• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 1979

Experiments were carried out for finding out a reasonable background of inferior processing quality of Korean citrus fruits of unshiu varieties. The results obtained were as follows. 1. It is considered that the essence of fruit tastes were sweetness and acidity. Their contents were $9.0-10.0^{\circ}Bx$ and 5.3-6.6% (as citric acid) respectively. These indicates that Korean native citrus fruits were inferior in quality. 2. The hesperidin contents were 58mg% in early ripe unshiu varieties, but were low comparatively as 45mg% in late varieties. 3. The portions of fruit peel were high as 25% in Im and Sukcheon unshiu. Therefore these varieties are favorable for long-time storage. The juice extraction rate were 50% on the average with not much difference between varieties. 4. Specific gravity of the extracted juice were 1.040. Vit. C and hesperidin contents of the juice were $25{\sim}30mg%$ on the average in all varieties.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.159-170
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• 2008

Objectives: This study was carried out to evaluate the quality of the peels of various Citrus species. Method: The contents of hesperidin from fruit peels used as Citri Pericarpium such as C. natsudaidai, C. grandis, C. unshiu, and C. sunki, were analyzed by HP-TLC, HPLC, and essential oils of those were analyzed by GC/MS. Results: HPLC analysis showed that the hesperidin from the peel of C. unshiu and C. reticulata was satisfied the standard of Korean Pharmacopoeia. The essential oil was analyzed by GC/MS. As a result, limonene, furfural, 5-methyl-2-furfural, linalool oxide(cis), linalool oxide(trans), terpinen-4-ol, $(-)-{\alpha}$-terpineol, germacrene D, 4-methyl-2,6-di-tert-butylphenol was detected in all 4 kinds of Citrus species. Conclusions: As a result of chemotaxonomical similarity analysis with essential oils, the peels of C. natsudaidai and C. grandis are closely related, while C. unshiu is distantly related to the others.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.24-36
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• 2022

Objectives: Excessive melanin production leads to skin pigmentation, which causes various cosmetic and health problems. Citrus unshiu Markovich peel (CS) and Cimicifuga dahurica (CD) have long been widely used as a oriental medicinal plant because of their pharmacological properties including anti-ulcer, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. Methods: In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of CS, CD extracts or CS:CD=1:2 mixture on melanogenesis according to the various extraction methods. CS and CD extracted were prepared by ethanol extraction (EE), ultrasonification extraction (USE), Supercritical extraction (SCE), reflux extraction (RE), respectively. Results: DPPH radical scavenging and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of CD extracts or CS:CD=1:2 mixture were increased in dose-dependent manners. In addition, we evaluated the effect of CS, CD extracts or CS:CD=1:2 mixture on tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone-induced B16-F10 melanoma cells. CS, CD extracts or CS:CD=1:2 mixture significantly inhibited tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis at 10-200 ㎍/mL. Conclusions: Therefore, our study suggests that CS and CD extracts have potential as a safe treatment for excessive pigmentation or as a natural ingredient in cosmetics.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.35-47
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• 2023

This study aimed to confirm the potential as a material for food, medicine, and cosmetics by measuring the physiological activity of the complex extract(Leonurus japonicus Houtt., Houttuynia cordata Thunberg and Citrus unshiu Markovich). The complex extract was with hot water, The evaluation of cytotoxicity, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and MAPKs of the extract was performed by using ELISA and western blot. Total polyphenols and flavonoid contents of complex extracts were 126.16 mg/g and 105.84 mg/g, respectively. The scavenging activities of DPPH and ABTS radical significantly increased in a dose-dependent in complex extracts. Compared to the control group, the complex extracts treatments significantly reduced concentrations of nitric oxide and inflammatory cytokine (i.e., IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6). Furthermore, the complex extracts treatments significantly reduced protein expression levels of MAPKs (i.e., ERK, JNK, and p38). The results indicate that the complex extract can be used for oxidative damage and inflammation. Thus, the results of this study can be used as basic data for composite materials for food, medicine, and cosmetics.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.215-222
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• 2017

