• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.295-303
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• 2003

Physiological cellular activities responses to cadmium (Cd) exposure in green algae with several reductases activities and viability of the cell were examined. The cell division of green algae, Selenastrum capricornutum treated with 5ppm was significantly decreased than that of normal algae. The mean cell number of normal algal culture was as twice much as than that of algae at 6 days after Cd treatment. The cellular viability of algae was analysed by flow-cytometry with fluorescent dye after esterase reaction on cell membrane. The 85.35% of cellular viability of normal culture was decreased to 34.35% when algae was treated with 5 ppm of Cd at 6 days after treatment. It was considered that those method of flow-cytometry is useful tool for toxicity test on micro-organisms in the respect of identifying cellular viability. Also, the activities of both glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), which are indirectly react against oxidative stress through reduction of glutathione by Cd were significantly increased with 25%. It is considered that both GPX and APX are involved in the metabolic pathway of Cd -detoxification with similar portion in Selenasturm capricornutum.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.555-563
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• 1995

Aloe 첨가식이가 흰쥐의 cadmium 독성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 실험 동물로 Sprague-Dawley계 수컷 흰쥐 30마리를 사용했으며 대조군과 cadmium 첨가군 및 3개의 Aloe arborescens 첨가군으로 나누었다. 각 실험군을 6마리로 나누어 9주간 실험을 수행한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 체중의 증가 경향은 cadmium 첨가군보다 cadmium＋0.75% aloe 첨가군이 높았다(p<0.01). 식이 섭취량은 실험군들간에 일정한 경향을 인정할 수 없었으며 cadmium 섭취에 의한 식이량은 감소되었다. 물 섭취량은 대조군>cadmium＋0.75% aloe 첨가군>cadmium＋1% aloe 첨가군>cadmium＋0.5% aloe 첨가군>cadmium 첨가군의 순으로 cadmium 섭취에 의한 물 섭취량 감소를 나타냈으며 cadmium 첨가군에 비하여 aloe 첨가군, 특히 cadmium＋0.75% aloe 첨가군에서 뚜렷한 증가를 보였다. 식이 효율은 대조군에서 가장 높았으며 cadmium+aloe 첨가군들중, 특히 cadmium＋0.75% aloe 첨가군에서 비교적 높았다. 각 장기들의 무게는 실험구들간에 일정한 경향을 보이지 않았으나 고환의 경우에만 대조군에 비하여 cadmium＋0.75% aloe 첨가군에서 높았다. 조직 중의 cadmium 함량은 신장>간>비장>심장>허파>고환>뇌의 순으로 높았다. Cadmium 첨가군에 비하여 cadmium＋0.5% aloe, cadmium＋0.75% aloe, cadmium＋1% aloe 첨가군에서 낮았고, 특히 cadmium＋0.75% aloe 첨가군이 다른 aloe 첨가군에 비하여 낮은 함량을 보여 cadmium 축적 억제를 위한 적당한 수준임을 알 수 있었다.

• Mycobiology
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.421-433
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• 2021

Morchella is a genus of fungi with the ability to concentrate Cd both in the fruit-body and mycelium. However, the molecular mechanisms conferring resistance to Cd stress in Morchella are unknown. Here, RNA-based transcriptomic sequencing was used to identify the genes and pathways involved in Cd tolerance in Morchella spongiola. 7444 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by cultivating M. spongiola in media containing 0.15, 0.90, or 1.50 mg/L Cd²⁺. The DEGs were divided into six sub-clusters based on their global expression profiles. GO enrichment analysis indicated that numerous DEGs were associated with catalytic activity, cell cycle control, and the ribosome. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the main pathways under Cd stress were MAPK signaling, oxidative phosphorylation, pyruvate metabolism, and propanoate metabolism. In addition, several DEGs encoding ion transporters, enzymatic/non-enzymatic antioxidants, and transcription factors were identified. Based on these results, a preliminary gene regulatory network was firstly proposed to illustrate the molecular mechanisms of Cd detoxification in M. spongiola. These results provide valuable insights into the Cd tolerance mechanism of M. spongiola and constitute a robust foundation for further studies on detoxification mechanisms in macrofungi that could potentially lead to the development of new and improved fungal bioremediation strategies.

