• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 1993

The contents of caffeine in caffeine containing products in Korea, i.e., coffee. tea, cocoa and cola, and the individual pattern of consumption of caffeine containing beverages were studied to know the pattern of caffeine consumption. The correlation in between the amount of caffeine consumption and the obesity were also investigated. In results, the average contents of caffeine in the instant coffee was $31.8\pm4.4mg/g(mean{\pm}SD)$. The amount of caffeine in coffee were $68.2\pm13.0\;mg/cup$ in the vending machine coffee, and $76.6\pm12.1\;mg/cup$ in the coffee shop coffee. Average daily caffeine consumption per person was investigated to be 128mg with the wide range of 26mg-341mg. There was no correlation in the amount of daily caffeine consumption and the obesity.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1118-1128
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• 1993

This study was undertaken to investigate the acute effect of caffeine consumption on the change of mineral concentration in serum and urinary mineral excretion in healthy young females. On two separate mornings at one week intervals, each subject drank a coffee which contained no caffeine and 3mg/kg body weight caffeine. To obviate dietary effects on mineral concentration in serum and urine, each subject fasted at least ten hours before consuming the test beverage. At one, two, three and four hours, serum and urine production collected seperately for measurement of sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium concentration. The results were as following : 1) Mean age of subjects was 20.6$\pm$0.32, Mean body mass index of subjects was 21.64$\pm$0.89, which was within $\pm$10% of ideal body weight. 2) Total urine volume of caffein groups for 4 hour after caffeine consumption was higher than that of decaffeine one, but urine pH was unchanged after caffeine consumption. Total urinary four hour excretion of creatinine was not affected by caffeine consumption and creatinine clearance also was not different from the control value. 3) In serum, mean three hour content of sodium(p<0.01) and phosphorus was higher in the subject given the caffeine. Mean serum magnesium and calcium contents were lower in caffeine group than that of decaffeine one. Mean serum magnesium content for three hour after caffeine ingestion was affected by caffeine consumption(p<0.001). Mean serum content of potassium was unaffected by caffeine consumption. 4) Total urinary four hour excretion of sodium, increased significantly after caffeine consumption(p<0.05), while total urinary four hour excretion of potassium, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium was unchanged after caffeine intake. Urinary excretion of Na, Ca, P and Mg was greatest at one hour after caffeine consumption, especially urinary sodium and potassium excretion was significantly high(p<0.05, p<0.01). The above results show that only 3mg caffeine per kg body weight increase the urinary macro mineral excretion in healthy young females.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.13-22
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• 1994

This study was designed to investigate the effects of dietary protein and caffeine consumption levels on Ca, P, Na and K metabolism. One hundred twenty rats were divided into twelve groups according to age, protein level and caffeine consumption such as group(120-130g young rat, 250-300g adult rat) , dietary protein group (20% normal protein , 85 low protein) , caffeine consumption group(0, 3.5mg, 7.0mg). Low protein diet containing high caffeine levels caffeine levels increased calcium, phosphorus, sodium and potassium contents of urine and fecal in rats. Young rat has higher level of calcium, phosphorus , sodium and potassium than adult rat. In the serum, calcium contents were not affected by age, dietary protein levels and caffeine consumption . However, phosphorus, sodium and potassium contents of serum in adult rat were higher than young rat. In the liver, potassium decreased with decreasing dietary protein levels. In the kidney, calcium , phosphorus and potassium contents were not different by age group, dietary protein levels and caffeine consumption , but sodium content was significantly reduced in the adult rat.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2024

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the factors associated with high-caffeine drink consumption among Korean adolescents. Methods: Secondary data analysis was conducted utilizing the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey, with a total enrollment of 51,850 students. Descriptive statistics, x² tests, and multivariate logistic regression were performed using SPSS 23.0. Results: The study identified several factors associated with high-caffeine drink consumption, including school levels, tobacco or alcohol consumption, walking, perceived stress levels, feelings of sadness, loneliness, and anxiety, and the occurrence of suicidal thoughts. Conclusion: The findings suggest there is an association between unhealthy health behaviors or mental health issues, and consumption of high-caffeine drinks among adolescents. It emphasizes the need for increased attention and targeted educational interventions for adolescents at high risk.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.110-118
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• 2013

