• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2016

Cholestasis results from impairment in the excretion of bile, which may be due to mechanical obstruction of bile flow or impairment of excretion of bile components into the bile canaliculus. When present, cholestasis warrants prompt diagnosis and treatment. The differential diagnosis of cholestasis beyond the neonatal period is broad and includes congenital and acquired etiologies. It is imperative that the clinician differentiates between intrahepatic and extrahepatic origin of cholestasis. Treatment may be supportive or curative and depends on the etiology. Recent literature shows that optimal nutritional and medical support also plays an integral role in the management of pediatric patients with chronic cholestasis. This review will provide a broad overview of the pathophysiology, diagnostic approach, and management of cholestasis beyond the neonatal and infancy periods.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.49-54
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• 1986

Effect of sodium taurodeoxycholate (TDC) infused intravenously on the pharmacokinetics of methylene blue (MB) was studied in the rat to investigate the role of ion-pair complexation in the body on drug elimination and disposition. Distribution volume (Vd) of MB was increased significantly (p< 0.05) by TDC infusion. Considering together with the fact that apparent partition coefficient (APC) of MB between phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) and n-octanol was increased markedly by TDC, the increase in Vd seemed to be the result of decreased polarity of MB by ion-pair formation with TDC. But total body clearance (CLt) and biliary excretion clearance (CLbil) of MB were not increased significantly by TDC.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1997

This study was done to investigate the effect of vitamin C on hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced hepatic injury ul isolated perfused rat liver. Isolated livers from rats fasted 18 hours were subjected to 45 min of hypoxia followed by reoxygenation for 45 min. The perfusion medium used was Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4) and 0.5 mmol/L of vitamin C was added to the perfusate. Alanine aminotransferase (ALI) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels were significantly increased by hypoxia/reoxygenation. These increases were augmented by vitamin C. Glucose output and bile flow were markedly decreased by hypoxia/reoxygenation. Vitamin C aggavated the decrease of glucose output but had little effect on bile flow. Our findings suggest that hypoxia/reoxygenation diminishes hepatic metabolic and secretory functions, and vitamin C significantly aggravates these changes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.344-349
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was carried out to investigate the effect of scoparone(6, 7-dimethoxyco-umarin) on liver function. Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with scoparone at a dose of 20mg/kg body weight for 5 days. Hepatic bile flow, liver weight, BSP(bromosulfophthalein) biliary excretion, alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) activities, malondialdehyde production and lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) release were assayed. Among them, ALT and AST activities, malondialdehyde production and LDH release were assayed by using primary hepatocyte cultures at a concentration of 0.1mg/ml. Scoparone treatment had no effect on liver weight and hepatic bile flow. Scoparone treatment not only increased BSP biliary excretion, but also recovered the decreased BSP biliary excretion by CCl4, Also scoparone significantly decreased with the increases of ALT and AST activities, malondialdehyde production and LDH release induced by CCl4. These results suggested that scoparone could protect the liver damage by chemicals via promoting the liver excretory function.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.7 no.1_4
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• pp.38-50
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• 1977

