• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.125-125
• /
• 1995

There has been an increased awareness of the need to confirm the chloroform exposure associated with using chlorinated household water. Ten of a 30-minute tub bath were normally taken by two volunteers in a bathroom of an apartment. Chloroform concentrations were measured in bathing water and bathroom air, and exhaled breath of the subjects prior to and after bathing. Bathing using chlorinated tap water resulted in a chloroform exposure and caused a body burden. Based on the difference of chloroform concentrations between breath samples collected prior to and after bathing, the chloroform body burden from a 30-minute bath was estimated to be about 8 to 26 folds higher than that prior to the bath. The mean water and bathroom air chloroform concentrations measured to evaluate the body burden were $9.4\mu\textrm{g}/l$ and TEX>$14.9\mu\textrm{g}/m^3$, respectively. The chloroform level of the bathroom air was 각 to 130 times higher than that of the living-room air. The relationship between the bathroom air and the corresponding breath chloroform concentrations were significant with p=0.03 and $R^2=0.47$.

• Journal of rehabilitation welfare engineering & assistive technology
• /
• v.8 no.1
• /
• pp.19-26
• /
• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the human body effect according to micro bubble and LED lighting in half body bathing. This study was conducted on 6 elderly male and 7 female in 70's, and the subjects were classified into half body bathing with the micro bubble group (3 male, 4 female) and without the micro bubble group (3 male, 3 female) to proceed to the experiment. Experiments were performed 4 times by changing the LED lighting colors. As a result, parasympathetic nerves were activated than sympathetic nerves (micro bubble stimulation : 21.41%) and the temperature of the body were increased by $5.93^{\circ}C$ with micro bubble and red lighting stimulation. It is considered that this work will help to utilize the half body bathing system for the micro bubble and LED lighting.

• Journal of Naturopathy
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.19-25
• /
• 2021

Purposes: This study investigated how saliva cortisol, blood vessel health type, and blood vessel health index changed after forest bathing with subjects in the Samdasu Forest. Methods: After the forest bathing, we measured cortisol change in saliva and heart rate variability with subjects. Results: In the experimental group who took forest bathing for two hours in the Samdasu Forest, the stress cortisol content secreted in saliva decreased significantly compared to the control group (p<.05). Besides, the vascular age type significantly increased (p<.03), and the vascular age index significantly decreased (p<.032).There were no significant results in the control group. Conclusions: It is evaluated that forest bathing in Samdasu Forest in Jeju Island had the effect of reducing saliva cortisol and increasing blood vessel age.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.219-231
• /
• 1993

The author introduces the preventive and therapeutic methods of diseases in Japanese flounder which have been conducted by the Fish Disease Laboratory, the Mikamewan Fishery Cooperative Union, Ehime Prefecture, since 1982. Prevention 1. Addition of a sand substrate in the culture pond was effective to prevent ulcer disease. 2. Bathing in 0.5ppm of copper ion was effective to prevent some parasites. 3. Low stocking density of the fish reduced an incidence of edwardsiellosis or gliding bacterial disease. 4. Removal of the diseased fish prevented thd spread of lyphoeystis. 5. So-called $\pi$-water was effective to prevent the fry from some diseases. 6. Immersion of the juvenile in a sodium nifrusylate solution during transportation was effective to prevent gliding bacterial disease. Therapy 1. Sodium nifrustylate or oxytetracycline was effective to cure gliding bacterial disease. 2. Bathing in formalin(150ppm) or freshwater was effective to cure scuticociliatidosis. 3. Erythromycin was effective to cure $\beta$-hemolytic Streptococcus sp. infection. 4. Bathing in a hydrogen peroxide solution(1.5%) was effective to cure white spot disease.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
• /
• v.4 no.3
• /
• pp.53-64
• /
• 2001

Bathing beach may be one of the ocean resorts in popular, which peoples can easily access in summer. Three beaches in Jeiu island are surveyed about natural environmental conditions using coastal engineering technique and questionnaire are carried out. Also the satisfaction index on the sand size, wave height, water temperature, transparency and bottom slope is gained very well. The results obtained from this study can be utilized making a new artificial bathing beach in the future.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.57 no.1
• /
• pp.110-123
• /
• 2024

Onyanghaenggung Palace(temporary palace at Onyang) is an important cultural heritage that can substantially confirm the king's visiting at hot springs based on literature records such as <Ongungyeonggoedae(溫宮靈槐臺)>, <Oncheonhaenggungdo(溫泉行宮圖)> of 『Ongungsasil(溫宮事實)』, <Younggoedaedo(靈槐臺圖)>, 『Younggoedaegi(靈槐臺記)』 and cultural properties such as Yeonggoedae(靈槐臺) and Shinjeong Monument(神井碑). Through a photo taken by Hermann Sander in 1906, it can be confirmed that the hot springs(Tangsil building) at Onyanghaenggung Palace during the Joseon Dynasty was maintained until the early Japanese colonial period. The purpose of this study is to estimate the compositions of the hot springs(Tangsil building) in Onyanghaenggung Palace based on literature records and <Oncheonhaenggungdo>(1795). To achieve these purposes, we firstly examined the changes in Onyanghaenggung Palace and the hot springs (Tangsil building); secondly, the bathing behaviors of kings were reviewed; thirdly, we organized the architectural composition of the hot springs (Tangsil building) according to "Ongung Repair" of 『Ongungsasil (溫宮事實)』; and fourthly, by comparing Sander's photo in the early days of Japanese colonial rule, the architectural composition of the hot springs (Tangsil building) in the late Joseon Dynasty was examined. The results of this study are as follows. First, the hot springs(Tangsil building) of Onyanghaenggung Palace were continuously connected to the Onjeongsil(溫井室) in the reign of King Hyeonjong and maintained until 『Hoseo-eupji』 (1871) in the late Joseon Dynasty. It matches the photograph taken by Hermann Sander(1906) and <1912 Onyang Hot Springs in Asan City>(1912) of Korea Copyright Commission during the early Japanese colonial period. Second, the various king's bathing methods during the Joseon Dynasty were adopted such as washing, spilling and bathing head while sitting on a bathing platform or chair, or exposing the steam of hot spring water, dipping feet into the water and a half-body soaking bath below the navel immersed in water. Third, the stone bathtubs of hot springs(Tangsil building) are composed of the upper bath which was hot spring water gushes out from the northwest, bends to the east, enters the middle bath, and bends to the south to come out to the outside to gather in the lower bath. Around the stone bathtubs, pebble stones brought in from Taean were laid on the floor of the hot springs(Tangsil building). From the above considerations, the compositions of the Tangsil building in Onyang Temporary Palace is based on the king's approach from the main royal building, the king's bathing method and bathing tools, the bathing behavior of enlisted medical officers and bathing assistants, and each rooms mentioned in "Ongung Repair". By comparing it with Hermann Sander's photo, the architectural compositions of the hot springs(Tangsil building) can be estimated.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.434-442
• /
• 2016

