• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.207-228
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• 2007

Measuring Information Technology(IT) organizations' activities have been limited to mainly measure financial indicators for a long time. However, according to the multifarious functions of Information System, a number of researches have been done for the new trends on measurement methodologies that come with financial measurement as well as new measurement methods. Especially, the researches on IT Balanced Scorecard(BSC), concept from BSC measuring IT activities have been done as well in recent years. BSC provides more advantages than only integration of non-financial measures in a performance measurement system. The core of BSC rests on the cause-and-effect relationships between measures to allow prediction of value chain performance measures to allow prediction of value chain performance measures, communication, and realization of the corporate strategy and incentive controlled actions. More recently, BSC proponents have focused on the need to tie measures together into a causal chain of performance, and to test the validity of these hypothesized effects to guide the development of strategy. Kaplan and Norton[2001] argue that one of the primary benefits of the balanced scorecard is its use in gauging the success of strategy. Norreklit[2000] insist that the cause-and-effect chain is central to the balanced scorecard. The cause-and-effect chain is also central to the IT BSC. However, prior researches on relationship between information system and enterprise strategies as well as connection between various IT performance measurement indicators are not so much studied. Ittner et al.[2003] report that 77% of all surveyed companies with an implemented BSC place no or only little interest on soundly modeled cause-and-effect relationships despite of the importance of cause-and-effect chains as an integral part of BSC. This shortcoming can be explained with one theoretical and one practical reason[Blumenberg and Hinz, 2006]. From a theoretical point of view, causalities within the BSC method and their application are only vaguely described by Kaplan and Norton. From a practical consideration, modeling corporate causalities is a complex task due to tedious data acquisition and following reliability maintenance. However, cause-and effect relationships are an essential part of BSCs because they differentiate performance measurement systems like BSCs from simple key performance indicator(KPI) lists. KPI lists present an ad-hoc collection of measures to managers but do not allow for a comprehensive view on corporate performance. Instead, performance measurement system like BSCs tries to model the relationships of the underlying value chain in cause-and-effect relationships. Therefore, to overcome the deficiencies of causal modeling in IT BSC, sound and robust causal modeling approaches are required in theory as well as in practice for offering a solution. The propose of this study is to suggest critical success factors(CSFs) and KPIs for measuring performance for IT organizations and empirically validate the casual relationships between those CSFs. For this purpose, we define four perspectives of BSC for IT organizations according to Van Grembergen's study[2000] as follows. The Future Orientation perspective represents the human and technology resources needed by IT to deliver its services. The Operational Excellence perspective represents the IT processes employed to develop and deliver the applications. The User Orientation perspective represents the user evaluation of IT. The Business Contribution perspective captures the business value of the IT investments. Each of these perspectives has to be translated into corresponding metrics and measures that assess the current situations. This study suggests 12 CSFs for IT BSC based on the previous IT BSC's studies and COBIT 4.1. These CSFs consist of 51 KPIs. We defines the cause-and-effect relationships among BSC CSFs for IT Organizations as follows. The Future Orientation perspective will have positive effects on the Operational Excellence perspective. Then the Operational Excellence perspective will have positive effects on the User Orientation perspective. Finally, the User Orientation perspective will have positive effects on the Business Contribution perspective. This research tests the validity of these hypothesized casual effects and the sub-hypothesized causal relationships. For the purpose, we used the Partial Least Squares approach to Structural Equation Modeling(or PLS Path Modeling) for analyzing multiple IT BSC CSFs. The PLS path modeling has special abilities that make it more appropriate than other techniques, such as multiple regression and LISREL, when analyzing small sample sizes. Recently the use of PLS path modeling has been gaining interests and use among IS researchers in recent years because of its ability to model latent constructs under conditions of nonormality and with small to medium sample sizes(Chin et al., 2003). The empirical results of our study using PLS path modeling show that the casual effects in IT BSC significantly exist partially in our hypotheses.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.283-291
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• 2017