A study on the mechanism of biliary and urinary excretion of chloramphenicol has been performed in the dog. 1) Chloramphenicol administered intravenously to dogs with ligated renal pedicle, readily appeared in bile greater than in plasma. 6.9% of a 50mg /kg i. v. dose of chloramphenicol were excreted into bile within 100 minutes. During the same periods of above experiment, the bile/plasma concentration ratios(B/P ratios) were 46 to 87. 2) Chloramphenicol injected into the vein of dog was rapidly excreted into urine. 18% of the administered dose were excreted into urine within 70 minutes. In the same periods of this experiment, Ccm/Ccr ratios were greater than 1.0 in most cases. 3) In experiment of simultaneous measurement of biliary and urinary excretion of chloramphenicol, Ccm/Ccr ratios were less than 1.0 and B/P ratios were 50 to 52. 4) In experiment measured simultaneously biliary and urinary excretion both Ccm/Ccr and $C^Hcm$(hepatic clearance) were significantly declined by probenecid, but not affected by 2,4-DNP and aminophylline although 2,4-DNP increased only bile flow and aminophylline both bile and urine volume. 5) Ccm/Ccr and $C^Hcm$ were increased in proportion to increment of plasma concentration ranging from 3.3 to 30 mg% of chloramphenicol. But when plasma concentration were increased to 70mg %, Ccm/Ccr were not increased and $C_Hcm$ were reduced about 30% in comparison with values obtajned at 30mg% of chloramphenicol. 6) Free/Bound(free to bouid from) ratios ranging from 1.0 to 90.0mg% of chloramphenicol were 76.2+3.72% $(mean{\pm}S.E.)$ Above results suggest that chloramphenicol is excreted into bile by a process of active trasport, that excretion of chloramphenicol into urine was made up with dual process, reabsorption and secretion, and that renal secretion was attained by active trasport process although renal reabsorption process could not understand.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.104-109
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• 2011

Recently, we have demonstrated that green tea extract (GTE) decreases the intestinal absorption of benzo[a]pyrene (BAP), which is an extremely lipophilic food contaminant. The present study was conducted to examine if an enteral infusion of GTE would influence the biliary secretion of BAP and lipids in rats. Female rats were fed an AIN-93G diet with or without (control) GTE at 5 g/kg diet for 4 week. Following the 4-week dietary treatment, rats with bile duct cannula were infused continuously for 8 hr at 3.0 mL/hr via a duodenal catheter with a lipid emulsion containing $4.0\;{\mu}mol$ BAP labeled with $^{14}C$ ($^{14}C$-BAP), $20.7\;{\mu}mol$ cholesterol, $452\;{\mu}mol$ triolein, and $3.1\;{\mu}mol$ ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, and $396.0\;{\mu}mol$ Na-taurocholate with or without 76.1 mg GTE powder in PBS buffer (pH, 6.4). Bile was collected hourly via bile cannula for an 8 hr period. Our results showed that bile flow did not differ between groups. However, the biliary secretion of $^{14}C$-BAP was significantly enhanced by GTE infusion, compared with those infused with the lipid emulsion alone. However, GTE did not affect the biliary outputs of cholesterol, fat, phospholipid and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol. These findings indicate that GTE has a profound stimulatory effect on the biliary excretion of BAP in rats, without affecting other biliary lipids. The mechanism(s) by which GTE enhances the biliary secretion of BAP remains to be investigated.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.471-475
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• 1997

Livers isolated from 18 hours fasted rats were subjected to N$_{2}$ hypoxia (for 45 min) followed by reoxygenation (for 45 min). The perfusion medium used was Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (KHBB, pH 7.4). Lactate and alanine were added as gluconeogenic and ureagenic substrates and Trolox C was also added to perfusate. Oxygen consumption, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alanine transaminase (ALT), total glutathione, oxidized glutathione, bile flow, glucose and urea were measured. After hypoxia oxygen consumption significantly dropped but Trolox C had no influence on this decrease. ALT and LDH were significantly increased by hypoxia/reoxygenation. This increase was markedly attenuated in the presence of Trolox C. The total glutathione and oxidized glutathione efflux increased following hypoxia, which were prevented by the treatment of Trolox C. Bile flow rate decreased following hypoxia/reoxygenation but did not continue to decrease in the reoxygenation phase by Trolox C. Following hypoxia/reoxygenation glucose and urea releases decreased. Trolox C had no influence on inhibition of glucose and urea production. These results suggest that Trolox C protected the liver cells against hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, yielding further evidence for a causative role of oxidative stress in this model.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.1 s.26
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• pp.41-50
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• 1980

