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Estimation of Inhomogeneity Correction Factor in Small Field Dosimetry (소조사면에서의 불균질 물질 보정 계산의 평가)

  • Shin, Hun-Joo;Kang, Young-Nam;Jang, Ji-Sun;Seo, Jae-Hyuk;Jung, Ji-Young;Choi, Byung-Ock;Choi, Ihl-Bohng;Lee, Dong-Joon;Kwon, Soo-Il
    • Progress in Medical Physics
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    • v.20 no.4
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    • pp.260-268
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    • 2009
  • In this study, we estimated inhomogeneity correction factor in small field. And, we evaluated accuracy of treatment planning and measurement data which applied inhomogeneity correction factor or not. We developed the Inhomogeneity Correction Phantom (ICP) for insertion of inhomogeneity materials. The inhomogeneity materials were 12 types in each different electron density. This phantom is able to adapt the EBT film and 0.125 cc ion chamber for measurement of dose distribution and point dose. We evaluated comparison of planning and measurement data using ICP. When we applied to inhomogeneity correction factor or not, the average difference was 1.63% and 10.05% in each plan and film measurement data. And, the average difference of dose distribution was 10.09% in each measurement film. And the average difference of point dose was 0.43% and 2.09% in each plan and measurement data. In conclusion, if we did not apply the inhomogeneity correction factor in small field, it shows more great difference in measurement data. The planning system using this study shows good result for correction of inhomogeneity materials. In radiosurgery using small field, we should be correct the inhomogeneity correction factor, more exactly.

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Task Analysis of Paramedics of Korea Based on DACUM Method (DACUM 기법에 의한 1급 응급구조사의 직무분석)

  • Bae, Ki-Sook;Koh, Bong-Yeun;Lee, Jung-Eun;Lee, In-Mo;Choi, Keun-Myoung;Kim, Soo-Tae
    • The Korean Journal of Emergency Medical Services
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.5-23
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    • 2011
  • Objective : This study grasps specific task on paramedics who plays a great role in the emergency scene, thereby eliciting definition of job called paramedics and analyzing occupation by DACUM method. Thus, the aim is to suggest working-level guidelines on the task of paramedics. Methods : It targeted paramedics who are working at hospitals, fire stations, and industries in Seoul and Gyeonggi area from Oct. 11, 2010 to Nov. 30. A total of 608 copies of questionnaire were analyzed by DACUM method. A research tool on occupational analysis consisted of 8 pieces for duty, 43 pieces for task, and 149 pieces for task elements. In order to survey performance frequency, importance, and difficulty by element, each task was developed by this research team, and each task was analyzed and finally elicited through workshop of DACUM method. Results : The occupational definition of paramedics, which was defined through this DACUM, was elicited as 'professional job of performing emergency medical care on the scene, during transferring, or within medical institution in order to maintain life and prevent wound deterioration, targeting a person who is put in emergency situation.' Task element, whose performance frequency was indicated to be the highest, was in order of checking mental status($2.76{\pm}0.497$), checking vital signs($2.70{\pm}0.578$), and airway/c-spine immobilization($2.69{\pm}.546$). Especially, defibrillation stood at $2.23{\pm}.655$ points. Task element, whose performance frequency was low, was in order of caring sexual abuse victims($1.32{\pm}0.563$), performing cricothyrotomy($1.36{\pm}0.618$), and caring cardiac arrest victims($1.40{\pm}0.636$). Importance of task was in order of airway/c-spine immobilization ($2.88{\pm}0.338$), maintenance of respiration($2.88{\pm}0.351$), caring cardiac arrest victims($2.87{\pm}0.349$), and performing CPR($2.87{\pm}0.361$). Task element, whose importance is low, was indicated to be in order of enema($2.29{\pm}0.736$), urinary catheterization($2.35{\pm}0.664$), and nasogastric intubation($2.35{\pm}0.667$). Task element, whose difficulty was shown to be the highest, was indicated to be in order of caring cardiac arrest victims during pregnancy ($2.60{\pm}0.559$), caring cardiovascular injury($2.59{\pm}0.546$), and labor management($2.53{\pm}0.533$). Conclusion : Based on the results of this study, the job performance work table(Dacom chart) of paramedics is suggested to be used, thereby being applied to development in education and curriculum of paramedics. It is necessary to evaluate usefulness of the job performance work table by estimating effect of education for paramedics based on the job performance work table of paramedics.

