roughness showed high degree: RMGIC>compomer>composite resin (p<0.05). 2. Because of the protrusion and missing of filler particles, SEM observation of abraded surfaces of RMGIC and compomers revealed the increase of surface roughness due to the selective removal of matrix resin. 3. The color change by toothbrush abrasion was affected in large part by the change of $L^*$ and $b^*$ of resin composites (p<0.05). 4. The color change by toothbrush abrasion was so small to detect by human eyes. 5. SEM observation of abraded surfaces revealed the interface bonding was the best in the FT group.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.703-718
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of guided tissue regeneration(GTR) technique using chitosan nanofiber membrane and to compare it to the clinical efficacy following GTR using PLA/PLGA(copolymer of polvlactic acid and polylacticglycolic acid) membrane in mandibular class II furcation defects in human. The chitosan nanofiber membranes were applied to the mandibular class II furcation defects of 13 patients(test group) and PLA/PLGA membranes were applied to those of 11 patients(control group). Probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, gingival recession, plaque index and gingival index were measured at baseline and 3 months postoperatively. Vertical and horizontal furcation defect depth were measured at surgery. Both groups were statistically analyzed by Wilcoxon signed Ranks Test and Mann-Whitney Test using SPSS program. The results were as follows: 1. Probing pocket depth, clinical attachment loss and gingival index were significantly reduced at 3 months postoperatively compared to values of baseline in both groups(p<0.05). 2. Gingival recession and plaque index were not significantly decreased at 3 months postoperatively compared to values of baseline in both groups. 3. No significant difference between two groups could be detected with regard to changes of probing pocket depth, gingival recession, clinical attachment level, plaque index and gingival index at 3 months postoperatively. In conclusion, chitosan nanofiber membrane is effective in the treatment of human mandibular class II furcation defects and a longer period study is needed to fully evaluate the outcomes.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.117-123
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• 1979

The aspects examined in the present study concerning the location and position of the lower third molar and the interrelationships of this molar, the gonial angle, and the second lower molar in subjects aged 8-24 are based on measurements made from 472 orthopantomograms. The following conclusion were drawn on the basis of the present study. 1. The gonial angle decreased with age, but slight enlarging occurred in the age group 20-21. 2. The angulation of the third molar in relation to the second molar did not correlate with the size of the gonial angle but decreased with developmental stage. 3. The mesial angle between the longitudinal axis of the second molar and the mandibular base line correlated significantly with the gonial angle. The above angle were smaller in Class II, Divison 2 and larger in Class III than in Class I and Class II, Division 1. 4. The rate of presence of lower third molar was 74.4%.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1055-1060
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• 1992

Clinical experience of 21 patients with infective endocarditis was reviewed. Endocarditis involved the left-sided valve in 16 cases, the right-sided valve in 2, and PDA in the remaining 3 patients. Valve abnormalities included leaflet perforation in 9 patients, chordal rupture in 2,; annular abscess in 6; and aorticoleft atnal perforation in 2. Sixteen patients underwent valve replacement[aortic valve replacement in 7 patients, mitral replacement in 4 and double valve replacement in 5], two had VSD closure with pulmonary valve excision, three had ductus arteriousus closure. The patients were classified into two groups. I ] Healed endocarditis group: including the patients who had completed a planned cou-rseof antibiotic therapy[N=10], II ] Active endocarditis group: patients in which operations were performed prior to completetion of antibiotic treatment course[N=11]. The indications for operation included congestive heart failure, embolism, and persistent sepsis. Organisms were predominantly streptococcus[N=5] and staphylococcus [N=4] followed by candida, moraxella, and E-coli. By NYHA functional classification, all patients were in Class III or IV preoperatively. There was only one operative mortality in patient from group II. All patients substantially, improved postoperatively with NYHA classification in class I or II. This study shows that early surgical intervention in patients with active endocarditis has desirable outcome.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.22 no.3 s.38
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• pp.735-753
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to analyze the positions of upper and lower incisors according to facioskeletal patterns. The lateral cephalometric radiographs of sixty persons with normal occlusion, forty persons with Class II Division 1 malocclusion, and forty persons with Class III malocclusion all above the age of 18, were analyzed. The following results were obtained. 1. C I angle, the measurement related to masticatory system, were $89.20{\pm}4.34^{\circ}$ in normal occlusion group, $81.68{\pm}士5.95^{\circ}$ in Class II Division 1 malocclusion group and $101.96{\pm}6.31^{\circ}$ in Class III malocclusion group. 2. In comparison with the positions of upper and lower incisors according to facioskeletal patterns, Class II Division 1 malocclusion group showed that upper incisors were different significantly in all measurements and inclined labially (P < 0.05). Lower incisors were different significantly in all measurements except LI-APog, LI-APog (mm), LI-AB, LI-AB (mm) and inclined labially (P < 0.05), Class III malocclusion group showed that upper incisors were different significantly in all measurements except UI-SN, UI-OP, and inclined labially (P < 0.05). Lower incisors were different significantly in all measurements and inclined lingually (P < 0.05). 3. In all facioakeletal patterns, LI-SN and LI-PH ware correlated moderately to facioskeletal measurements, and FMA was correlated moderately to measurements of lower incisor position. 4. Regardless of the facioskeletal patterns, the reference planes equally applicable were AB line in the measurements of upper incisor and APog line in the measurements of lower incisor.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.689-711
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to compare clinical results of guided tissue regeneration(GTR) using either a nonresorbable ePTFE membrane or a resorbable membrane made from a synthetic copolymer of glycolide and lactide(PLGA) in the treatment of human class Ⅱ furcation defects. The ePTEE membranes were applied to 16 patients with maxillary molar buccal class Ⅱ furcation defects as Group I, PLGA membranes were applied to 15 patients with maxillary molar buccal class Ⅱ furcation defects as Group Ⅱ, ePTFE membranes were applied to 20 patients with mandibular molar buccal class Ⅱ furcation defects as Group Ⅲ and PLGA membranes were applied to 20 patients with mandibular molar buccal class Ⅱ furcation defects as Group Ⅳ and bone graft materials(DFDBA) were applied in all groups. Probing depth, gingival recession, clinical attachment level, tooth mobility and sulcus bleeding index(SBI) were measured at baseline, 3, 6 and 12months postoperatively. In addition, membrane exposure levels were measured at surgery, 1, 2 and 6weeks postoperatively and postoperative complications were evaluated. The results were as follows: In all groups, there were statistically significant differences in probing depth reduction, gain of clinical attachment and mobility reduction at values of 3, 6 and 12months postoperatively compared to values of baseline, whereas no significant differences in SBI except Group I and gingival recession(p<0.05). Membrane exposure levels were increased at 1, 2 and 6weeks postopratively compared to value of baseline in Group I(p<0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between ePTFE and PLGA membrane in probing depth, clinical attachment level and SBI. There were minimal gingival recession and membrane exposure in Group Ⅳ and pain and swelling were the most common postoperative complications in Group Ⅱ, Ⅲ(p<0.05). In conclusion, this study showed that both nonresorbable membrane and resorbable membrane were effective similarly in the treatment of class Ⅱ furcation defects, without statistical differences in clinical measurements.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.39-65
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• 1979