• 약학회지
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.432-439
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• 2000

This study was condo더ed to investigate the antitoxic component in aqueous extract of Houttuynia cordata $T_{HUNB}$. The results were as follows: Generally, detoxification effects by Houttuynia cordata $T_{HUNB}$ extract increased in proportion to the extract concentrations in rats. When 40 mBtg dosage of Houttuynia cordata $T_{HUNB}$ extract was administrated, Houttynia cordata $T_{HUNB}$ extract showed the highest antitoxic effects in metallothionein induction. After the extract treatment, body weights increased in proportion to the extract concentrations. However, after 3 weeks, the body weight decreased insignificantly. From the above results, Houttuynia cordate $T_{HUNB}$ extract increased metallothionein concentration and decreased the toxicity of cadmium in rats. In vitro the antitoxic activity of aqueous extract of Houttuynia cordata $T_{HUNB}$ on NIH 373 fibroblasts was evaluated by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetra-zoliumbromide) and SRB (sulforhodamine B protein) assays. The light microscopic study was carried out to observe morphological changes of the treated cells. These results were obtained as follows; The concentration of 10$^{-2}$ mg/ml of Houttuynia cordata $T_{HUNB}$ extract was shown significant antitoxic activity The number of NIH 373 fibroblasts were increased and tend to regenerate. These results suggest that Houttuynia cordata THUNB extract retains a potential antitoxic activity.oxic activity.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.36-41
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• 2002

고삼 메탄올 추출물로부터 분리한 flavonoids를 IR, NMR등의 분광학적인 방법으로Leachianone A(LA)과 Sophoraflavanone G(SFG)로 동정하였고, 카드뮴의 세포독성효과를 고삼 및 고삼추출물이 방어할 수 있는 지를 검색하기 위하여 NIH 3T3 세포에 고삼 및 LA와 SFG, LA+SFG를 처리하고 MTT assay 및 광학현미경으로 세포의 생존률을 검색하여 다음과 같은 결론은 얻었다. MTT의 흡광도는 카드뮴의 농도에 의존하여 감소 하였으며, $IC_{50}$/인 MTT50은 12.5$\mu$M이었으며 카드뮴을 $IC_{50}$/농도로 처리하고 고삼 및 LA, SFG, LA+SFG를 각 화합물의 자체 세포독성을 갖지 않는 농도로 처리한 후 MTT assay로 세포 생존률을 측정한 결과 LA, SFG, LA+SFG 처리군들은 카드뮴 처리군(MTT$_{50}$)에 비해 세포생존률이 증가되었으며 이들은 고삼 및 고삼 추출물의 농도에 의존적으로 증가되었고 각각의 단일 화합물보다 두 화합물 LA+SFG병용처리군에서 수복 효과가 더 좋은 것으로 나타났으며 광학현미경적 소견에서도 세포재생이 뚜렷하게 보였다. 이상과 같은 고삼에서 분리한 flavonoids가 카드뮴 독성에 의하여 손상된 NIH 3T3 섬유아세포의 재생효과에 영향이 있는 것으로 판단된다.다.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2002년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2
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• pp.295.1-295.1
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• 2002

Metallothioneins (MTs) are a go up of heavy metal-binding proteins characterized by cystein-rich low molecular weight(6000 - 10.000 Da). They plays a major role in the detoxification of heavy metals and also in scavenging of superoxide radicals. They are known to be induced by heavy metals in various organs of different species and represent a potential biomarker of aquatic heavy metal contamination. (omitted)

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.100-107
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• 2007

The moss Physcomitrella patens has two life cycles, filamentous protonema and leafy gametophore. A modified from of suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH), mirror orientation selection (MOS), was applied to screen genes differentially expressed in the P. patens protonema. Using reverse Northern blot analysis, differentially expressed clones were identified. The identified genes were involved mainly in metal binding and detoxification. One of these genes was an AP2 (APETALA2) domain-containing protein (PpACP1), which was highly up-regulated in the protonema. Alignment with other AP2/EREBPs (Ethylene Responsive Element Binding Proteins) revealed significant sequence homology of the deduced amino acid sequence in the AP2/EREBP DNA binding domain. Northern analysis under various stress conditions showed that PpACP1 was induced by ethephon, cadmium, copper, ABA, IAA, and cold. In addition, it was highly expressed in suspension-cultured protonema. We suggest that PpACP1 is involved in responses to metals, and that suspension culture enhance the expression of genes responding to metals.