쌀은 전세계 인구의 절반이 주식으로 사용하고 있으며, 대부분 아시아에서 생산되고 소비되고 있다. 그러나 최근 식생활이 다양해지면서 쌀 소비량은 감소하고 있는 추세이다. 이에 쌀의 활용도를 높이기 위한 다양한 시도가 요구되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 ${\alpha}$-amylase로 처리된 9종의 서로 다른 품종의 쌀 페이스트를 고체상 미세추출법과 가스 크로마토그래피-질량분석법을 이용하여 휘발성 성분들을 프로파일링하고, 아미노산, 당류 및 당알콜 등의 비휘발성 향미성분들은 유도체화 처리 후 가스 크로마토그래피-시간 비행형-질량분석법을 이용하여 비교분석을 수행하였다. 총 46종의 휘발성 성분들이 검출되었으며, 이에는 6종의 알콜류, 6 종의 알데히드류, 4종의 에스터류, 4종의 퓨란류, 4종의 케톤류, 1 종의 산, 1종의 황 함유 성분, 7종의 탄화수소류, 5종의 벤젠류 및 8종의 터핀류 등을 포함되어 있다. 비휘발성 향미성분들에는 12종의 아미노산, 6종의 당, 4종의 당알콜이 동정되었다. 휘발성 및 비휘발성 향미성분 분석에 근거한 주성분분석에 의해 서로 다른 쌀 페이스트 시료들을 구분할 수 있었다. 휘발성 성분의 경우 pentanal과 4,7-dimethylundecane는 서농 17호 백미와 서농 17호 현미를 구분 짓는 성분이었으며, 이에 비해 일품은 다른 품종들과 달리 ethanol, 6-methylhep-5-en-2-one, tridecane과 같은 성분에서 차이를 보였다. 비휘발성 성분의 경우 glycine, serine, ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid 같은 아미노산들과 sucrose, fructose 같은 당류가 다른 품종들과 단미를 구분 짓는데 기여하는 성분이었다. 한편, galactose, arabitol, mannose는 서농 17호 현미에 비해 서농 17호 백미와 관련이 높은 성분들이었다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.335-341
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• 2024

목적: 암 환자 치료에 대한 반응률은 종양 세포가 면역 회피 반응을 일으키면서 떨어지게 된다. 방사선 치료나 항암 치료 같은 표준 치료들은 병을 고치거나 환자들의 생명을 연장하는 목적으로 쓰이나 그 독성이나 부작용으로 인해 효과가 제한되고 있다. 한약은 아시아 지역에서 활용되고 있는 대표적인 보완 의학이며 면역 작용을 증강시키기 위해 널리 사용되고 있다. 이 프로토콜은 향후 암 환자들의 면역 기능을 개선시키는 데 있어서 한약의 객관적인 유효성을 체계적 문헌 고찰로 평가하고자 한다. 방법: 검색할 데이터베이스는 다음과 같다: MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE via Elsevier, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI), Korean databases including Regional Information Sharing Systems(RISS), National Digital Science Library(NDSL), Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System(OASIS). 한약을 이용해 암 환자들의 면역 기능 개선을 다룬 전향적 무작위 대조 연구들을 포함시키고, 면역 기능과 관련된 모든 지표들(CD3, CD4, CD8, CD4/CD8 비율, CD19(B세포), CD11(수지상세포), CD56(NK세포), 대식세포 등)을 분석한다. 결과: 암 환자의 면역 기능과 관련된 지표들을 포함시켜 체계적 문헌 고찰과 메타 분석을 수행할 예정이다. 결론: 한약의 암 환자 면역 기능 개선 유효성을 객관적으로 알리고, 본 연구를 통해 환자와 의료진에게 암 치료에 있어서 새로운 선택지를 넓힐 수 있도록 방향을 제시하고자 한다.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.27-54
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• 2011

