• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.1435-1441
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• 2017

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the effect of adding water to total mixed ration (TMR) on fresh water intake, nutrient digestibility, wool cortisol, and blood indices in Corriedale ewes under hot and humid conditions. Methods: Nine non-pregnant Corriedale ewes (ave. body weight = $41{\pm}3.5kg$) were individually fed diets based on maintenance requirements in metabolic crates. Ewes were assigned to three treatment groups according to a triplicate $3{\times}3$ Latin Square design for 3 periods of 21 days duration each (9 ewes per treatment, 27 replications). Treatments were TMR (crude protein [CP] = 16.1, total digestible nutrients = 69.1%) moisture levels for 40%, 50%, and 60%. Results: No differences were found in body weight gain among all treatment groups (p>0.05). Nitrogen balance including digestible N, retained N, and urinary and fecal N showed no change among the treatment groups (p>0.05). Fresh water intake was the lower in 50% TMR moisture group than in the other groups (p<0.05). Other than ether extract which was higher in 60% TMR moisture group (p<0.05) the differences among nutrient digestibilities including CP, organic matter, dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, acid detergent fiber, and non-fiber carbohydrate were not significant (p>0.05). No significant difference was observed for serum protein, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, and triglyceride among the treatment groups (p>0.05). Wool and blood cortisol were not different among the treatment groups (p>0.05). Blood hematology including red blood cell, white blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, basophils, and eosinophils were not different among the treatment groups (p>0.05). Conclusion: It is concluded that TMR moisture at 40%, 50%, and 60% had no effects on N balance parameters, and nutrient digestibilities except for the ether extract under hot and humid conditions. Additionally there were no effects on stress conditions include wool cortisol, as well as blood cortisol levels of ewes.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 1981

Weed is one of the problems in the crop land as well as in uncultivated land, raising the farm management costs. Therefore, the weed control is essential for effective agricultural management. The cost for weed control in Korea occupies on the average 27.6% of the total labor cost required. Agricultural policies since 1960 were transferring from yield increase due to land productivities to increase of income due to labor productivities. Therefore, the weed control by hand is also changed to weed control by chemicals. The weed control by chemicals has also brought about some side-effects and needs better, improved weed control methods. The present weed control situation and related problems were studied to present new approaches for agricultural development in the future. There were 458 species of weeds in 82 families which were growing in the crop land. The weeds to control, however, are 12 in paddy field and 9 in upland. So far weeds in paddy field are well under control, while weeds in upland are poorly controlled due to change in chemical efficiency and chemical damage in the upland. The administration, research and extension work for the efficient use of agricultural chemicals have been done by various institutions, such as Office of Rural Development, Office of Forestry, and chemical companies. The courses for agricultural chemicals were offered in the agricultural colleges. However, the efficiency of chemicals could not be maximized due to the poor relationships among related institutes. The newly established Agricultural Chemical Research Center at the Office of Rural Development and the Korean Weed Science Association are expected to contribute toward improving weed control in Korea. The Korean agriculture in the future will eventually be mechanized and the varieties resistant to high nitrogen application and to high plant density will be required for high yields. The rice will be transplanted earlier and the whole growing period will be extended. The application of organic matter will be increased for increasing soil fertility, and the use of agricultural chemicals will be continued. Under such a condition, the studies on the weed occurrence and its integrated control measures will be needed. Also weed controls in the newly exclaimed land, crop varieties, horticultural varieties, forage crops, and forests are also needed to study. Basic and practical researches for the weed control to improve the labor productivity will be also needed. In order to meet the all requirements for efficient weed control, weed control systems including all the academics, research and extension workers, administratives, farmers and companies should be established. Also securing researchers and education of personnels are pre-required and research funds for the chemical studies should be provided efficiently and timely.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry and Cartography
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.761-768
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• 2009

