• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2023.11a
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• pp.39-40
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• 2023

Recently, due to the advancement of buildings, finishing methods using stone are increasing. However, finishing methods are not standardized and rely on workers' arbitrary methods. In stone finishing, many building defects occur due to adhesion performance, so the adhesion performance of stones attached with epoxy is important. Therefore, in this study, the adhesion performance of stones attached with epoxy was evaluated by exposing them to various environments. As a result of the experiment, the test specimens exposed to thermal shock showed only 20% of the standard test specimens' adhesion performance, and the test specimens cured at high and low temperatures showed the standard test specimens. It was expressed in 65-80% of the test specimens. Therefore, the adhesion performance of stone using epoxy was found to be vulnerable to repeated harsh environments.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.61-69
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• 2004

Building stones are used mainly as a material for making decoration and sculpture, and consequently they must have predominant physical properties extensively. Among various physical properties, the coefficient of pore dominates the usefulness of building stones, so the plans were made for establishing the quality classification of building stones with respect to the nature of pore. For this study, bore-hole core samples according to the depth of the biotite granites and the granitic gneiss were applicated. From the related chart between porosity and absorption ratio, Mungyeong granitic gneiss($Gn_1$) shows the widest phase of distribution in the range of measurement values, and the values decrease in the order of Pocheon granite($Gr_2$) and Mungyeong granite($Gr_1$) in the range. The strength of each rock mass varies with the degree of alteration. Also in correlation between compressive strength and tensile strength, the range of measurement values decrease in the order of $Gn_1$, $Gr_2$and $Gr_1$. Porosity is adopted as a representative physical property for establishing the quality classification of building stones, and then relative evaluation was made with regard to various physical properties. From the related chart between porosity(n)-specific gravity(G), absorption ratio(Ab), compressive strength(${\sigma}_{c}$), tensile strength(${\sigma}_{t}$), shore hardness(Hs) and Young's modulus($E_{t}$), standard of each grade is established.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2017.05a
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• pp.258-259
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• 2017

As the use of advanced quality materials in constructions has been increasing since 1980 with the improvements in the quality of life and economic scale, there has been drastic increase in constructions using stones for the internal and external construction materials. However, the reality is where many problems rise due to improper construction and management of uncertified stones which shorten the expiry date of the stones and act as the factor causing defects in buildings. Such defects not only bring economic losses but also influence consumer choice and act as risk factors to demand expansion of stone market. Therefore, the object of this study lies on proposing plans to prevent personal and economical losses due to repetitive defects by deriving the types of defects generated by process in stone constructions and identify the causes. Also, proposing construction process management plans as the measure for defect prevention, analyzing problems of stone constructions followed by the whole proves of design, construction and maintenance of stones, and solving such problems through appropriate participation of professional consultants depending on situations.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2022.04a
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• pp.172-173
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• 2022

Rough stones of aggregates used as concrete aggregates for 6 regions in Korea were sampled and the reactivity of alkali aggregates was analyzed using chemical analysis method and mortar rod method.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.66-87
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• 2009

