• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.155-182
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• 2011

The purpose of this paper is to examine the process of Islamization in Java, focusing on religious discourse among Muslim intellectuals. How Islamic tradition and knowledge have been perceived and utilized and how they have interacted with those of non-Islamic origin will be discussed. For this, three Islam-related books written in different phases of Islamization are to be analyzed: Babad Tanah Jawi compiled by Mataram court in the 17th century, Serat Cabolek written by a court poet in the late 18th or early 19th century, and Fikih Anti-korupsi published by reformist and scriptural organization of Muhammadiyah in 2006. Babad portrays conversion to Islam as a process which does not demand a dramatic outward change in religious practice. Scriptural tradition of Islam and the dichotomy between what is Islamic and what is not were not mentioned in order to explain conversion. Spiritual and mystical enlightenment was emphasized heavily, and for this, the importance of non-Islamic traditions was fully acknowledged. Serat tells us that this period was characterized by the surge of scriptural and shariah-minded Islam, maintenance of non-Islamic traditions, clashes between scriptural Islam and old religious traditions, and Javanese efforts to harmonize these. In Fikih, non-Islamic tradition is replaced by scriptural Islam and disappears totally. Interpretations based on the Scriptures, however, do not monopolize it and are used together with mode of analysis from the West. It is too much to call this 'intellectual syncretism', in that Islamic Scriptures and Western knowledge do not mix but stand side by side. Three books under examination reveal that the process of Islamization in Java has not been uniform. It has been conditioned and shaped by local socio-cultural and historical circumstances, where active engagement and intellectual exercise of Javanese Muslims have played key roles. Even Islamization in the last few decades is not an exception. The surge of scripturalism and fundamentalism does not simply bring about a move to Arabization. Interacting with local intellectual and socio-cultural milieu, this has produced a sort of intellectual hybridity, which is unique to Muslim society of Java.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.39-80
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• 2019

This article examines the reason why Indonesian Javanese are using their traditional medicine jamu. Tracing the cultural logic of Javanese, this study observes the space and the process in which the demand on jamu is culturally constructed. In order to address this, the article focuses on Javanese family and their royal court, the spaces where jamu originated from and has been used. Then, the discussion proceeds to identify jamu as a medium to construct rukun(harmony) and tentram(peace), as well as to express and ensure Javanese cosmology. Along with the research, the article argues that: 1) jamu is an embodiment of Javanese local knowledge system into which Javanese consciousness, notions, knowledge, and techniques integrate; 2) the health achieved by using jamu is what Javanese call tentram, which encompasses physical, mental, spiritual and social dimensions of health; 3) the health of tentram has the value of a resource that becomes the foundation to build a good, prosperous society.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.103-125
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• 2021

Mobility services are rapidly developing along with information and communication technology (ICT) innovation. Recently, the on-demand mobility platform market is growing, and an environment is provided in which users can call services more conveniently and check the connection status in real time using smartphones. This study investigates the current status of users' perceptions and experiences of car-hailing mobility services such as KAKAO Taxi and UT Taxi, and it analyzes the factors affecting the intention to continuously use the car-hailing service, focusing on environmental and instrumental benefits and trust in driver and platform. In particular, this study examines whether the significance of the relationship between influencing factors and continuous use intention could vary depending on the degree of innovativeness and ICT utilization. The results of this study showed that perceived benefits (environmental benefits and convenience and economic instrumental benefits) and trust in driver had significant effects on increasing trust in platform. It was analyzed that the higher the trust in platform, the higher the intention to continuously use the car-hailing service. Furthermore, the influence of perceived environmental benefits and economic benefits on the trust in platform was different depending on the degree of individual innovativeness, and the influence of convenience and economic benefits on the trust in platform varied depending on the degree of ICT utilization. Referring to the results of this study, mobility service providers can better understand the current status of users' perceptions and trust for car-hailing services, and implement service promotion strategies suitable for individual characteristics.

• Journal of Korean Classical Literature and Education
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• no.38
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• pp.175-200
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• 2018

From the point of view of the law and public morals in Yi-dynasty, it is possible to discover new meanings in the love of Chunhyang and Mongryong-Lee, the conflicts between Chunhyang and Hakdo-Byeon, and the rescue of Chunhyang by Mongryong-Lee as a secret royal inspector. First, although the love of Chunhyang and Mongryong-Lee was against the law and public morals of Yi-dynasty, the narrator did not call to account, but he described the love as a romantic and new one conflicting with the ruling system. And it was an unprecedented case that Chunhyang asked a written contract as a legal guarantee for marriage when Mongryong-Lee courted her. Second, Hakdo-Byeon, the Namwon county governor, accused Chunhyang, a female entertainer of the Namwon county, of disobedience to his oder and contempt of him, and interrogated her with torture when she denied his demand for bed service which was prohibited by law. Chunhyang refuted against him and regarded his demand for bed service as the rape of a married woman. In this process, narrator sharply contrasted Chunhyang's claim for human rights with Hakdo-Byeon's legal administration. Characters such as people of Namwon county and king did not call Mongryong-Lee to account for that he, as a secret royal inspector, allegedly used his power privately to rescue his sweetheart Chunhyang from Hakdo-Byeon's illegal oppression. These different judgements on legal administrations of Hakdo-Byeon and Mongryong-Lee came from the legal emotion of characters and reading publics of . Namely, people who sympathized with Chunhyang's claim for love and human rights had the legal emotion that Mongryong-Lee's administrative order suspending Hakdo-Byeon's govenor's status could be approved as an legal and exciting one. Therefore the love of Chunhyang and Mongryong-Lee implied a new legal emotion which based on the sympathy with Chunhyang's human rights consciousness, and regarded the positive law of Yi - dynasty as one behind times.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.31-57
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• 1991