GPS data acquired at CORS are widely and rapidly used in many application such as information technology industries. In acquisition of GPS data the establishment of standards of reliability and tolerance error range is necessary. This standards is regarded to contain the requirements of selection of using softwares, precise and broadcast ephemeris, duration of data acquisition, and etc. This study focused to present above standards of tolerance error. In long baseline GPS observation network the RMSE analysed in this study resulted little change when data acquired in 6-hour duration, but the less observation duration resulted less accuracy. Especially in 3-hour observation the accuracy of GPS data decreased rapidly. After analyses of data accuracy in the same observation condition using different computer program between academic and commercial purpose software, the RMSE of academic software resulted less than 1cm compared to 3 to 10cm from commercial software. RMSE analysis between precise ephemeris and broadcast ephemeris resulted similar quantity. Therefore this study regarded to present the reliable establishment of standards of error which can be used in required accuracy in GPS data observation.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.140-150
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• 1972

Using methods of principle component analysis and pattern of analysis. Korean food supply pattern and its change (1962-1969) have been compared whit those of other 40 countries. 1) Among the 4 groups classified on the first and second principle components, Korea belongs to the highest crop grain dependent group of Asia. Although Korea is identified as one of the highest crop consuming countries among the group, a significant increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables is noticed during the period. 2) According to the pattern of numerics analysis Korean food supply pattern (1969) is similar with those of Japan (1949), philippines, Taiwan, while is quite apart from those of U.S.A., W. Germany, France and Australia. 3) During the period the food supply pattern of Korea has been changed significantly toward the more common locations on the world food supply pattern map. Yet the location is far from the desirable one and its moving direction is characteristic, differing not only those of Europian countries but also Asian neighborhoods. this unique pattern should receive a careful examination and thus proper measures should be undertaken to take care of optimal nation's nutritional requirements.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.291-296
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• 2021

This study examined the effects of the forward head posture on the maximum mouth opening of the jaw joint and the muscle activity and asymmetry of the temporalis and masseter. The craniovertebral angle was measured in 50 subjects (23.10±2.73 years) who met the selection requirements of the study. The maximum mouth opening, muscle activity, and muscle asymmetry were measured by reducing 0%, 10%, and 20%. As the craniovertebral angle decreased, the maximum mouth opening decreased (p<.001), the muscle activity of the right and left temporalis decreased (p<.001), and the muscle activity of the left temporalis also decreased. (p<.01). The asymmetry rate of the added muscles of the left and right temporalis, left and right temporalis, and masseter increased according to the change in condition (p<.01). The results of this study are expected to help establish a treatment strategy and comprehensive diagnosis for the temporomandibular joint and present a theoretical basis of manual therapy and therapeutic exercises used for the treatment of TMD.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.169-180
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• 2012

The ESBs (Environmental Specimen Banks) have monitoring functions for the contemporary environmental qualities and also offer the future generation tangible information on the past environment by preserving the specimens. This entails the sampling of the representative specimen for each distinctive ecosystem, which is performed under a strict and stipulated procedure and a condition that does not allow any change in the component so that a retrospective analysis can be readily done even in the distant future. It has been more than 30 years that some developing countries started collecting a broad spectrum of specimens to vindicate the effectiveness of an environmental policy and to monitor the long-term variations of background concentrations of environmental pollutants. Though being late, the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER), Korea, has successfully launched the National Environmental Specimen Bank (NESB) in 2009 equipped with its state-of-the-art automated cryogenic tanks. Since then, the researchers at the NESB have been doing their best to excel the existing ESBs around the world by learning and improving the expertise. To do so, they conducted a pilot study for developing and testing their own Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) based on the analysis of the examples of the other ESBs. The problems from the pilot study had been reviewed to improve the SOP to meet the requirements for an ESB, that is to say, preserving representative environmental specimens in cryogenic condition and enhancing the analytical method. Furthermore, they also need to prepare themselves to address the future challenges by providing some additional functions, which makes it distinguishable from the other ESBs. If successful, this will be a step further to be recognized as a full-fledged member of the ESB society of the world.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.83-91
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• 2014