The definition of the structure of wooden chamber tomb(piled stone-type) is as follows. It is a tomb with wooden chamber, and stones were piled on top of the wooden chamber, and then a wooden structure was placed on top of the piled stones, and more stones were piled on top of the wooden structure, and sealed with clay. Of course this definition can vary according to periods, the buried, etc. Gyeongju-style piled stone type wooden chamber tombs have some distinguished characteristics compared to general definition of piled stone type wooden chamber tombs. Outside the wooden chamber, either stone embankments or filled-in stones were layed out, and pilet-in stones are positioned right above the wooden chamber, and almost every class used this type, and finally, it is exclusively found in Gyeongju area. First generations of this Gyeongju-style piled stone type wooden chamber tombs appeared in first half of 5th century. These tombs inherited characteristics like ground plan, wooden chamber, double chamber(inner chamber and outer chamber), piled stones, burial of the living with the dead, piled stones, from precedent wooden chamber tombs. However these tombs have explicit new characteristics which are not found in the precedent wooden chamber tombs such as stone embankments, wooden pillars, piled stones(above ground level), soil tumuluses. stone embankments and wooden pillars are exclusively found on great piled stone type above-ground level wooden chamber tombs such as the Hwangnamdaechong(皇南大塚). Stone embankments, wooden pillars, piled stones(above ground level) are all elements of building process of soil tumuluses. stone embankments support outer wall of above-ground level wooden chambers and disperse the weight of tumuluses. Wooden pillars functioned as auxiliary supports with wooden structures to prevent the collapse of stone embankments. Piled stones are consists of stones of regular size, placed on the wooden structure. And after the piled stones were sealed with clay, tumulus was built with soil. Piled stones are unique characteristics which reflects the environment of Gyeongju area. Piled stone type wooden chamber tombs are located on the vast and plain river basin of Hyeongsan river(兄山江). Which makes vast source of sands and pebbles. Therefore, tumulus of these tombs contains large amount of sands and are prone to collapse if soil tumulus was built directly on the wooden structure. Consequently, to maintain external shape of the tumulus and to prevent collapse of inner structure, piled stones and clay-sealing was made. In this way, they can prevent total collapse of the tombs even if the tumulus was washed away. The soil tumulus is a characteristic which emerges when a nation or political entity reaches certain growing stage. It can be said that after birth of a nation, growing stage follows and social structure will change, and a newly emerged ruling class starts building new tombs, instead of precedent wooden chamber tombs. In this process, soil tumulus was built and the size and structure of the tombs differ according to the ruling class. Ground plan, stone embankments, number of the persons buried alive with the dead, quantity and quality of artifacts reflect social status of the ruling class. In conclusion, Gyeongju-style piled stone type wooden chamber tombs emerged with different characteristics from the precedent wooden chamber tombs when Shilla reached growing stage.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2023.05a
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• pp.189-190
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• 2023

Environmental pollution problems are occurring in Jeju Island due to negative treatment of basalt waste. Measures for various approaches and utilization measures are needed to solve the problem of waste stones that occur during basalt processing. In this study, the Properties of permeable blocks with basalt were identified and the applicability and functionality as building materials were reviewed. This experiment is basic data for evaluating the functionality of the permeable block by manufacturing permeable blocks using basalt waste stones and analyzing flexural strength and compressive strength. The higher the basalt waste stone replacement rate, the lower the flexural strength and compressive strength, but it was judged that 20% of basalt waste stone replacement rate that satisfies the minimum flexural strength (4.0MPa) stipulated in KS F 4419 was appropriate. In addition, additional permeability coefficient and absorption rate experiments tended to increase as the basalt lung stone replacement rate increased. Therefore, it is judged that the permeable block using basalt waste stone is superior to the existing permeable block.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.12-26
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• 2014

This study has researched the forms of arrangement and use of the oddly shaped stones which were used at palaces during Joseon Dynasty based on arrangements of stones as shown in Donggwoldo(東闕圖), and tried to identify its special features. The sorts of stone's arrangements which set formal patterns by assisting an axis in Donggwoldo can be classified as the single type using one stone, the symmetrical type using 2 stones symmetrically and the parallel type using 3 or more stones. The single type was used to endow a focal point and to accent centrality by arranging a stone on the axis performed from formal shaped buildings. The symmetrical type was used to show order and hierarchy by placing two odd-shaped stones on either side of a building. And the parallel type which is arranged three stones side by side, is put a middle stone on the central axis line to determine strong directional and frontality. Also similarity to method of arrangement of stones can be found from planting trees in a prominent way for scenery or planting trees symmetrically. Stones and trees can be chosen according to nature and scale of places and basically their effects of formation of axis and creating typical space is same. Based on these respect, the characteristics of arrangement of stones shown in Donggwoldo can be briefly summarized as follows. First, the oddly shaped stones were used by creating a centripetal space in order to show a grade of rank. Second, the distances among stones could be adjusted to the sizes of the architecture which was at the center. The aim was to provide stability through the balanced composition between the central axis and symmetrical structures. Third, the form of regularity was added by using stone vase in consideration of irregular shape of stone causing interference in forming regular symmetry. Fourth, a centrality was emphasized by adding change to central stones in the parallel type used 3 erect stones. Fifth, the sizes of stone were limited in order to make smooth for the mix and adjustment of its position with the types of other garden ornaments, so the oddly shaped stones in palace have portability. Sixth, the oddly shaped stones in palace which were appreciated as inspirational object basically were a sculpture of the same quality with suiseki (壽石), and the appreciative method, the composition and shape had developed in the same texture. Finally, the even number of stones by parallel type were arranged by equal partition. But odd number of stones followed the method with symmetrical arrangement on its center stone. These principles of stone arrangement are judged as distinguishing methods which oddly shaped stones was made and used in Joseon palaces.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.123-133
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• 2018