The potential change of the cultivation area of main citrus cultivars, satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) and 'Shiranuhi' mandarin hybrid [(Citrus unshiu ${\times}$ C. sinensis) ${\times}$ C. reticulata] were determined with base year (1981 to 2010) to 2090. The meteorological data provided by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA), and the digital agricultural climate map of 30m-solution based on the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 8.5 was used for projection of potential cultivation area. As a result, the potential suitable region of satsuma mandarin included almost Jeju region during base year. At the 2030s, the potential suitable region of satsuma mandarin increased and the cultivable region also increased focused on the coast region of Jeonnam province. From the 2060s, the suitable area spread out to mountain area of Jeju, Jeonnam, Gyeongnam, and the coast region of Kangwon, and the cultivable region expanded to the area of Gyeongbuk, Chungnam, and Jeonbuk. In the case of 'Shiranuhi' mandarin hybrid, the suitable region included only the partial coast area of Jeju, and cultivable area covered Jeju region and the partial southern coast of Jeonnam during the standard period. At the 2030s, the suitable region of 'Shiranuhi' included the current cultivation area of satsuma mandarin, and the cultivable region moved to northward by the partial southern coast region. At the 2090s, the slightly increased suitable region covered all Jeju regions, Jeonnam, Gyeongnam, and the coast area of Kangwon, and the cultivable region proceeded northward focusing on the coastline. In conclusion, the prediction of the potential land for citrus cultivation based on the RCP 8.5 showed that the suitable region of satsuma mandarin decreased, whereas that of cultivation of 'Shiranuhi' increased. Moreover, it was forecasted that citrus cultivation area would extend to Kangwon region at the end of the $21^{st}$ century.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.67-78
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• 2012

Volatile odor substance originating from drying and making dry peel of tangerine from the fruit skin were collected through modern equipment. The anti-microbial activity of the substance against various skin-residing bacteria including acne, dandruff, athelete's foot, and gingivitis inducing microorganisms were tested. Anti-microbial activity was observed in purified oil, where 87 to 92% was D-limonene. Against P. acnes, 103$cfu/m{\ell}$ of P. acnes were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu oil, and the MIC was measured to be 0.3%. Against P. ovale, a dandruff inducing bacteria, 104$cfu/m{\ell}$were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu oil, and the MIC was measured to be 0.1%. Against T. rubrum and T. Mentagrophytes, both of which are athelete's foot inducing microorganisms, 83% of T. Mentagrophytes and 99.9% of T. rubrum were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu oil, and the MIC were 0.3% and 0.05% respectively. Against S. aureus, a skin infection inducing bacteria, 103$cfu/m{\ell}$ of the bacteria were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu Oil. Against B. subtilis, a non-pathogenic sporulating bacteria, 104$cfu/m{\ell}$ of the bacteria were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu Oil. Against C. albicans, found in mucous membranes, 104$cfu/m{\ell}$ of the bacteria were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu Oil. Against Aspergillus niger, an otomycosis inducing microorganism, 99.9% were suppressed at 0.1% Unshiu Oil. The results above indicate that low concentration of purified oil extracted from tangerine had strong antimicrobial activities against bacteria and fungi residing on the skin, and that it may be developed into skin disorder treating products in the future.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.23-43
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• 2021