• 한국식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물학회 2002년도 춘계학술발표대회:발표눈문요지록
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• pp.62-72
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• 2002

This study has investigated the biosynthesis and function of the heavy metal binding peptides, the phytochelatins, in plants. PCs are synthesised enzymatically from glutathione by the enzyme PC synthase in the presence of heavy metal ions. Using Arabidopsis thaliana as a model organism cadmium-sensitive, phytochelatin-deficient mutants have been isolated and characterised in previous studies. The cadl mutants have wildtype levels of glutathione, are PC deficient and lack PC synthase activity. Thus, the CADl gene has been proposed to encode PC synthase. The CADl gene was isolated by a positional cloning strategy The gene was mapped and a candidate identified. Each of four cadl mutants had a single base pair change in the candidate gene and the cadmium-sensitive, cadl phenotype was complemented by the candidate gene. This demonstrated the CADl gene had been cloned. A homologous gene in the fission yeast, Schizosaccharomyces pombe was identified through database searches. A targeted-deletion mutation of this gene was constructed and the mutant, like cadl mutants of Arabidopsis, was cadmium-sensitive and PC-deficient. A comparison of the redicted amino acid sequences reveals a highly conserved N-terminal region Presumed to be the catalytic domain and a variable C-terminal region containing multiple Cys residues proposed to be involved in activation of the enzyme by metal ions. Similar genes were also identified in animal species. The Arabidopsis CADl/AtPCSl and S. pombe SpbPCS genes were expressed in E. coli and were shown to be sufficient for glutathione-dependent, heavy metal activate PC synthesis in vitro, thus demonstrating these genes encode PC synthase enzymes. Using RT-PCR, AtPCSl expression appeared to be independent of Cd exposure. However, at higher levels of Cd exposure a AtPCSl-CUS reporter gene construct appeared to be more highly expressed. Using the reporter gene construct, AtPCSl was expressed most tissues. Expression appeared to be greater in younger tissues and same higher levels of expression was observed in some regions, including carpels and the base of siliques. AtPCS2 was a functional gene encoding an active PC synthase. However, its Pattern of expression and the phenotype of a mutant (or antisense line) have not been determined. Assuming the gene is functional then it has clearly been maintained through evolution and must provide some selective advantage. This implies that, at least in some cells or tissue, it is likely to be the dominant PC synthase expressed. This remains to be determined

• 대한임상검사과학회지
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2016

본 연구는 배양 NIH3T3 섬유모세포를 재료로 독성물질인 염화카드뮴($CdCl_2$)의 세포독성과 이에 대한 애기똥풀(Chelidonium majus, CM) 추출물의 방어효과를 조사하기 위하여 세포생존율(cell viability)을 비롯한 $CdCl_2$에 대한 BHT의 영향 및 DPPH-자유라디칼 소거능, superoxide anion-radical scavenging activity (SSA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) 활성과 같은 항산화 효과를 분석하였다. 그 결과 $CdCl_2$는 농도 의존적으로 배양 NIH3T3 섬유모세포의 생존율을 유의하게 감소하였으며, $XTT_{50}$값이 38.7uM로 나타나 Borenfreund와 Puerner의 독성판정기준에 따라 고독성(highly-toxic)인 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 항산화제인 BHT는 $CdCl_2$의 독성으로 인하여 심하게 손상된 세포생존율을 유의하게 증가시켰다. 한편, $CdCl_2$의 세포독성에 대한 CM 추출물의 방어효과에서, CM 추출물은 $CdCl_2$에 의하여 감소된 세포생존율을 유의하게 증가시켰으며, 또한 DPPH-자유라디칼 소거능을 비롯한 SSA 및 LDH 활성 억제와 같은 항산화능을 나타냈다. 이상의 결과에서 $CdCl_2$의 독성에 산화적 손상이 관여하고 있으며, CM 추출물은 항산화 효과에 의하여 $CdCl_2$의 세포독성에 대한 방어효과를 나타냈다. 결론적으로, CM 추출물과 같은 천연소재는 산화적 손상과 관련된 독성의 제독 내지는 저감을 위한 항산화물질로서의 개발적 가치가 있다고 사료된다.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.223-230
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• 2009

Metallothioneins (MTs) play a key role in metallic homeostasis and detoxification in most living organisms. In an attempt to study the biological functions and significance of MT in a snail, we cloned and partially characterized the MT gene from the left-handed snail, Physa acutawhich has been regarded as a potential biomonitering species for fresh water. The complete cDNA sequence of PaMT cDNA was identified from the expressed sequence tag (EST) sequencing project of Physa acuta. The coding region of 180 bp gives 60 amino acid residues including the initiation methionine and termination codon. Clustering and phylogenic analysis of PaMT with other MT amino acid sequences show that it has some identities to Helix pomatia (60%), Arianta arbustorum (58%), Perna viridis (49%), Mytilus edulis (49%), Bathymodiolus azoricus (49%), Bathymodiolus azoricus (48%) and Bathymodiolus sp. FD-2002 (48%). Time dependent induction for PaMT from P. acuta exposed with cadmium (50 ppb) indicated that PaMT was induced at 4-8 hr after exposure. It remains to further develop PaMTas a potential biomarker for water contamination in fresh water.