본 연구는 문화예술상품 소비자 연구를 위한 개념적 구조를 마련하고, 문화예술상품 생산기관 및 문화예술정책기관과 문화예술을 활용하는 기업의 문화마케팅의 효율성을 위하여 문화예술정책기관에 실무적 시사점을 제시하기 위하여 실시되었다. 현대소비문화 속에서 문화예술상품 소비자의 가치인식과 추구혜택을 사회적 맥락에서 심층적으로 파악하기 위해, 문화예술상품 소비자를 대표할 수 있는 10대부터 50대까지의 남녀 58명을 12개의 그룹으로 나누어 총 12회에 걸친 표적집단면접(FGI)를 실시하였다. 문화예술상품은 예술가의 정신적·관념적 창작행위나 그 결과물인 작품에 경제적 교환가치가 부여되어 소비되는 상품이다. 문화예술상품의 특성을 바탕으로 문화예술상품에 대한 소비자의 가치인식의 개념구조를 알아본 결과 '실제적·개인적 가치재', '사회적 공공재', '미학적·감각적 경험재'로 나타났으며, 경험적 소비재의 관점에서 문화예술상품 소비 추구혜택의 개념구조를 알아본 결과 '예술적 특성지향', '사회적 관계지향', '개인적 유익지향'의 방향성을 가지고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 문화예술상품 소비에 대한 이와 같은 소비자의 가치인식과 추구혜택의 개념구조는 합리적 소비, 기호 상징적 소비, 경험적 소비, 반성적 소비라는 복합적인 현대소비문화가 반영된 것으로 해석 할 수 있다. 문화예술상품에 대한 소비자 가치인식과 추구혜택의 관계를 개념적으로 분석한 결과 문화예술상품 소비자의 가치인식에 따라 추구혜택이 다르게 나타나는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 결과는 문화예술상품에 대한 소비자의 가치인식이 추구혜택의 특성을 형성하며, 소비를 결정하고 문화예술상품을 선택하는데 있어서 중요한 영향을 미칠 수 있다는 것을 시사하는 것이다. 본 연구 결과로 나타난 가치인식과 추구혜택의 개념구조는 문화예술상품 소비자 연구의 측정도구 개발에 사용될 수 있으며, 기업의 효율적인 문화예술마케팅 전략 및 소비자 중심의 문화예술상품 생산과 국민의 삶의 질을 향상시키고자 하는 국가기관의 정책 수립에 필요한 소비자 정보로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 헤리티지:역사와 과학
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• 제52권2호
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• pp.196-219
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• 2019

"삼국유사(三國遺事)"에 의하면 황룡사 구층목탑은 백제의 장인 아비지(阿非知)에 의해 선덕여왕 13년(645)에 건립된 것으로 전한다. 이후 고려 고종 25년(1238) 몽고군의 침략으로 사찰이 완전히 불타버리기 전까지 약 700년 동안 당시대인의 정신문화 속에서 최고의 자리를 차지하는 상징이자 호국불교의 구심체로서 존재하였다. 그동안 많은 연구자들이 문헌기록과 발굴조사 자료를 근거로 황룡사 창건 목탑에 대한 구조와 전체적인 형태에 대한 다양한 복원안을 제시해왔다. 하지만 그들이 제시한 황룡사 목탑의 모습은 기본적으로 현재 남아 있는 목탑지의 외형적인 형태와 단순한 목구조를 가정한 사각구층의 형태였다. 이는 관련 자료의 부족과 제한된 지식으로 인해 황룡사 창건 목탑의 기술적 계보에 대한 충분한 인식이 부족한 시기에 이루어진 것이어서 새로운 자료의 발견과 고대 대형 불탑의 구조 체계에 대한 인식 정도에 따라 충분히 수정될 수 있을 것으로 생각한다. 본고에서는 2005년부터 진행된 <황룡사 복원 연구>를 통해 정리된 목탑지에 대한 재분석 자료를 근거로 동아시아 고대 불탑의 구조 체계에 대한 폭넓은 이해 속에서 황룡사 창건 목탑의 계보와 구조에 대한 새로운 인식이 필요함을 제안해보고자 한다. 황룡사 창건 목탑은 통일신라와 고려시대에 걸쳐 적어도 두 번의 큰 중창을 겪는 동안 기단의 규모와 평면 형식 등이 변화된 것으로 추정되며, 이에 따라 상부 구조에도 큰 변화가 있었을 것으로 파악된다. 발굴조사 결과 드러난 유구에서 삼국시대에 만들어진 것으로 전하는 구층목탑과 관련된 흔적은 현재 판축으로 조성된 기단토와 심초석 정도이며, 그외 초석과 기단 석재 등 대부분은 9세기 이후의 것일 가능성이 높다. 따라서 황룡사 창건 목탑의 실질적인 구조는 당시 동아시아 대형 불탑의 변화과정 속에서 이해하여야 하며, 기술적 계보는 북조의 영향을 받은 백제의 대형 불탑에서 찾아야 할 것이다. 나아가 남산 탑곡 마애조상군에 표현된 9층 마애탑의 모습과 황룡사지 강당지에서 출토된 금동제 불탑 난간편 분석을 통하여 파악된 고고자료를 근거로 황룡사 창건 목탑의 이미지를 추정해본다면 외형상으로뿐만 아니라 구조적으로도 지금까지 우리가 인식하고 있던 순수한 목구조를 한 사각구층탑과는 다른 형태로 파악되는데, 아마도 실심체를 갖춘 이원 구조의 팔각구층탑일 것으로 파악된다.