Epidemiologic and Clinical features of Enteroviral Infections in Children, a Single Center Study in Korea: 2009 (2009년 단일기관에서 확인된 장바이러스 감염의 임상양상 및 특징에 관한 연구)

  • Baek, Dong Won;Kim, Jung Min;Kim, Ki Hwan;Ahn, Jong Gyun;Kim, Dong Soo
    • Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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    • v.17 no.2
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    • pp.122-129
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    • 2010
  • Purpose : Enteroviral infection is a common viral illness in children. We undertook this study in attempt to comprehend the epidemiologic and clinical features of enteroviral infections, particularly EV71 in children. Methods : We enrolled 63 children with enteroviral infection at Severance Children's Hospital in Seoul between May and August 2009. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed from stool or cerebrospinal fluid samples, which were then tested for enteroviral infection. Viral isolation and serotype identification also were performed by RT-PCR. Results : A total of 63 patients with clinical diagnosis of enteroviral infections were enrolled; of those, 38 (60%) were positive for enterovirus. The mean age of the patients was 2 years and 7 months and the sex ratio of male to female was 0.9 :1. Their clincal manifestations included aseptic meningitis (21 cases, 55%), HFMD (16 cases, 42%), herpangina (5 cases, 13%), neonatal fever (2 cases, 5%), encephalitis (1 case, 3%), and myocarditis (1 case, 3%). Serotypes of isolated enteroviruses were EV71 (8 cases, 21%), coxsackievirus B1 (8 cases, 21%), coxsackievirus A16 (2 cases, 6%), coxsakievirus A2 (1 case, 3%), coxsakievirus A5 (1 case, 3%), and echovirus 9 (1 case, 3%). Clinical symptoms of EV71 infection included HFMD (5 cases, 63%), aseptic meningitis (3 cases, 38%), encephalitis (1 case, 13%), and myocarditis (1 case, 13%). A positive rate of C-reactive protein in EV71 was higher than those in other enterviral infections. However, there was no statistically significant difference in other laboratory findings. Conclusion : We reported on identified enteroviruses, including EV71, during a period of 3 months in the summer of 2009. In this study, EV71 infection frequently occurred in male and clinical manifestation caused by EV71 was a more severe disease than that due to other enterviral infections. There is a need for continuous surveillance of enteroviral infection and its clinical manifestations for diagnosis and treatment of enteroviral infection.

Change of Regional Myocardial Blood Flow After Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization in Porcine Model of Chronic Myocardial Ischemia (돼지 만성 심근허혈 모델에서 경심근레이저혈류재건술 후 국소 심근 혈류량의 변화)

  • Park, Kay-Hyun;Ahn, Hyuk
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.34 no.9
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    • pp.662-671
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    • 2001
  • Background: This study was aimed to assess improvement in myocardial perfusion after TMR by measuring regional myocardial blood flow(RMBF) in porcine model of chronic myocardial ischemia. Material and Method: Ameroid ring was placed around the proximal left circumflex coronary artery in fourteen pigs. After 4 weeks, the control group(7 pigs) underwent rethoracotomy only, and the TMR group(7 pigs) underwent Ho:YAG laser TMR at the circumflex territory. After another 4 weeks, the animals were sacrificed for the measurement of RMBF using colored microspheres. The ratio of RMBF between the circumflex territory and the interventricular septum was calculated and compared. Result: At 4 weeks after ameroid constriction, RMBF of the circumflex territory decreased to 46∼89% of RMBF of the interventricular septum. In five of six animals in the TMR group, RMBF of the circumflex territory at 8 weeks after ameroid constriction was higher compared with RMBF at 4 weeks after ameroid constriction. However, the improvement was statistically significant only in two animals. In three of the four animals in the control group, RMBF of the circumflex territory also increased at 8 weeks compared with RMBF at 4 weeks. The degree of increase in RMBF was not different between the control and the TMR groups. Conclusion: In porcine model of chronic myocardial ischemia, the degree of increase in RMBF of the ischemic area after Ho:YAG TMR was not different from the increase by development of native collateral circulation. Perfusion of ischemic myocardium after TMR is not thought to improve to the degree that can be demonstrated by currently available method of assessment such as radioisotope myocardial scintigraphy.