Chenodeoxycholic acid(CDCA) has been used as a gallstone dissolving agent since 1972. Recently, ursodeoxycholic acid(UDCA) has been reported to be effective in dissolving gallstones. Both bile acids increased bile flow. The increase in bile flow associated with an increase in cholesterol level in bile after CDCA or UDCA infusion was reported. In this study, using the smooth muscle strips of guinea pig and fowl, responses of the cholates were observed. In addition, the influence of adrenergic blocking agents on the response of the strips to cholates was investigated. Also the effects of cholates on cardiac function were examined by using isolated atria of rabbit and heart of anesthetized frog. The results are as follows: 1) All cholates, such as UDCA, CDCA, and CA produced a marked inhibitory effect on the motility in isolated duodenal strip of guinea pig and fowl, however, only UDCA showed the contraction in the isolated esophagus of fowl. These effects of cholates were blocked by propranolol. 2) In isolated guinea pig stomach strip and gall bladder, cholates exhibited a marked inhibitory effect on the motility and the effects due to UDCA and CA were blocked by phenoxybenzamine while CDCA was not affected. 3) The spontaneous and ouabain induced arrhythmia was partially abolished by cholates. However, concomitant administration of cholates with ouabain or epinephrine caused a marked prolongation in occurrence of atrial arrhythmia in comparison with ouabain or epinephrine alone in isolated rabbit atria. 4) In the heart of anesthetized frog, the epinephrine-induced arrhythmia was partially abolished by cholates. The combined treatment with cholates and ouabain or epinephrine produced a marked prolongation in occurrence of the arrhythmia in comparison with, ouabain or epinephrine alone. From the above results, it can be suggested that the effects of cholates on the smooth muscle of duodenum and esophagus are produced in response to adrenergic ${\beta}$-receptor and the effect or gall bladder and stomach is more likely due to the direct effect on the muscle. In addition, cholates exhibit a slight antiarrhythmic effect on heart, therefore, cholates can be classified as a nonselective antiarrhythmic drug, such as propranolol.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.13 no.2_3
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• pp.67-70
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• 1969

Gall duct cannulated rats were given daphnetin, umbelliferone, 4-hydroxy-coumarin, dicoumarol, 4,7-dihydroxycoumarin, 4,7-dimethyl-5-hydroxy-coumarin, coumarin-3-carboxylic acid, cinnamic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid by duodenal catheter at room temperature and output of bile flow was detected. All of the subjected compounds in this experiment indicated a significant effect on the biliary elimination except cinnamic acid alone. It is suggested that a relationship exists between chemical pattern and biological activity for coumarin derivatives and their precursors, and that the choleretic activity of these compounds requires hydroxylated cinnamic acid structure as the most fundamental chemical pattern.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.75-79
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• 2001

Objective: To evaluate the biodurability of the covering material in retrievable metallic stents covered with polycarbonate polyurethane. Materials and Methods: Using a peristaltic pump at a constant rate of 1ml/min, bile was recirculated from a reservoir through a long tube containing four stents. Each of these was removed from the system every two weeks and a radial tensile strength test and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed. Each stent, removed at 2, 4, 6 and 8 weeks, was compared with a control stent not exposed to bile juice. Results: Gross examination showed that stents were intact at 2 weeks, but at 4, 6 and 8 weeks cracks were observed. The size of these increased gradually in accordance with the duration of exposure, and at 8 weeks several large holes in the polyurethane membrane were evident. With regard to radial tensile strength, extension and peak load at break were 84.47% and 10.030 N/mm, 54.90% and 6.769 N/mm, 16.55% and 2.452 N/mm, 11.21% and 1.373 N/mm at 0, 2, 4 and 6 weeks, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy at 2 weeks revealed intermittent pitting and cracking, and examination at 4, 6 and 8 weeks showed that the size of these defects was gradually increasing. Conclusion: When the polyurethane membrane was exposed to bile, biodegradation was first observed at week two and increased gradually according to the duration of exposure.