• Strategy21
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• 통권34호
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• pp.58-92
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• 2014

Even after S. Korea took 5.24 Measure(24 May 2014), N. Korea has not stopped raising provocations such as the shelling of Yeonpyeong Island, electronic and cyber attacks. To make matters worse, the communist country lunched long-range missiles(twice) and conducted 3rd nuclear test, escalating tensions which could possibly lead to an all-out war. Korean Government failed to respond properly. However, escalation into an all-out war was deterred by the CFC immediately carrying out its peacetime duty(CODA). The US made a rapid dispatch of its augmentation forces(Aircraft carrier, nuclear-powered submarine, strategic bomber, F-22) to the Korean Peninsula. In recognition of the importance of the Combined Forces Command, since May 2013 the Park Geun-Hye Administration has been pushing ahead with re-postponement of Wartime Operational Control Transfer(which initially meant the disassembling of the CFC as of 1 December 2015) More recently, there has been a series of unusual indicators from the North. Judging from its inventory of 20 nuclear weapons, 1,000 ballistic missiles and biochemical weapons, it is safe to say that N. Korea has gained at least war deterrence against S. Korea. Normally a nation with nuclear weapons shrink its size of conventional forces, but the North is pursuing the opposite, rather increasing them. In addition, there was a change of war plan by N. Korea in 2010, changing 'Conquering the Korean Peninsula' to 'Negotiation after the seizure of the Greater Seoul Metropolitan Area(GSMA)' and establishing detailed plans for wartime projects. The change reflects the chain reaction in which requests from pro-north groups within the South will lead to the proclamation of war. Kim, Jeong-Un, leader of N. Korean regime, sent threatening messages using words such as 'exercising a nuclear preemptive strike right' and 'burning of Seoul'. Nam, Jae-June, Director of National Intelligence Service, stated that Kim, Jung-Un is throwing big talks, saying communization of the entire Korean Peninsula will come within the time frame of 3 years. Kim, Gwan-Jin, Defense Minister, shared an alarming message that there is a high possibility that the North will raise local provocations or a full-fledged war whenever while putting much emphasis on defense posture. As for the response concept of the Korean Government, it has been decided that 'ROK·US Combined Local Provocation Counter-Measure' will be adopted to act against local provocations from the North. Major provocation types include ▲ violation of the Northern Limit Line(NLL) with mobilization of military ships ▲ artillery provocations on Northwestern Islands ▲ low altitude airborne intrusion ▲ rear infiltration of SOF ▲ local conflicts within the Military Demarcation Line(MDL) ▲ attacking friendly ships by submarines. Counter-measures currently established by the US involves the support from USFK and USFJ. In order to keep the sworn promise, the US is reinforcing both USFK and USFJ. An all-out war situation will be met by 'CFC OPLAN5027' and 'Tailored Expansion Deterrence Forces' with the CFC playing a central role. The US augmentation forces stands at 690,000 troops, some 160 ships, 2,000 aircraft and this comprise 50% of US total forces, which is estimated to be ninefold of Korean forces. The CFC needs to be in center in handling both local provocations and an all-out war situation. However, the combat power of S. Korean conventional forces is approximately around 80% of that of N. Korea, which has been confirmed from comments made by Kim, Gwan-Jin, Defense Minister, during an interpellation session at the National Assembly. This means that S. Korean forces are not much growing. In particular, asymmetric capabilities of the North is posing a serious threat to the South including WMD, cyber warfare forces, SOF, forces targeting 5 Northwestern Islands, sub-surface and amphibious assault forces. The presence of such threats urgently requires immediate complementary efforts. For complementary efforts, the Korean Government should consider ① reinforcement of Korean forces; putting a stoppage to shrinking military, acquisition of adequate defense budget, building a missile defense and military leadership structure validity review, ② implementation of military tasks against the North; disciplinary measures on the sinking of ROKS Cheon-an/shelling of Yeonpyeong Islands, arrangement of inter-Korean military agreements, drawing lessons from studies on the correlation between aid for N. Korea, execution of inter-Korean Summit and provocations from the North, and ③ bolstering the ROK·US alliance; disregarding wartime operational control transfer plan(disassembling of CFC) and creation of a combined division.