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Seed Potato Certification in Korea (한국의 씨감자 검역)

  • La Yong-Joon;Franckowiak J. D.;Brown W. M.
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.16 no.3 s.32
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    • pp.163-170
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    • 1977
  • Potato diseases, especially mosaics and leaf roll, appear to reduce potato yield in Korea more than any other factor. A seed potato certification program was established at the Alpine Experiment Station (AES) in 1961 to produce high quality seed potatoes for distribution to Korean farmers. The present program for production of certified seed of Namjak (Irish Cobbler), the only variety recommended for spring plantings, is outlined. In 1976, approximately 10,000 MT of certified grade Namjak seed was produced by members of two Seed Producers Cooperatives in the Daekwanryeong area for distribution by the Office of Seed Production and Distribution (OSPD). The seed was inspected and certified by officers of the National Agricultural Products Inspection Office (NAPIO). Although the quality of the certified seed is far superior to that used by many farmers, the supply planted less than 1/5 of the 1977 potato crop. Certified seed of Shimabara, the variety recommended for autumn plantings, is not produced in Korea. The yield response of virus infected seed to improved cultural practices is poor. Therefore, an increase in potato acreage and yields appears to be possible only if more good quality seed is used by Korean farmers. A two or three fold increase in seed supply would be desirable. The volume of seed could be increased by expanding the production area and by improving yield in seed fields. More land is available in the alpine area and good seed potatoes could be grown in other parts of Korea. Planting better quality seeds and using better cultural pracitces would improve seed yields. Several techniques could be used to improve the quality of elite seed produced at AES. Changes in seed potato certification program should be made so that healthy seed stocks of new varieties can be released rapidly.

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Physicochemical and Microbiological Properties of Pork by Various Thawing Methods (해동 방법에 따른 돼지고기의 이화학적.미생물학적 특성)

  • Park, Mi-Hye;Kwon, Ji-Eun;Kim, Se-Ryoung;Won, Ji-Hye;Ji, Jung-Youn;Hwang, In-Kyeong;Kim, Mee-Ra
    • Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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    • v.22 no.2
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    • pp.298-304
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    • 2012
  • This study was carried out to investigate the effects of various thawing methods on the physical and microbiological properties of frozen pork. The frozen pork was thawed using four methods: refrigerator, cold water, room temperature, and microwave oven. Changes in physicochemical properties of thawed pork were analyzed by measuring color, pH, thawing loss and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values. Changes in the microbiological properties of thawed pork were analyzed by counting total aerobic bacteria and coliform group. L values of thawed pork were significantly increased by all thawing methods for normal thawing time except the uncooked portion of thawed pork via a microwave. However, the a value decreased in pork thawed by all thawing methods. pH values significantly increased in the pork thawed by microwave and by applying two times the normal thawing time. After thawing, thawing loss was highest in the pork thawed at room temperature for two times the normal thawing time. In addition, TBARS values also increased in the pork thawed in a refrigerator and at room temperature for two times the normal thawing time. The total aerobic bacteria count significantly increased in the case of microwave thawing for normal thawing time and it also increased in the pork thawed in a refrigerator and at room temperature for two times the normal thawing time. These results demonstrate that refrigeration and cold water thawing are the most suitable for frozen pork, and that excess thawing should be avoided.