High-caffeine energy drink consumption has been increasing in young adults, frequently causing the most common symptoms such as tremor, insomnia, anxiety, and nervousness and rarely leading to serious adverse effects like seizure, acute mania, and stroke due to caffeine overdose. There have been little current studies regarding analysis of high-caffeine energy drink consumption and its adverse effects in Korea. This study was to examine high-caffeine consumption patterns, associated factors, and adverse effects based on responses from 231 college students in a University through survey. About 88.3% (n=204) of total respondents reported that they had energy drinks. College students mostly consumed energy drinks to keep awake (46%) when studying and to recover fatigue (27%). Approximately 44% respondents mainly reported palpitation (73.9%) and insomnia (72.8%) regarding adverse effect questionnaire. Current reports on the risk of recreational use, co-ingestion of alcohol and energy drink as well as energy drink consumption among children and adolescents are increasing, requiring further long-term research and awareness of these issues.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.102-114
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was conducted in order to identify consumption status, risk awareness and experience of adverse effects of high caffeine energy drink among university students. Methods: This study was a descriptive survey including 270 students in 2 universities and 7 colleges in D metropolitan city. Consumption Status, Risk Awareness and Experience of Adverse Effects of High-Caffeine Energy Drink tools were developed by literature review. Data analyzed using descriptive statistics and $x^2$-test. Results: In the results, 86.7% of the students had previous experience of energy drink consumption and male students and smokers had more experience of energy drink consumption than female students and nonsmokers. The reason of energy drink consumption was increasing alertness for studying. 45.7% of the students were aware of the risk of high caffeine energy drink and the first risk was sleep disturbance. 51.1% of students were experienced adverse effects, mainly palpitation and sleeplessness. Conclusion: The results suggest a need to increase awareness of adverse effects and potential risks of high caffeine energy drink consumption in university students. In addition, university and government should provide education and campaigns to prevent excessive high caffeine energy drink consumption.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.367-372
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• 2014

Caffeine is widely consumed and well known for stimulating the central nervous system. When developing new foods and beverages that contain caffeine, it is important to explore the potential synergistic effects of consuming amino acids and other food ingredients with caffeine on humans. Given the physiological pathways affected by the amino acid ornithine, consumption of ornithine with caffeine may have synergistic effects. The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of consuming caffeine with ornithine in humans. The study used a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded crossover design. The subjects were all healthy office workers who ingested the placebo, 100 mg caffeine, or 100 mg caffeine plus 200 mg ornithine in the morning and completed questionnaires about their mood. Office workers who consumed the combination of caffeine and ornithine had higher mood ratings 8 h after consumption than office workers who consumed caffeine alone. The results of the present study suggest that there is a unique synergistic effect between caffeine and ornithine on the mood of healthy office workers and that ornithine may potentiate the effects of caffeine.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.10
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• pp.1160-1169
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• 1997

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of caffeine and calcium levels on calcium utilization in female rats of different ages. Calcium utilization was compared in female rats of different age( 4 weeks and 12 months) fed various levels of caffeine(0 and 7 mg/100g body weight) and calcium (50, 100 and 200% of requirement) for 3 weeks. Feed intake of the caffeine groups were lower than that of the no-caffeine groups. body weight gain was lowest in the high-caffeine and low-calcium group. Serum calcium levels of young rats were higher than those of adult rats. There were no significant differences in tibial calcium content among the caffeine and calcium -groups. Fecal calcium excretion increased as the level of dietary calcium was increased. Urinary calcium excretion increased as the levels of caffeine and dietary calcium were increased. With increasing levels of dietary calcium , daily calcium retention was accelerated, but apparent calcium absorbability was diminished. The results of this study suggest that caffeine consumption promotes urinary calcium excretion. However, increase in dietary calcium resulted in higher calcium retention . These findings indicate that high caffeine consumption may increase dietary calcium requirements. Therefore, it could be suggested that the supplementation of dietary calcium may counteract the negative effect of caffeine intake on calcium utilization.

• The Korean Journal of Food & Health Convergence
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.7-20
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• 2019

The use of caffeine as a psychoactive stimulant in tea has been observed to have serious negative effects in humans' systems such as respiratory, nervous, cardiovascular, renal and skeletal systems. This study was carried out to assess the levels of caffeine in 10 different tea brands available in local market in Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria. Quantitative analysis of caffeine was performed by a simple and fast UV-Vis spectrophotometric methods using different solvents for extraction. The caffeine content in all the tea samples analyzed in this study were below the maximum allowable limits set by the USFDA. Tea have been associated with adverse health effects and the claims made by manufacturers about the benefits of tea do not highlight risks associated with excessive consumption of a combination of the ingredients contained in tea. Long term effects of tea consumption of children and young people have not been adequately studied. Therefore, it is recommended that further research be carried out on the adverse effects of energy drinks on children. Research is also needed to be done on the effects of the combination of ingredients on health and excessive consumption of those ingredients to children and adolescents. People need to be educated and given proper awareness on the health risks associated with caffeine containing beverages.

• Proceeding of EDISON Challenge
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• 2017.03a
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• pp.677-687
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• 2017

Caffeine has a long history of human consumption but the consumption of caffeine due to caffeinated energy drinks(CEDs) is rapidly growing. Marketing targets of CED sales are children, adolescents and young adults, possibly caffeine-sensitive groups and its effect for them can be significantly different from healthy adults. Caffeine-related toxicities among these groups are growing in number and a number of countries are recognizing severity of caffeine toxicities. Previous research showed prediction of maximal plasma caffeine concentration profiles after the single CED ingestion and the primary aim of this study is to visually predict plasma caffeine concentration after the single and multiple ingestion of standard servings of CED. Based on the population pharmacokinetic model using Monte Carlo simulation, prediction of caffeine concentration leading to caffeine intoxication in the sensitive groups is quantitatively presented and visualized. This research also broadens the perspective by creating and utilizing diverse open science tools including R package, Edison Science App and Shiny apps.