• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.42.2-42
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• 2001

This paper deals with a fuzzy sliding mode observer for nonlinear systems. A nonlinear system is approximated by a multiple model Takagi Sugeno fuzzy system and then transformed into a canonical form for which a nonlinear observer is constructed. This study presents a type of fuzzy sliding mode observer that deals with matched and unmatched uncertainties in the plant dynamics very effectively. The proposed method was validated by the example of a inverted pendulum.

• BMB Reports
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• v.53 no.9
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• pp.453-457
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• 2020

The right-handed double-helical structure of DNA (B-DNA), which follows the Watson-Crick model, is the canonical form of DNA existing in normal physiological settings. Even though an alternative left-handed structure of DNA (Z-DNA) was discovered in the late 1970s, Z-form nucleic acid has not received much attention from biologists, because it is extremely unstable under physiological conditions, has an ill-defined mechanism of its formation, and has obscure biological functions. The debate about the physiological relevance of Z-DNA was settled only after a class of proteins was found to potentially recognize the Z-form architecture of DNA. Interestingly, these Z-DNA binding proteins can bind not only the left-handed form of DNA but also the equivalent structure of RNA (Z-RNA). The Z-DNA/RNA binding proteins present from viruses to humans function as important regulators of biological processes. In particular, the proteins ADAR1 and ZBP1 are currently being extensively re-evaluated in the field to understand potential roles of the noncanonical Z-conformation of nucleic acids in host immune responses and human disease. Despite a growing body of evidence supporting the biological importance of Z-DNA/RNA, there remain many unanswered principal questions, such as when Z-form nucleic acids arise and how they signal to downstream pathways. Understanding Z-DNA/RNA and the sensors in different pathophysiological conditions will widen our view on the regulation of immune responses and open a new door of opportunity to develop novel types of immunomodulatory therapeutic possibilities.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.37-44
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• 2018

Purpose - The artificial intelligence industry plays an increasingly significant role in stimulating the development of United States of America's economy. On account of this background, this paper attempts to explore the impact of artificial intelligence industry on United States of America's macroeconomy. Research design, data, and methodology - This paper mainly focuses on the impact of artificial intelligence industry on GDP, employment, real income, import, export and foreign direct investment. Furthermore, the Phillips-Perron test and Canonical cointegrating regression will be employed to examine the impact of artificial intelligence industry on United States of America's macroeconomy with a sample form 2010-Q1 to 2017-Q4. Results - Via the empirical analysis, the results reveal that the artificial intelligence industry has a positive effect on United States of America's GDP, employment, real income, export and foreign direct investment. Conversely, the artificial intelligence industry has a negative effect on United States of America's import. Conclusions - In summary, the impact of artificial intelligence industry on United States of America's macroeconomy is positive and significant in statistics. Therefore, the government of United States of America should put more input into artificial intelligence industry.

• Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.813-821
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• 2010

Let G and H be compact connected Lie groups with biinvariant Riemannian metrics g and h respectively, ${\phi}$ a group isomorphism of G onto H, and $E:={\phi}^{-1}TH$ the induced bundle by $\phi$ over the base manifold G of the tangent bundle TH of H. Let ${\nabla}$ and $^H{\nabla}$ be the Levi-Civita connections for the metrics g and h respectively, $\tilde{\nabla}$ the induced connection by the map ${\phi}$ and $^H{\nabla}$. Then, a necessary and sufficient condition for $\tilde{\nabla}$ in the bundle (${\phi}^{-1}TH$, G, ${\pi}$) to be a Yang- Mills connection is the fact that the Levi-Civita connection ${\nabla}$ in the tangent bundle over (G, g) is a Yang- Mills connection. As an application, we get the following: Let ${\psi}$ be an automorphism of a compact connected semisimple Lie group G with the canonical metric g (the metric which is induced by the Killing form of the Lie algebra of G), ${\nabla}$ the Levi-Civita connection for g. Then, the induced connection $\tilde{\nabla}$, by ${\psi}$ and ${\nabla}$, is a Yang-Mills connection in the bundle (${\phi}^{-1}TH$, G, ${\pi}$) over the base manifold (G, g).

