• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.145-156
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• 2015

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of Split VMAT planning(Contouring rectum divided into an upper and a lower for reduce rectum dose) compare to Conventional VMAT planning(Contouring whole rectum) for prostate cancer radiotherapy involving pelvic lymph nodes. Materials and Methods : A total of 9 cases were enrolled. Each case received radiotherapy with Split VMAT planning to the prostate involving pelvic lymph nodes. Treatment was delivered using TrueBeam STX(Varian Medical Systems, USA) and planned on Eclipse(Ver. 10.0.42, Varian, USA), PRO3(Progressive Resolution Optimizer 10.0.28), AAA(Anisotropic Analytic Algorithm Ver. 10.0.28). Lower rectum contour was defined as starting 1cm superior and ending 1cm inferior to the prostate PTV, upper rectum is a part, except lower rectum from the whole rectum. Split VMAT plan parameters consisted of 10MV coplanar $360^{\circ}$ arcs. Each arc had $30^{\circ}$ and $30^{\circ}$ collimator angle, respectively. An SIB(Simultaneous Integrated Boost) treatment prescription was employed delivering 50.4Gy to pelvic lymph nodes and 63~70Gy to the prostate in 28 fractions. $D_{mean}$ of whole rectum on Split VMAT plan was applied for DVC(Dose Volume Constraint) of the whole rectum for Conventional VMAT plan. In addition, all parameters were set to be the same of existing treatment plans. To minimize the dose difference that shows up randomly on optimizing, all plans were optimized and calculated twice respectively using a 0.2cm grid. All plans were normalized to the prostate $PTV_{100%}$ = 90% or 95%. A comparison of $D_{mean}$ of whole rectum, upperr ectum, lower rectum, and bladder, $V_{50%}$ of upper rectum, total MU and H.I.(Homogeneity Index) and C.I.(Conformity Index) of the PTV was used for technique evaluation. All Split VMAT plans were verified by gamma test with portal dosimetry using EPID. Results : Using DVH analysis, a difference between the Conventional and the Split VMAT plans was demonstrated. The Split VMAT plan demonstrated better in the $D_{mean}$ of whole rectum, Up to 134.4 cGy, at least 43.5 cGy, the average difference was 75.6 cGy and in the $D_{mean}$ of upper rectum, Up to 1113.5 cGy, at least 87.2 cGy, the average difference was 550.5 cGy and in the $D_{mean}$ of lower rectum, Up to 100.5 cGy, at least -34.6 cGy, the average difference was 34.3 cGy and in the $D_{mean}$ of bladder, Up to 271 cGy, at least -55.5 cGy, the average difference was 117.8 cGy and in $V_{50%}$ of upper rectum, Up to 63.4%, at least 3.2%, the average difference was 23.2%. There was no significant difference on H.I., and C.I. of the PTV among two plans. The Split VMAT plan is average 77 MU more than another. All IMRT verification gamma test results for the Split VMAT plan passed over 90.0% at 2 mm / 2%. Conclusion : As a result, the Split VMAT plan appeared to be more favorable in most cases than the Conventional VMAT plan for prostate cancer radiotherapy involving pelvic lymph nodes. By using the split VMAT planning technique it was possible to reduce the upper rectum dose, thus reducing whole rectal dose when compared to conventional VMAT planning. Also using the split VMAT planning technique increase the treatment efficiency.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.23-29
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• 2018

Abdominal obesity is considered as one of the most risky factors governing the development of metabolic diseases. Here we identify that human chitinase 3-like 1 (CHI3L1, also called YKL-40 in human) single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs883125, is associated with abdominal obesity in Korean women. Korean women subjects with the rs883125 G/G or C/G genotype present higher waist-hip ratio than subjects with C/C genotype suggesting that human subjects who G nucleotide substitution at the rs883125 tended to more accumulate intra-abdominal fat at the abdominal cavity. In addition, Chi3l1 gene expression is increased in adipose tissue from obese mice and pro-inflammatory cytokine enhances Chi3l1 expression in adipocytes, indicating that Chi3l1 is greatly related with obesity and obesity-induced pro-inflammatory responses. Taken together, the minor allele of rs883125 is associated with a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity in Korean women. These findings suggest that genotype of rs883125 can be a biomarker of incident abdominal obesity and abdominal obesity-related metabolic diseases.