The historical exchanges between the Republic of Korea and Japan have broadly occurred, in terms of both political and cultural aspects, from ancient to modern times. Regarding ancient gardening culture, in particular, Asuka developed gardens with the gardening techniques passed down by the Baekje people. The development of the basic form of a garden pond along with its characteristics, established through such exchanges, is suggested by investigating its components through analysis of data from the gardens of Baekje and Asuka. In terms of the garden pond structure, homogeneity was confirmed between Baekje and Asuka, with a linear rectangular form as the basic design. In addition, the vertical construction technique was used by both ancient kingdoms. In terms of the types of stone used in building the shore of the garden pond, Baekje used diverse types such as natural stone, crushed stone, and cut stone. In contrast, rounded river stone was used by Asuka. Regarding the floor of the garden pond, Baekje used soil, which enabled the planting of lotus flowers. In contrast, Asuka used stones to pave pond floors, which made the growth of plants impossible. In terms of layout, Baekje used ornamental stones for pond landscaping, while Asuka used manmade island and water intake facilities in their pond construction. The effects of Baekje's garden culture on Asuka's garden building can be seen from its influence on the form of the garden pond and shore construction style. In terms of the construction of the garden pond's shore with the same stones and the stone flooring, the garden ponds of the Asuka Kingdom reveal technically unified and refined aspects.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.124-130
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• 2001

We have increasing number of new ponds planned and designed in traditional styles. However, many of the stoneworks at the edges of those new ponds are not the characteristics of our traditional ponds. This study is aiming at surveying and analysing the building techniques of Korean traditional water edges built with stones, by investigating selected ponds in royal palace gardens. This study was conducted through field investigation and literature reviews. Nine ponds from Gyongbok Palace, Changdeok Palace, and Changgyong Palace, which have many well-preserved ponds of various styles, were surveyed. First of all, the building materials (stones), or the kinds and sizes of stones used for the edges of ponds were surveyed. Secondly, construction methods, or the height and techniques of buildings stone walls were surveyed. Major findings were, first, the edges of most ponds constructed with granite Jangdaeseok, usually 120cm-140cm long, and 30cm-40cm thick. The only exceptions were those ponds which seemed to have been influenced by Japanese style. Second, typical pond ages were up-right vertical walls. Granite jangdaeseoks were piled-up 2 stories or up to six stories. Exceptions were Bandoji Pond and Chundangji Pond which had been constructed during latest period(King 'Ghojong' period). Third, heith of stone walls were between 60cm and 220cm. The depth of ponds were about 150cm or less, and the rest of the edge wall height was freeboard. Though the results of this study was not made by precise investigation and actual measurement, they could be fundamental information and data for the traditional styles of the Chosun dynasty Palace. It is believed that continuous researches on this matter will result in important and fundamental data of the establishment of traditional water edges.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.3-10
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• 2008

The basestone is a kind of foundation part of the building and can be said to deliver the loads from the upper part to ground. It is the explanation of structural role for the basestone. But the basestone has been used as the decorative element in a building. So this study is on design of the basestone. First the type division can be studied as form of the basestones. Also the investigation of development aspect of them needs to as times and the spatial characteristics. Another goal of this study is on the design characteristics of the basestone from the comparison to the basestone in ancient Japan was initiated in the architectural technology from Korea. The results are as follows. In Baekje rectangular basestones were used in static space for ceremony and circular ones were used in dynamic space for life. Also the basestones with joojwa(smoothing surface for sitting on column) were used for accessory buildings rather than main. In Silla the same type of basestone was made in a temple but according to hierarchy of buildings the sizes of them seem to have been different. The other side in Japan carved basestones were for the main buildings and for the accessory natural stones were used to. According to the hierarchy of the buildings the kinds of stones were different.