The Quantity and Pattern of Leaf Fall and Nitrogen Resorption Strategy by Leaf-litter in the Gwangneung Natural Broadleaved Forest (광릉숲 천연활엽수림의 수종별 낙엽 현상과 질소 재전류 특성)

  • Kwon, Boram;Kim, Hyunseok;Yi, Myong Jong
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.208-220
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    • 2019
  • The seasonality of leaf fall has important implications for understanding the response of trees' phenology to climate change. In this study, we quantified the leaf fall pattern with a model to estimate the timing and speed of leaf litter according to species and considered the nutrient use strategy of canopy species. In the autumns of 2015 and 2016, leaf litter was collected periodically using 36 litter-traps from the deciduous forests in Gwangneung and sorted by species. The seasonal leaf fall pattern was estimated using the non-linear regression model of Dixon. Additionally, the resorption rate was calculated by analyzing the nitrogen concentration of the leaf litter at each collection time. The leaf litter generally began in early October and ended in mid-November depending on the species. At the peak time (T50) of leaf fall, on average, Carpinus laxiflora was first, and Quercus serrata was last. The rate of leaf fall was fastest (18.6 days) for Sorbus alnifolia in 2016 and slowest (40.8 days) for C. cordata in 2015. The nitrogen resorption rates at T50 were 0.45% for Q. serrata and 0.48% for C. laxiflora, and the resorption rate in 2015 with less precipitation was higher than in 2016. Since falling of leaf litter is affected by environmental factors such as temperature, precipitation, photoperiod, and $CO_2$ during the period attached foliage, the leaf fall pattern and nitrogen resorption differed year by year depending on the species. If we quantify the fall phenomena of deciduous trees and analyze them according to various conditions, we can predict whether the changes in leaf fall timing and speed due to climate change will prolong or shorten the growth period of trees. In addition, it may be possible to consider how this affects their nutrient use strategy.

Criminal Law Issues in Epidemiological Investigations Under the INFECTIOUS DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION ACT (감염병의 예방 및 관리에 관한 법률상 역학조사와 관련된 형사법적 쟁점)

  • Jang, Junhyuk
    • The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.3-44
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    • 2022
  • As a result of a close review focusing on the case of obstruction of epidemiological investigation by a religious group A in Daegu, which was a problem when the pandemic of Covid-19 infection began in Korea around February 2, 2020, when an epidemiological investigator requested a specific group to submit a list, While there have been cases where an act of not responding or submitting an edited omission list was sentenced to the effect that the act did not fall under an epidemiological investigation, in the case of non-submission of the visitor list for the B Center, even though a 'list of visitors' was requested. Regarding the fact of refusal without a justifiable reason, 'providing a list of persons entering the building is a key factual act that forms a link between epidemiological investigations accompanying an epidemiological investigation, and refusing to do so is also an act of refusal and obstruction of an epidemiological investigation. There are cases where it is possible to demand criminal punishment. Regardless of whether the request for submission of the membership list falls under the epidemiological investigation, there are cases in which the someones' actions correspond to the refusal or obstruction of the epidemiological investigation. A lower court ruling that if an epidemiological investigation is rejected or obstructed as a result of interfering with factual acts accompanying an epidemiological investigation, comprehensively considering whether or not the list has been diverted for purposes other than epidemiological investigation, the logic is persuasive. Epidemiological investigations such as surveys and human specimen collection and testing are conducted for each infectious disease patient or contact confirmed as a result of the epidemiological investigation, but epidemiological investigations conducted on individual individuals cannot exist independently of each other, and the This is because the process of identification and tracking is essential to an epidemiological investigation, and if someone intentionally interferes with or rejects the process of confirming this link, it will result in direct, realistic, and widespread interference with the epidemiological investigation. In this article, ① there are differences between an epidemiological investigation and a request for information provision under the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act, but there are areas that fall under the epidemiological investigation even in the case of a request for information, ② Considering the medical characteristics of COVID-19 and the continuity of the epidemiological investigation, the epidemiological investigator the fact that the act of requesting a list may fall under the epidemiological investigation, ③ that the offense of obstructing the epidemiological investigation in certain cases may constitute 'obstruction of Performance of Official Duties by Fraudulent Means', and ④ rejecting the request for information provision under the Infectious Disease Control and Prevention Act from September 29, 2020 In this case, it is intended to be helpful in the application of the Infectious Disease control and Prevention Act and the practical operation of epidemiological investigations in the future by pointing out the fact that a new punishment regulation of imprisonment or fine is being implemented.