Korean firms of all sizes, from virtually every industry, have used and are using the term "excessive competition" to describe the state of their industry and to call for government interventions. Moreover, the Korean government has frequently responded to such calls in various ways favorable to the firms, such as controlling entry, curbing capacity investments, or allowing collusion. Despite such interventions' impact on the overall efficiency on the Korean economy as well as on the wealth distribution among diverse groups of economic agents, the term "excessive competition", the basis for the interventions, has so far escaped rigorous scrutiny. The objective of this paper is to clarify the notion of "excessive competition" and "over-investment" which usually accompanies "excessive competition", and to examine the circumstances under which they might occur. We first survey the cases where the terms are most widely used and proceed to examine those cases to determine if competition is indeed excessive, and if so, what causes "excessive competition". Our main concern deals with the case in which the firms must make investment decisions that involve large sunk costs while facing uncertain demand. In order to analyze this case, we developed a two period model of capacity precommitment and the ensuing competition. In the first period, oligopolistic firms make capacity investments that are irreversible. Demand is uncertain in period 1 and only the distribution is known. Thus, firms must make investment decisions under uncertainty. In the second period, demand is realized, and the firms compete with quantity under realized demand and capacity constraints. In the above setting, we find that there is "no over-investment," en ante, and there is "no excessive competition," ex post. As measured by the information available in period 1, expected return from investment of a firm is non-negative, overall industry capacity does not exceed the socially optimal level, and competition in the second period yields an outcome that gives each operating firm a non-negative second period profit. Thus, neither "excessive competition" nor "over-investment" is possible. This result will generally hold true if there is no externality and if the industry is not a natural monopoly. We also extend this result by examining a model in which the government is an active participant in the game with a well defined preference. Analysis of this model shows that over-investment arises if the government cannot credibly precommit itself to non-intervention when ex post idle capacity occurs, due to socio-political reasons. Firms invest in capacities that exceed socially optimal levels in this case because they correctly expect that the government will find it optimal for itself to intervene once over-investment and ensuing financial problems for the firms occur. Such planned over-investment and ensuing government intervention are the generic problems under the current system. These problems are expected to be repeated in many industries in years to come, causing a significant loss of welfare in the long run. As a remedy to this problem, we recommend a non-intervention policy by the government which creates and utilizes uncertainty. Based upon an argument which is essentially the same as that of Kreps and Wilson in the context of a chain-store game, we show that maintaining a consistent non-intervention policy will deter a planned over-investment by firms in the long run. We believe that the results obtained in this paper has a direct bearing on the public policies relating to many industries including the petrochemical industry that is currently in the center of heated debates.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.343-353
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• 2018

Most local governments operate Mobility Support Centers to provide transportation convenience for the transportation vulnerable. A Mobility Support Center makes various efforts to improve the mobility of the transportation vulnerable. One of them is the operation of a Special Transportation Vehicle (STV). On the other hand, during implementation, problems, such as insufficient number of vehicles and high demand, have been found. Nevertheless, improving the service by providing a large amount of STV can be a problem in terms of the budget. Therefore, it is necessary to gather opinions of the users and identify the problems during the utilization of a Mobility Support Center. Moreover, it is necessary to improve various services to achieve a better and more comfortable utilization. In this research, SEM was used to analyze the importance of the Mobility Support Center for the transportation vulnerable. The importance and performance drawn and examined through an analysis and questionnaire survey were used to propose IPA results that consider the importance and performance at the same time. In addition, this research also suggest a service improvement priority based on the analysis result. For the analysis, this research conducted a questionnaire survey on the actual users and their guardians who use STV in Cheonan-city, as well as factor analysis and reliability analysis. The results showed that the 'Charge system' is not affected by the service because it is fully satisfied by the low price when compared to public transportation. In addition, 'Vehicle use' is more important than 'Convenience' service. IPA analysis showed that it is necessary to improve the priority, kindness, waiting time, and call center response for the better and more comfortable utilization of Mobility Support Centers for the transportation vulnerable.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.140-148
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• 2009