In this study, we selected two essential oils, Citrus unshiu and Cinnamomum cassia with superior antioxidant effects from the essential oils of 7 wild plants in South Korea and examined their antimicrobial activity against Candida albicans, which causes dermatitis to identify the antimicrobial components in the essential oils. As a result of measuring DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity, SC50 value of the Citrus unshiu essential oil was 0.010 mg/mL, while for the Cinnamomum cassia essential oil, SC50 value was 0.09 mg/mL. In addition, when ABTS (2,2'-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical scavenging activity was measured, SC50 value of the Citrus unshiu essential oil was 0.09 mg/mL, while for the Cinnamomum cassia essential oil, it was 0.06 mg/mL, exhibiting high antioxidant activity. For the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), the essential oil of Cinnamomum cassia was 1.25 mg/mL and that of Citrus unshiu was 5 mg/mL, demonstrating a high antimicrobial activity of the Cinnamomum cassia essential oil. Through the thin layer chromatography (TLC) bioassay, we assessed the antimicrobial activity against C. albicans according to the fraction components of the two essential oils. Also, by using preparative TLC (prep. TLC), we obtained the active fractions, and by performing GC/MS analysis of the components with the same Rf value, we identified the antimicrobial-active components. As a result, the main components having antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were cinnamyl acetate, eucalyptol, linalool, and citral of the Cinnamomum cassia essential oil and linalool from the Citrus unshiu essential oil. Also, based on the analysis of the fractional components that showed antioxidant and antimicrobial activities in both of the two essential oils, it was found that linalool has antioxidant activity, while cinnamyl acetate, eucalyptol, citral, and geranyl acetate have antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 1998

Physicochemical properties of early cultivar of Satsuma mandarin(Citrus unshiu Marc. var. miyagawa) according to harvesting year during 1990 to 1995 were investigated. Climatic conditions of every year affected the quality of citrus fruits. Compared to other harvesting years, flesh ratio and soluble solids were higher, but acid content was lower on citrus fruits produced in 1994, as for good climatic conditions during growth of fruits. Especially, acid content of fruits produced in 1993 was higher, compared to those of years, as for low mean temperature and high rainfalls. Fruit weight, peel thickness and soluble solids had a good linear correlation to fruits size, but acid content and flesh ratio had not correlation derived from difference of individual fruits. From the climatic data, the prediction of fruit quality would be possible in some degree before harvest. It seemed recommend to ably the flexibe method by harvesting year for the quality stanardization of citrus fruit.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.48-51
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• 2000

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) was identified form CTV-infected early satsuma mandarin (Citus unshiu) and yuzu (C.junos) by RT-PCR. The total RNAs were isolated from citrus bark and seaf tissues infected with CTV and reverse transcription was followed with primers designed for amplifying CTV coat protein gene. DNA fragments 738 bp were amplified by RT-PCR and these products were colned for sequence analysis. Based on the sequence analysis, this PCR product has 97% sequence homology to CTV (T-385) CP gene isolated from USA. RT-PCR assay for CTV detection was more sensitivity than ELISA assay which was done with anti-CTV CP antibody. This is the frist report about CTV identification in Cheju island Korea.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.744-750
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• 2012

In this study, the optimal conditions for phenolic-compound extraction from medicinal plants were found to be 24 h and about 50% ethanol. The electron-donating scavenging activities (DPPH), ABTS radical-cation decolorization (ABTS), antioxidant protection factor (PF), and thiobarbituric acid reaction substance (TBAR) were measured to determine the antioxidant activities of the extracts of Sanguisorba officinalis Linn., Citrus unshiu Markovich, Melia azedarach L., Asparagus cochinchinensis Merr., Citrus unshiu S., Polygonum aviculare L., and Leonurus sibiricus L. The total phenolic contents of the extracts of medical plants were determined to be 0.45-3.00 mg/g in the water extracts and 0.33-3.15 mg/g in the 50% ethanol extracts. The electron-donating abilities (EDA) of the water and ethanol extracts were both above 85% at the $50{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. The ABTS radical-cation decolorization was above 80% at the $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentration in all the extracts of various medicinal plants. The antioxidant protection factor (PF) of the Melia azedarach L. extracts was found to be $1.65{\pm}0.40$ PF in the water extracts at the $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentration, and was higher than those of the other medicinal-plant extracts. The TBAR inhibition rates of all the medicinal-plant extracts, except Asparagus cochinchinensis Merr., were above 85% at the $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentration. These results confirmed that the various oriental medicinal plants (Sanguisorba officinalis Linn., Citrus unshiu Markovich, Melia azedarach L., Asparagus cochinchinensis Merr., Citrus unshiu S., Polygonum aviculare L., and Leonurus sibiricus L.) that were included in this study are useful functional-food sources.