The global community demands the reduction of environmental pollution such as greenhouse gas and carbon dioxide emissions. According to these requirements, the road construction project in the highest energy consuming industry is required the efficient way of reducing environmental pollution emissions. In this study, during the whole life cycle process, an environment impact assessment was performed for the several road construction projects in order to evaluate environmental stress through the road construction process. This study provides a proper process of environment impact assessment for life cycle assessment (LCA) analysis of road construction project, and figures the environmental stress regarding to the major construction materials for the case projects. In addition, this study conducted a sensitivity analysis for the key materials of environmental stress through the quantity analysis of major materials for the 1km section of a road construction. By this sensitivity analysis of total environmental stress change from the different volumes of constructing materials, it would be useful information for the environment impact assessment for the future road construction project.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.156-162
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• 2005

Particularly in research related to seawater intrusion the change of fluid electrical conductivity is one of major concerns, and effective monitoring can help to optimize a water pumping performance in coastal areas. Special considerations should be given to the mounting of sensors at proper depth during the monitoring design since the vertical distribution of fluid electrical conductivity is sensitive to the characteristics of seawater intrusion zone. This tells us the multi-channel electrical conductivity monitoring is of paramount consequence. It, however, is a rare event when this approach becomes routinely available in that commonly used commercial stand-alone type sensors are very expensive and inadequate for a long term monitoring of electrical conductivity or water level due to their restricted storage and difficulty of real-time control. For this reason, we have developed a real-time monitoring system that could meet these requirements. This system is user friendly, cost-effective, and easy to control measurement parameters - sampling interval, acquisition range, and others. And this devised system has been utilized for the electrical conductivity monitoring in boreholes, Yeonggwang-gun, Korea. Monitoring has been consecutively executed for 24 hours, and the responses of electrical conductivity at some channels have been regularly increased or decreased while pumping up water. It, with well logging data implemented before/after pumping water, verifies that electrical conductivity changes in the specified depths originate from fluid movements through sand layer or permeable fractured rock. Eventually, the multi-channel electrical conductivity monitoring system makes an effective key to secure groundwater resources in coastal areas.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.103-112
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• 2014

With the development of the society, people's thought and the way of life is changing. The change of the traditional values and marriage lead to the increase of the "singles" groups in modern society. The "singles" group's behaviors, living environment, and consumption have become a social focus. With the emergence of the "singles", traditional furniture already can't meet the demand, so personalized furniture should be developed for the "singles". This study based on background and consumption psychology of the "singles", analyzed the consumption characteristics and preferences of the "singles". It studied the furniture demand of the "singles", and analyzed the existing unmarried person's residential form, types and characteristics of the furniture, and also analyzed the existing furniture using by the "singles" with SWOT, made a more systematic study for finding the advantages and disadvantages of existing the "singles" group's furniture. Then, combined with the unmarried person's furniture needs, living forms, the advantages and disadvantages of the "singles" furniture, etc., made the multi-functional furniture design concept for the "singles". This concept as a design direction, which would make out more suitable furniture be in keeping with the "singles" group's characteristics and requirements. Finally through the concept of multi-functional and folding raise the utilization ratio of narrow space of the living environment.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.229-236
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• 2011

ProRoot MTA(Dentsply Tulsa, U.S.A) which has similar component with Portland cement has setting expansion character and long setting time. Excessive expansion can cause fracture at the apical portion of the root and decreasing of volume stability. And the long setting time makes additional visits for crown restoration and slow setting process of this material can change physical properties itself. In this study, among requirements of root canal filling material(KS P ISO 6876) which is revised at 2008, we investigated the setting time and setting expansion. Objects are recently developed OrthoMTA(BioMTA, Korea), conventional ProRoot white MTA(Dentsply Tulsa, U.S.A) and White portland cement(Union, Korea). The results in setting expansion, OrthoMTA was $0.08{\pm}0.02%$, ProRoot white MTA and White portland cement were each $0.28{\pm}0.06$, $0.80{\pm}0.25%$(p<0.05). The results in setting time, OrthoMTA, ProRoot white MTA, White portland cement were each $307.78{\pm}3.83$ min, $150.44{\pm}2.35$ min, $235.33{\pm}9.07$ min(p<0.05).