The purpose of this study was to investigate the pattern of irregularities of teeth in various malocclusion groups. The subjects consist of 803 out-patients (355 males, and 448 females) in department of Orthodontics of S.N.U. Hospital, Yonsei University, and Kyunghi University Hospital. The results were as follows. 1. The proportions of subjects on the basis of Angle's Classification were 39.2% (42.2% male, and 57.8% fomale) in class I malocclusion, 29.0% (44.6% male, and 55.4% female) in class II. div. 1., 3.5%(46.4% male, and 53.6% female) in class II. div. 2., 28.3%(46.3% male, and 53.7% female) in class III. 2. Considering all the subjects, the percentage of teeth crowding was 67.8% (45.0% male, and 55.0% female). In class I malocclusion, the percentage of Crowding was 70.8%(43.5% male, and 56.5% female) with higher frequency in upper anterior teeth than in lower anterior. 3. The percentage of Maxillary anterior diastema was 25.6% (45.6% male, and 54.4% female) on the whole. In class II. div. 1. malocclusion, the percentage was 28.8% (46.3% male, and 53.7% female) and in class III, the percentage was 19.8% (46.7% male, and 53.3% female). Thus, frequency of maxillary anterior distema, was comparatively higher in class II. div. 1. than in class III. 4. The percentage of high canine was 25.1% (53.2% male, and 46.8% female) on the whole, and was 86.0% male and 76.6% female in right side, 73.0% male and 72.3% female in left side. In calss II. div. 2., the percentage was 53.6% (46.7% male, and 53.3% female ). In class II. div. 1., the percentage was 16.7% (46.2% male, and 53.8%) with higher frequency in class II. div.2. 5. The percentage of deep overbite was 23.0% (43. 2% male, and 56.8% female) on the whole. Ia class 11. div. 2., and in clas sll. div. 1., its were 89.3%(48.0% male and 52.0% female), 54.5% (40.9% male, and 59.1% female) respectively. This result can be considered as one of the characterics of Angle's class 11 malocclusion group. 6. The percentage of spacing was 23.0% (36.8% male, and 63.2% female) on the whole, In class II. div. 1., and in class II. div. 2., its were 26.1% (44.3% male, and 55. 7% female), 7.1% (50.0% male, and 50.0% female) respectively. 7. The percentage of open bite was 14.3% (42.6% male, and 57.4% female) on the whole with higher rate on the anterior part. It rated 17.6%(50. 0% male, and 50.0% female) in class III, but none in class II. div. 2. 8. The percentage of crossbite was 22.5% (55.8% male, and 44.2% female) on the whole, with higher frequency on the anterior part than on the posterior part. In Angle's class III, it rated as much as 55.1% (57.6% male, and 42.4% female). 9. The percentage of edge-to-edge bite was 20.4% (47.6% male, and 52.4% female) with higher frequency on anterior part than on posterior part. 10. The percentage of irregularities of teeth in various malocclusion groups, was 21.5% (24.8% maxillary, and 18.1% mandible) in crowding, 20.8% (23.5% maxillary, and 18.0% mandible) in rotation, 10.7% (10.6% maxillary, and 10.8% mandible) in cross bite, 9.5% (11.8% maxillary, and 7.3% mandible) in spacing, 8.5% (8.5% maxillary, and 8.5% mandible) in edge-to-edge bite, 8.1% (8.3% maxillary, 7.8% mandible) in open bite. Crowding teeth, spacing teeth, and rotating teeh were more prevalent in anterior part than in posterior part. Cross bite teeth and edge-to-edge bite teeth were more prevalent in class III malocclusion than in another.