• 식물분류학회지
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.283-309
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• 2001

분류학적으로 어려움이 있는 고로쇠 분류군(Acer pictum complex)은 한국, 중국, 일본의 고로쇠와 여러 변종 이외에 만주고로쇠, 우산고로쇠 등이 포함된다. 고로쇠 분류군의 주요 형질은 대부분 열매의 크기, 각도, 날개의 크기, 잎의 결각 등 정량형질로 인정되고 있어, 본 연구는 한중일(韓中日)의 125개체, 17개의 정량 형질, 5개의 형질간 비율 등 모두 22개의 형질로 다변량(PCA분석)과 단변량분석을 실시하였다. 다변량분석에 의하면 3개의 성분(PC) eigenvalues 누적비율이 0.59(ca. 59%)로서 매우 낮은 수치를 보였고 대부분 PCA상의 좌표 중앙에 몰리면서 종간 차이가 중첩되었다. 분포 영역의 동쪽에 분포하는 울릉도의 우산고로쇠는 열매와 잎의 형태에 있어 일본의 서쪽연안(일본해(日本海)=동해(東海))의 개체들과 중첩되었다. 한국의 경기도 서해안과 강원도 일대의 일부 개체중 중국 동북부에 분포하는 만주고로쇠형이 일부 관찰되었지만 한국의 고로쇠와 전형적인 만주고로쇠형(날개와 종자의 비=0.7이상)의 중간 형태를 확인하였다. 조사 형질중 날개의 길이, 날개/종자 길이의 비, 열매 각도는 우산고로쇠, 티벳고로쇠, 만주고로쇠 등을 구분하는 양상을 보였지만 한중일(韓中日)의 고로쇠 개체를 포함할 경우 모두 연속 변이로 확인되어 종간 식별이 불가능하였다. 따라서, 중국 내륙에서 일본까지 분포하는 고로쇠와 중국 동북부지역에서 황하강이북, 한국 북부, 중부지방의 경기도섬과 강원도지역에 분포하는 만주고로쇠, 울릉도의 우산고로쇠, 중국 남부에서 일본 Hokkaido이남에서 한국의 남부에 분포하는 털고로쇠는 모두 하나의 종으로 보는 것이 타당하다. 그러나, 조사된 정량적 형질이외에 종간 식별에 중요한 정성적 형질(털의 유무, 수피형태)과 지리적 분포를 고려하여 국내 분포하는 분류군을 고로쇠, 털고로쇠, 만주고로쇠 등 3 변종으로 정리하였다.