The Effects of Occupation-Based Community Rehabilitation for Improving Occupational Performance Skills and Activity Daily Living of Stroke Home Disabled People: A Single Subject Design (작업기반 지역사회 재활이 뇌졸중 재가 장애인의 일상생활과 작업수행 기술에 미치는 효과)

  • Moon, Kwang-Tae;Park, Hae Yean;Kim, Jong-Bae
    • Therapeutic Science for Rehabilitation
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    • v.9 no.2
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    • pp.99-117
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    • 2020
  • Objective : The purpose of this study was to study the effects of occupation-based community rehabilitation on occupational performance skills and activities of daily living in stroke disabled persons living in the community, and to investigate the changes in occupation quality and satisfaction. Methods : In this single-subject ABA design study with follow-up evaluation, one severely disabled person diagnosed with stroke who lived in the community was recruited. The procedure consisted of a total of 25 sessions for 17 weeks. Intervention was according to occupation-based community rehabilitation, and the researcher visited the subject's home. Individualized intervention was applied according to the OTIPM. The intervention was composed of task assignment and feedback, home environment modification, information-related caregiver education, and community resource network. The evaluation of each session included the changes in the frequency of occupational performance skills, the quality of occupational performance in daily life, and the changes in occupational satisfaction, activities of daily living, quality of life, and maintenance of in the occupational performance skills during follow-up. The results were visually analyzed using a bar graph and a linear graph. Results : The results showed that the occupation-based community rehabilitation improved activities of daily living such as putting on socks, shoes slip-on, and upper body dressing garment within reach. Within the framework of the AMPS, it was confirmed that the quality of occupational performance was improved in all the subjects, and the degree of satisfaction also improved. Conclusion : This study showed that occupation-based rehabilitation can improve the occupational performance skills of stroke home disabled people positively affect the quality of occupational performance in daily life. Therefore, I think it is meaningful that useful for them.

The Research on the Life-safety Implementation using the Natural Light LED Lamp in the Disaster Prevention and Safety Management (방재안전 자연광 LED 조명을 이용한 생활안전 개선에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Taeshik;Seok, Gumcheul;So, Yooseb;Choi, Byungshik;Kim, Jaekwon;Cho, Woncheol
    • Journal of Korean Society of Disaster and Security
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    • v.9 no.2
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    • pp.53-62
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    • 2016
  • This paper is shown the new method using LED Light, which the light environment is upgraded the natural LED light in the area of Disaster Prevention and Safety Management (PDSD), which the events of deaths is reduced on the Suicide, the Infectious diseases, the safety accidents, the Traffic Accident, the crime, the fire, the Nature Disaster, and which the health and the environment and the safety is implemented using the value of the color LED Light. Research findings include,during 3 weeks in the November 2016, in the ten residents (average living 28.7 years, age 67.5 years) with depressive symptoms in the northern part of Seoul, according to the request of the user, the PDSD natural light LED lighting was installed in the home bedroom or the living room, expectations for the ability to restore physical and mental stability were high (88%), in the same way, after 1 week and 3 weeks, the physical and mental changes were compared and the results,84% in the first week and 90% in the third week and thereafter, the effect of relieving depression was high. We conclude that patients with depression have a good sleep, an uneasy feeling, a sense of security, a good night's sleep, and a good feeling. The PDSD LED Light is expected to contribute in the various areas, which reduced the suicides, which give increased immunity from infectious diseases, which give a crash to reduce accidents caused by negligence, which improve the safe operation of heavy vehicles in which a traffics accident incidence installed on the highest point, which improve the safety function on the 'safety way home' for the safety of the community, which due to fire gives alleviate the emotional anxiety of firefighters, which improve the environment for long-term control room working during decision making caused by natural disasters.