Recent advances in communication and multimedia technologies make it possible to provide video-on-demand(VOD) services and people can access video servers over the Internet at any time using their electronic devices, such as PDA, mobile phone and digital TV. Each device has different processing capabilities, energy budgets, display sizes and network connectivities. To support such diverse devices, multiple versions of videos are needed to meet users' requests. In general cases, VOD servers cannot store all the versions of videos due to the storage limitation. When a device requests a stored version, the server can send the appropriate version immediately, but when the requested version is not stored, the server first converts some stored version to the requested version, and then sends it to the client. We call this conversion process transcoding. If transcoding occurs frequently in a VOD server, the CPU resource of the server becomes insufficient to response to clients. Thus, to admit as many requests as possible, we need to maximize the CPU availability. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm to select versions from those stored on disk using a branch and bound technique to maximize the CPU availability. We also explore the impact of these storage management policies on streaming to heterogeneous users.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.53-78
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• 2006

We call this world network society. Logistics is one of important network systems which connect people, materials and information. The World Economy Conditions of 21st Century has been Changed so rapidly. These Changes are more conspicuous in Northeast Asia than other Regions. China, North Korea and Russia have reformed their Economical and Social Systems, which enlarged the Trade Volume and Traffic Demand in this Area and between Europe. The Railway System Crossing the Eurasia Continent, such as TSR(Trans Siberian Railway), TCR(Trans China Railway), TMR(Trans Manchuria Railway), TMGR(Trans Mongolia Railway) and TKR(Trans Korea Railway), have been becoming very important to enhance the International Transportation efficiency and to connect each continents by International Railways. This Paper investigated and surveyed the logistical Environments surrounding this Korea Peninsula. And concerned with the Crossing Continents Railway, TSR,TCR(TMR, TMGR), TKR, operating Conditions and Tasks that must be considered and solved were also investigated. Especially the Current Logistical Conditions of China, Russia, and North Korea and their Problems were surveyed. And the SWOT of these Railways were analyzed and compared. The Visions and Goals of these Inter-Continental Railways were suggested in terms of their Rationalization of Operations and efficient Connections among many Countries. Not only the Policies and Strategies/Tactics which should be considered but also and Many detail countermeasures which should be introduced and adopted were suggested.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.261-273
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• 2011

Recently, the demands for steel frame are increasing because of the trend and due to the demand for bigger and higher buildings. In the analysis of typical steel frame, connections are based on the idealized fixed or pinned connection. A fixed connection assumes that the relative angle of each member before deformation is the same after the transformation. Therefore, the stiffener reinforces the connection to sufficient rigidity and stability of the panel zone. In the economical aspect, however, the necessity of connection that the stiffener reinforcement has omitted is increasing due to the excessive production as well as labor costs of connection. In contrast, pinned connection is assumed that bending moments between the beams and columns do not transfer to each member. This is easy to make in the plant and the construction is simple. However, the structural efficiency is reduced in pinned connection because connection cannot transfer moments. The introduction of this semirigid process can decide efficient cross-sectional dimensions that promote ease in the course of structural erection, as performed by members in the field-a call for safety in the entire frame. Therefore, foreign countries exert efforts to study the practical behavior and the results are applied to criterion. This paper analyzes the semirigid connection of domestic steel by design specifications of AISC/LRFD and make data bank that pertain to each steel. After wards, the results are compared to those of idealized connection; at the same time, this paper presents a design method that matches economic efficiency, end-fixity, and rotational stiffness.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.43-61
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• 1981

Interest in the Quality of working life is spreading rapidly and the phrase has entered the popular vocabulary. That this should be so is probably due in large measure to changes in the values of society, nowadays accelerated as never before by the concerns and demands of younger people. But however topical the concept has become, there is very little agreement on its definition. Rather, the term appears to have become a kind of depository for a variety of sometimes contradictory meanings attributed to it by different groups. A list of all the elements it if held to cover would include availability and security of employment, adaquate income, safe and pleasant physical working conditions, reasonable hours of work, equitable treatment and democracy in the workplace, the possibility of self-development, control over one's work, a sense of pride in craftsmanship or product, wider career choices, and flexibility in matters such as the time of starting work, the number of working days in the week, Job sharing and so on altogether an array that encompasses a variety of traditional aspirations and many new ones reflecting the entry into the post industrial era. The term "quality of working life" was introduced by professor Louis E. Davis and his colleagues in the late 1960s to call attention to the prevailing and needlessly poor quality of life at the workplace. In their usage it referred to the quality of the relationship between the worker and his working environment as a whole, and was intended to emphasize the human dimension so often forgotten among the technical and economic factors in job design. Treating workers as if they were elements or cogs in the production process is not only an affront to the dignity of human life, but is also a serious underestimation of the human capabilities needed to operate more advanced technologies. When tasks demand high levels of vigilence, technical problem-solving skills, self initiated behavior, and social and communication skills. it is imperative that our concepts of man be of requisite complexity. Our aim is not just to protect the worker's life and health but to give them an informal interest in their job and opportunity to express their views and exercise control over everything that affects their working life. Certainly, so far as his work is concerned, a man must feel better protected but he must also have a greater feeling of freedom and responsibility. Something parallel but wholly different if happening in Europe, industrial democracy. What has happened in Europe has been discrete, fixed, finalized, and legalized. Those developing centuries driving toward industrialization like R.O.K, shall have to bear in mind the human complexity in processing and designing the work and its environment. Increasing attention is needed to the contradiction between autocratic rule at the workplace and democratic rights in society.n society.