• 벤처창업연구
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.149-160
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• 2013

본 연구는 정부 또는 지방자치단체의 청년 창업지원 사업 및 지원시스템이 창업성과에 미치는 영향을 분석하는데 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해서 서울시 청년창업지원시스템(청년창업1000프로젝트)이 청년창업가의 창업성과에 미치는 영향을 설문조사를 통하여 실증적으로 분석하였다. 본 연구에서는 청년창업1000프로젝트에 수혜를 받은 20세이상 40세 미만의 청년창업가를 표본으로, 청년창업가 특성(수혜시기, 창업 시 자본금 규모, 입주 전 지적재산권 보유개수) 및 창업지원 서비스 요인에 대한 만족도(창업활동지원금, 홍보 및 판로개척지원, 입주자간 협업지원 등)가 창업성과(창업성공만족도)에 어떠한 영향을 미치는 지를 분석하였다. 실증분석 결과, 청년 창업가의 창업시 자본금 규모, 입주전 지적재산권 보유개수, 창업활동 지원금 지원, 홍보 및 판로개척지원, 입주사간 협업 지원들이 창업성과와 정(+)의 상관관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 창업가의 특성 및 지원서비스와 창업성과와의 회귀분석 결과는 청년 창업가의 졸업기수, 사무실 규무, 지적재산권 기존 보유 개수, 창업활동 지원금 지원, 입주사간 협업 지원들이 청년 창업기업의 창업성과에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구결과는 청년창업가의 창업성과에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대한 분석으로 정부 및 지방자치단체의 정책적 지원 방안의 기초자료가 된다는 점에서 시사점이 있다.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.191-210
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• 2014

As mobile devices that can be connected to the Internet have spread and networking has become possible whenever/wherever, the Internet has become central in the dissemination and consumption of news. Accordingly, the ways news is gathered, disseminated, and consumed have changed greatly. In the traditional news media such as magazines and newspapers, expert editors determined what events were worthy of deploying their staffs or freelancers to cover and what stories from newswires or other sources would be printed. Furthermore, they determined how these stories would be displayed in their publications in terms of page placement, space allocation, type sizes, photographs, and other graphic elements. In turn, readers-news consumers-judged the importance of news not only by its subject and content, but also through subsidiary information such as its location and how it was displayed. Their judgments reflected their acceptance of an assumption that these expert editors had the knowledge and ability not only to serve as gatekeepers in determining what news was valuable and important but also how to rank its value and importance. As such, news assembled, dispensed, and consumed in this manner can be said to be expert-based recommended news. However, in the era of Internet news, the role of expert editors as gatekeepers has been greatly diminished. Many Internet news sites offer a huge volume of news on diverse topics from many media companies, thereby eliminating in many cases the gatekeeper role of expert editors. One result has been to turn news users from passive receptacles into activists who search for news that reflects their interests or tastes. To solve the problem of an overload of information and enhance the efficiency of news users' searches, Internet news sites have introduced numerous recommendation techniques. Recommendations based on popularity constitute one of the most frequently used of these techniques. This popularity-based approach shows a list of those news items that have been read and shared by many people, based on users' behavior such as clicks, evaluations, and sharing. "most-viewed list," "most-replied list," and "real-time issue" found on news sites belong to this system. Given that collective intelligence serves as the premise of these popularity-based recommendations, popularity-based news recommendations would be considered highly important because stories that have been read and shared by many people are presumably more likely to be better than those preferred by only a few people. However, these recommendations may reflect a popularity bias because stories judged likely to be more popular have been placed where they will be most noticeable. As a result, such stories are more likely to be continuously exposed and included in popularity-based recommended news lists. Popular news stories cannot be said to be necessarily those that are most important to readers. Given that many people use popularity-based recommended news and that the popularity-based recommendation approach greatly affects patterns of news use, a review of whether popularity-based news recommendations actually reflect important news can be said to be an indispensable procedure. Therefore, in this study, popularity-based news recommendations of an Internet news portal was compared with top placements of news in printed newspapers, and news users' judgments of which stories were personally and socially important were analyzed. The study was conducted in two stages. In the first stage, content analyses were used to compare the content of the popularity-based news recommendations of an Internet news site with those of the expert-based news recommendations of printed newspapers. Five days of news stories were collected. "most-viewed list" of the Naver portal site were used as the popularity-based recommendations; the expert-based recommendations were represented by the top pieces of news from five major daily newspapers-the Chosun Ilbo, the JoongAng Ilbo, the Dong-A Daily News, the Hankyoreh Shinmun, and the Kyunghyang Shinmun. In the second stage, along with the news stories collected in the first stage, some Internet news stories and some news stories from printed newspapers that the Internet and the newspapers did not have in common were randomly extracted and used in online questionnaire surveys that asked the importance of these selected news stories. According to our analysis, only 10.81% of the popularity-based news recommendations were similar in content with the expert-based news judgments. Therefore, the content of popularity-based news recommendations appears to be quite different from the content of expert-based recommendations. The differences in importance between these two groups of news stories were analyzed, and the results indicated that whereas the two groups did not differ significantly in their recommendations of stories of personal importance, the expert-based recommendations ranked higher in social importance. This study has importance for theory in its examination of popularity-based news recommendations from the two theoretical viewpoints of collective intelligence and popularity bias and by its use of both qualitative (content analysis) and quantitative methods (questionnaires). It also sheds light on the differences in the role of media channels that fulfill an agenda-setting function and Internet news sites that treat news from the viewpoint of markets.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.95-104
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• 2005