This study examined differences in the preference of the fest therapy program regarding stress level. Using convenience sampling method, the surveys on the preferred type of forest healing program and social and psychological stress scales was carried out for adult male and female. As a basis of Psycho social Stress Scale (PWI-SF: Psychosocial Well-being Index Short Form), the adult 620 people were classified such as healthy group, potential stress group, high-risk stress group. The data were analyzed by use of SPSS 21.0 program. To see the difference in preferences for forest therapy program between the three groups according to stress levels, it was analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Depending on the stress levels, there were differences in the preferences of forest healing program such as breathing, breathing exercises, walking in the forest, listening to the sound of water flowing, viewing the forest, counseling, consultation and expert coaching, stress-related lectures, communication-related lectures, forest bathing wind bathing sun bathing. High-risk stress group preferred cognitive based program such as counseling, consultation and expert coaching, stress-related lectures, communication-related lectures. Healthy group appeared to prefer highly emotional approach of the program to take advantage of the five senses such as breathing, breathing exercises, walking in the forest, listening to the sound of water flowing, viewing the forest, forest bathing, wind bathing, sun bathing. Noticeable preference difference was not observed in the potential stress group. It is hoped this study will serve as a basis for the development of forest healing program regarding stress level.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.24 no.5
• /
• pp.837-842
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study is to develop bathing aids as a strategic products to promote the medical tourism in Sancheong Jirisan Oriental medicinal herbs special district using medicinal herbs produced in Sancheong province, and to verify the effect of the bathing aids in vitro. We investigated the cytotoxicity activity, antioxidant activity, antiaging and whitening effects of Sanchung-PNU 1 (SP1) and Sanchung-PNU 2 (SP2) made with traditional medicinal herbs. The cytotoxicity activity was measured by MTT (3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Antioxidant activities were determined by DPPH (1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging capacity assay. We measured the inhibitory effect against tyrosinase activity to prove the whitening effect, and the inhibitory effect against elastase activity to prove the anti-aging effect. Two proposed prescriptions, SP1 and SP2, showed not significant cytotoxicity but significant (p<0.001) improvement in anti-oxidation, anti-wrinkle, and whitening effects compared to the control group. The result shows that these bathing aids have excellent DPPH radical scavenging effect and significant inhibitory effect against elastase and tyrosinase activity. These findings suggest that these bathing aids have a strong antioxidant, anti-aging, and whitening effect.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.207-213
• /
• 1996

The kinetic change of electrical resistance of hairless mouse skin as a function of ionic strength of the bathing medium was determined from impedance measurements. After increasing (decreasing) the ionic strength of the bathing medium, resistance decreased (increased) continuously with time, finally reaching an equilibrium value. We have modelled this process, using nonsteady-state diffusion kinetics. The results show semi-quantitative correlation between theoretically derived and experimentally obtained values. Overall, this work provides further mechanistic insight into ion-conduction through the skin.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
• /
• v.13 no.2
• /
• pp.301-316
• /
• 2004

In this study, 2,238 incidents from History of the Three States, Prehistory of the Three States, History of Koryo, True Records of Chosun Dynasty had been analyzed in order to examine the bathing styles of Koreans. The results were as follows. In the period of Three States, baths were taken for the purposes of cleanness, remedy, and beauty culture as well as etiquettes. And spa, rainwater, rivers, streams, and bath tubs were used. In the period of Koryo, it included not only reasons for etiquettes as in the period of the Three States but also reasons for medical care and daily life. In spa, temples, and homes, baths were taken by using perfumes and towels. In Chosun Dynasty, daily baths were for hygiene, health, and bodily charms. Before religious ceremonies, they made sure that they took baths, and spa baths were popular for the medical care. The ways to take baths included the order which area was the first to be washed, time, and areas concretely, and seasons, weather, and conditions of body were considered before taking baths. Moreover, the places included natural places such as streams, reservoirs, rivers, as well as artificial places such as temples, places for envoys, and palaces. Especially, in spa areas, bathing buildings were constructed. Considering all these, baths were taken for the purposes of ceremonies and medical care in the period of the Three States, and daily baths took down their roots in the period of Koryo. In the period of Chosun Dynasty, spa baths for cures, prays and rituals, hygiene and bodily charms were considered as a reason. How to take baths and means were decided carefully. Therefore, the results above demonstrated that baths took down their roots in people's daily life in Korea since the period of Koryo.