• Clean Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.217-222
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• 2002

The effects of initial cadmium ion concentrations (50, 100, 200, 300ppm), and feeding velocities (30, 45, 60mL/hr) on the removal ratio of cadmium ion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 immobilized in Ca-alginate gel beads in a packed-bed column reactor were investigated at operating temperature $37^{\circ}C$. The removal ratio of cadmium ion with variable initial concentration was decreased in the following order : 50ppm > 100ppm > 200ppm > 300ppm. The optimum removal conditions of cadmium ion by Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 were initial concentration 50ppm, feeding velocity 30mL/hr.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.458-465
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• 2018

This study reports the fabrication of anion exchange membranes (AEMs) containing two kinds of functional groups: i) trimethylphosphite (TMP) and ii) trimethylamine (TMA). We carried out the synthesis of polymers to enhance thermal stability and ion conductivity. The alternative polymer was prepared using 2,2-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)propane and decafluorobiphenyl. The membrane was fabricated by solution casting method. The thermal stability of membranes was examined by TGA. The physiochemical properties of membranes were also investigated in terms of water uptake, swelling ratio, ion exchange capacity, and ion conductivity. The hydroxide ion conductivity of the membranes reached about 20.2 mS/cm for quaternary ammonium poly(arylene ether) (QA-PAE) containing TMA moiety and 5.1 mS/cm for quaternary phosphonium PAE (QP-PAE) containing TMP moiety at $90^{\circ}C$.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2007

Purpose: We have performed SRS (stereotactic radiosurgery) for avm (arterry vein malformation) and brain cancer. In order to verify dose and localization of SRS, dose distributions from TPS ($X-Knife^{(R)}$ 3.0, Radionics, USA) and GafChromic $EBT^{(R)}$ film in a head phantom were compared. Materials and Methods: In this study, head and neck region of conventional humanoid phantom was modified by substituting one of 2.5 cm slap with five 0.5 cm acrylic plates to stack the GafChromic $EBT^{(R)}$ film slice by slice with 5 mm intervals. Four films and five acrylic plates were cut along the contour of head phantom in axial plane. The head phantom was fixed with SRS head ring and adapted SRS localizer as same as real SRS procedure. CT images of the head phantom were acquired in 5 mm slice intervals as film interval. Five arc 6 MV photon beams using the SRS cone with 2 cm diameter were delivered 300 cGy to the target in the phantom. Ten small pieces of the film were exposed to 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 cGy, respectively to calibrate the GafChromic $EBT^{(R)}$ film. The films in the phantom were digitized after 24 hours and its linearity was calibrated. The pixel values of the film were converted to the dose and compared with the dose distribution from the TPS calculation. Results: Calibration curve for the GafChromic $EBT^{(R)}$ film was linear up to 900 cGy. The R2 value was better than 0.992. Discrepancy between calculated from $X-Knife^{(R)}$ 3.0 and measured dose distributions with the film was less than 5% through all slices. Conclusion: It was possible to evaluate every slice of humanoid phantom by stacking the GafChromic EBT film which is suitable for 2 dimensional dosimetry, It was found that film dosimetry using the GafChromic $EBT^{(R)}$ film is feasible for routine dosimetric QA of stereotactic radiosurgery.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.16-21
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• 2006