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.262-264
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• 2005

We propose a filter design method to suppress the effect of gyroscope mixed random errors at INS system level. It is based on the result that mixed random errors can be represented by a single equivalent ARMA model. At first step, the time difference of equivalent ARMA process is performed, which consider the characteristic of indirect feedback Kalman filter used in INS filter. Next, a state space conversion of time differenced ARMA model is achieved. If the order of AR is greater than that of MA, the controllable or observable canonical form is used. Otherwise, we introduce the state equation of which the state variable is composed of the ARMA model output and several step ahead predicts of that. At final step, a complete form state equation is presented. The simulation results shows that the proposed method gives less transient error and better convergence compared to the conventional filter which assume the mixed random errors as white noise.

• Transactions on Control, Automation and Systems Engineering
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 1999

In this paper, a robust observer design method for nonlinear multi input multi-output(MINO) plants is presented. This method enables the extension of the time delay observer (TDO) for nonlinear SISO plants in the phase variable form to MIMO plants. The designed TDO reconstructs the states of the plant expressed in the generalized observability canonical form (GOBCF), yet requiring neither the transformation of a plant, nor the real time computation coordinates, the observer turned out to be computationally efficient and easy to design for nonlinear MIMO plants. In a simulation of a two-link manipulator with flexible joints, the control performances using TDO appeared to be similar to those using actual states and superior to those using numerical differentiation. Finally, in an experiment with a robot, it was confirmed that the TDO reconstructs the states reliability and TDO can be effectively used in a real closed-loop system.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.25-25
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• 2000

This paper presents a design method of sliding mode control (SMC) for single input linear systems with mismatched uncertainties. We define a virtual state based on the controllable canonical form of the nominal system. And we define a sliding surface for the augmented system with a virtual state. This sliding surface makes it possible to use SMC technique with various types of controllers. In this paper, we construct a controller that combines SMC with robust controller. We design a robust controller for the system with only mismatched uncertainties using a form of linear matrix inequality (LMI). We make a virtual state from this robust control input and the states of the nominal system. And we design a sliding mode controller that stabilizes the overall closed-loop system.

• Journal of Institute of Control, Robotics and Systems
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.193-197
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• 2001

This paper presents a design method of sliding model control (SMC) for single input linear systems with mismatched uncertainties. We define a virtual state based on the controllable canonical form of the nominal system. And we defined a sliding surface for the augmented system with a virtual state. This sliding surface makes it possible to use the SMC technique with various types of controllers. In this paper, we construct a controller that combines SMC with robust controller. We design a robust controller for the system with mismatched uncertainties using a form of linear matrix inequality(LMI). We make a virtual state from this robust control input and the states of the nominal system. And we design a sliding model controller that stabilizes the overall closed-loop system.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.791-803
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• 2021

Earlier investigators have made detailed studies of geometric properties such as integrability, partial integrability, and invariants, such as the fundamental 2-form, of some canonical f-structures, such as f³ ± f = 0, on the frame bundle FM. Our aim is to study metallic structures on the frame bundle: polynomial structures of degree 2 satisfying F² = pF +qI where p, q are positive integers. We introduce a tensor field F_α, α = 1, 2…, n on FM show that it is a metallic structure. Theorems on Nijenhuis tensor and integrability of metallic structure F_α on FM are also proved. Furthermore, the diagonal lifts g^D and the fundamental 2-form Ω_α of a metallic structure F_α on FM are established. Moreover, the integrability condition for horizontal lift F_α^H of a metallic structure F_α on FM is determined as an application. Finally, the golden structure that is a particular case of a metallic structure on FM is discussed as an example.

• Food Engineering Progress
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.112-117
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• 2010

Black ginger, obtained from steaming and drying process, provides the various functional properties. This study was performed to investigate the optimum processing conditions for black ginger with high content of biologically active substance such as anti-oxidations. Optimum processing conditions such as temperature and time for black ginger was determined by response surface methodology (RSM) with manufacturing process and functionality. The optimum steaming condition was determined 6 hours at 93.2$^{\circ}C$, and 82.7 mg/L DPPH scavenging activities was obtained at this condition. The black ginger drink was made with black ginger extracts, Japanese apricot, and honey. Interaction effects of these ingredients were investigated by modified distance based on design and analyzed by linear, nonlinear regression model, and RSM. The optimization of mixture ratio was made by statistical modeling using DPPH scavenging activities and sensory properties which are the important target constraints in drink. Total flavonoids showed a linear canonical form, while preference and antiradical activity showed a nonlinear canonical form indicating the higher interaction among mixtures. The response trace plot revealed that antiradical activity, sensory properties and total flavonoids were quite sensitive to the drink blending. The optimum formulation of the drink was set at 14.2% of black ginger extracts, 5% of Japanese apricot, and 10.8% honey.