Objectives: This was a double blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical study for evaluation of safety and effective dose finding of Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ in patients with chest pain and discomfort. Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ are composed of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix (丹蔘), Notoginseng Radix (三七根) and Borneolum (龍腦). Major effects of Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix and Notoginseng Radix are vasodilatation, sedation and analgesic action. Borneolum has an antibacterial effect, and can stimulate the central nervous system. All of these substances are oriental herbs that have been used for a long time in east Asia. Cardiotonic Pills fi received Investigational New Drug (IND) approval from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the USA and 40 million people in the world take this pill. We performed a phase IV clinical study to confirm its efficacy and safety in patients who have probable cardiogenic or psychogenic chest pain or chest stifling. Methods: This study was planned for a multi-center clinical trial including four university hospitals of oriental medicine in Korea. This was the first time to evaluate the 'planning treatment according to diagnosis (辨證施治)' of chest pain or chest discomfort according to oriental medical guidelines. The patients who were included in this trial were adult volunteers from 20 to 70 years old who had chest pain or chest discomfort more than twice during a recent month, and we received written consent to participate in this study from all of them. After administration of Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ for 8 weeks, number of occurrences, duration, appearance and degree of chest pain or chest discomfort was observed and degree of symptoms (severity of illness, global improvement) were measured using a patient's global assessment composite scale. Results: In the patient's global assessment scale, the severity of illness of the Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ group (n=25) was 14/25=0.56 but of the placebo group (n=25) was 7/25=0.28 (p-value=0.0449). This result indicates Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$have a positive effect on the symptoms of chest pain and discomfort. However, the global improvement of the Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$group was 23/25=0.92, and of the placebo group was 22/25=0.88 (p-value=0.6374). The total symptom score of the Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ group was $1.68\pm20.06$, and of the placebo group was $16.76\pm72.l4$(p-value=0.2285). The number of symptom events of the Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ group was $72\pm29.78$, and of the placebo group (n=25) was $10.80\pm38.42$ (p­value=0.3660). We could not find any effects on the other factors examined besides the severity of illness, beyond the difference of standard deviations. Conclusions: Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ significantly reduced chest pain and chest discomfort in patients. Therefore, we expect that Cardiotonic Pills$^{(R)}$ will be helpful for patients with chest pain and chest discomfort not only caused by heart disease but also by other diseases.