Parallel testing means ordering a number of tests at the same time so abnormalities in any of the tests can be found quickly and used in making the diagnosis. This is a good medical strategy to eliminate diseases and it is relatively inexpensive if all the tests are potential sources of information and performed on the same analyzer. In regression, the equation for the straight line is recast as y = bx + a. This change in terminology leads to confusion. Here a is the y-intercept or constant and b is the coefficient or slope of the line. A few more words of caution about regression - as in all of statistics there are certain assumptions: the x value is a true measure, both X and Y distributions are normal, and homoscedasticity, i.e., the variance of y is the same for each value of x. In this study the linearity classification made by different scientists were always in agreement. Typical examples of curves that were considered linear are presented in Fig. 1-5. Because these automated procedures values were usually within five percent of each other the curvature could be easily detected. The plot of the WBC, RBC, hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelet concentrations from approximately 74.4 to $0{\times}10^3/{\mu}L$ and $80.4-0{\times}10^3/{\mu}L$, $5.6-0{\times}10^6/{\mu}L$ and $6.1-0{\times}1106/{\mu}L$, 18.3-0 g/dL and 19.0-0 g/dL, 54.1-0% and 56.8-0% and 642.0 to $0.03{\times}10^3{\mu}L$ and $754.0-0{\times}10^3/{\mu}L$ on the ADVIA 2120 C Versus and A and B typical of an acceptable linear study as shown in Fig. 1-5. The grand mean of R2, intercept and slope is 0.99898, 0.99459 and 1.54626.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.144-146
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• 2000

삼차원 입체조형치료는 정상조직의 장해를 최소화하고 종양부위에 집중적으로 조사할 수 있는 장점을 가지고 있어 임상 적용범위가 넓어지고 있다. 일반적으로 정상조직의 장해를 줄이기 위해 다양한 방사선 조사방향이 사용되며 특히 비 동일면상에서의 조사가 많이 이루어진다. 따라서 couch 회전이 동반되며 couch는 선형가속기의 다른 기계적 오차보다 많은 오차를 유발할 수 있는 잠재적인 위험을 안고 있다. 저자는 이러한 오차의 정도를 파악하고 이를 개선할 수 있는 방법에 대해 알아보고자 했다. couch 회전에 따른 Isocenter의 변화를 평가하기 위해 3대(Primus, Simens, USA/CL600c & 2100c, Varian, USA)의 선형가속기를 이용하였으며 이중 1대의 장비에는 couch 회전시 오차를 줄이기 위해 고안된 couch 고정장치를 장착하였다. 환자가 테이블에 부하를 주지 않은 상태에서 회전을 실시하여 Isocenter의 변화를 측정하고 환자가 테이블에 누워있는 상황을 재현하기 위해 human phantom을 위치시킨 후 동일한 회전검사를 실시하여 각각의 오차를 비교 분석하였다. 각 실험은 10회씩 반복 측정하여 평균치를 얻었으며 오차의 분석은 AAPM 권고안인 오차중심의 반경으로 표현했다. 3대의 선형가속기를 이용하여 얻은 결과 테이블에 부하를 주지 않은 상태의 회전오차는 평균 2mm, 3.2mm, 2mm로 측정되었으며 휴먼 phantom을 올려놓고 부하를 준 상태에서의 오차는 평균 2.1mm, 4mm, 2.1 mm이였다. 또한 고정장치를 이용한 상태에서의 평균오차는 1.9mm로 나타났다. 삼차원 입체조형치료 시 couch 회전에 따른 Isocenter 오차는 장비의 종류 및 작업자의 사용방법에 따라 다르게 나타났으며 테이블의 부하가 클수록 많은 오차를 보였다. 또한 couch 고정장치를 부착한 장비에서의 결과치 만이 AAPM에서 권고하는 오차의 한계에(${\le}2mm$) 들어감을 알 수 있었다. 따라서 정기적인 QA가 필수적이며 Couch Locking System과 같이 오차를 줄일 수 있는 보조장치의 부착이 많은 도움을 줄 것으로 생각된다. 아울러 이러한 오차를 보정할 수 있는 방법이 강구되어야 할 것으로 사료된다.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.1-9
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• 2015

PURPOSES : The objective of this study is to propose a quality control and quality assurance method for use during asphalt pavement construction using non-destructive methods, such as ground penetrating radar (GPR) and an infrared (IR) camera. METHODS : A 1.0 GHz air-coupled GPR system was used to measure the thickness and in situ density of asphalt concrete overlay during the placement and compaction of the asphalt layer in two test construction sections. The in situ density of the asphalt layer was estimated based on the dielectric constant of the asphalt concrete, which was measured as the ratio of the amplitude of the surface reflection of the asphalt mat to that of a metal plate. In addition, an IR camera was used to monitor the surface temperature of the asphalt mat to ensure its uniformity, for both conventional asphalt concrete and fiber-reinforced asphalt (FRA) concrete. RESULTS : From the GPR test, the measured in situ air void of the asphalt concrete overlay gradually decreased from 12.6% at placement to 8.1% after five roller passes for conventional asphalt concrete, and from 10.7% to 5.9% for the FRA concrete. The thickness of the asphalt concrete overlay was reduced from 7.0 cm to 6.0 cm for the conventional material, and from 9.2 cm to 6.4 cm for the FRA concrete. From the IR camera measurements, the temperature differences in the asphalt mat ranged from $10^{\circ}C$ to $30^{\circ}C$ in the two test sections. CONCLUSIONS : During asphalt concrete construction, GPR and IR tests can be applicable for monitoring the changes in in situ density, thickness, and temperature differences of the overlay, which are the most important factors for quality control. For easier and more reliable quality control of asphalt overlay construction, it is better to use the thickness measurement from the GPR.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.98-115
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• 2012

New trend called ubiquitous leads the recent business by standardization and integration. It should be the main issue how to guarantee the integration and accountability on each business, especially in mission critical system which is mainly supported by M2M (Machine to Machine) control mechanism. This study is from the analysis of digital forensics case study that is from the M2M Sensing Control Mechanism problem of the "Imjin River" case in 2009, where a group of family is swept away to death by water due to M2M control error. The ubiquitous surroundings bring the changes in the field of criminal investigation to real time controls such as M2M systems. The needs of digital forensics on M2M control are increasing on every crime scene but we suffer from the lack of control metrics to get this done efficiently. The court asks for more accurately analyzed results accounting high quality product development design. Investigators in the crime scene need real-time analysis against the crime caused by poor quality of mission critical systems. It seems to be every need of Real-Time-Enterprise, so called ubiquitous society on the case. We try to find the efficiency and productivity in discovering non-functional design defects in M2M convergence products focusing on three metrics in study model with quick implementation. Digital forensics system in present status depends on know-how of each investigator and is hard to expect professional analysis on every field. This study set up a hypothesis "Co-working of professional investigators on each field will qualify Performance and Integrity" especially in mission critical system such as M2M and suggests "Online co-work analysis model" to efficiently detect and prevent mission critical errors in advance. At the conclusion, this study proved the statistical research that was surveyed by digital forensics specialists around M2M crime scene cases with quick implementation of dash board.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.373-380
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• 1995

Photoinhibition of photosystem (PS) n was induced in primary leaves of 25 day-old peppers grown $100\;{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1},\;at\;25^{\circ}C$. The modulation of PSII functionality in vivo was induced by varying both irradiance ($0-3000\;{\mu}molm^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) and duration (0-70 min) of light treatment. The functionality of PSII was investigated in terms of photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and quantum yield of $O_2$ evolution, and expressed as a function of photon exposure [$mol\;photons{\cdot}m^{-2}$, the product of irradiance and duration of light treatment (Bell and Rose, 1981)]. Contrary to the linear decline of Fv/Fm ratio showing 50% decreases by absorption of $10\;mol\;photons{\cdot}m^{-2$, quantum yield of $O_2$ evolution decreased biphasically with increasing photon exposure, showing 50% decreases by absorption of $5.5\;mol\;photons{\cdot}m^{-2}$. Treatment of low temperature at $15^{\circ}C$ for 30 min alone did not affect the functionality of PSII, but high temperature ($45^{\circ}C$) significantly inactivated PSII activity. However, when Jeaves of pepper were subjected to low or high temperature in the presence of light, PSII was substantially photoinactivated. These results suggest the presence of different photoinhibitory mechanisms at low and high temperature.rature.