• 제목/요약/키워드: aviation law case

검색결과 61건 처리시간 0.019초

주요국가의 항공보안 관련 법 및 제도의 변화 연구 (A Study on Change of Aviation Law and System to Aviation Security for Major Countries after 9. 11 Aviation Terror)

  • 이강석
    • 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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    • 제21권2호
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    • pp.123-155
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    • 2006
  • 2001년 미국의 9, 11 항공테러 사건이후에 항공안전 및 보안에 대한 문제점이 지적되면서 이에 대한 효율적인 대책의 필요성이 논의되어왔다. 1950년대 최초 공중납치 사건이 발생한 이후 오늘날에 이르러서는 상당히 다양한 방법으로 항공범죄가 행해지고 있는 가운데 본 논문에서는 전세계 주요국가의 항공보안에 대한 법적 제도적 이슈를 중심으로 변화하는 양상을 체계적으로 정리하였다. 최근 항공테러의 양상과 이에 대한 항공보안의 법적 제도적 발전 형태를 체계적으로 고찰해보고 이에 대한 각국의 항공보안의 법적 제도적 이슈를 비교하여 우리나라에 대한 항공보안의 적용방안을 살펴보았다.

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항공판례의 연구 -국제항공운송조약의 적용문제를 중심으로- (A Study on the Aviation Case Law -Focusing on the Application of Treaties for the International Carriage by Air-)

  • 김종복
    • 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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    • 제21권1호
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    • pp.29-63
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    • 2006
  • 본 논문은 국제항공운송인의 책임에 관한 조약의 적용문제에 관한 항공판례를 1) 공간적 적용문제, 2) 인적 적용문제, 3) 물적 적용문제, 4) 시간적 적용문제로 크게 4 부분으로 나누어 연구하였다. 첫째, 공간적 적용문제와 관련하여서는 (1) 국제선 구간에서의 적용의 해석에 관한 판례, (2) 조약의 배타적 적용에 관한 판례, (3) 원 조약 체결국과 개정조약 체결국간의 적용문제에 관한 판례를 살펴보았는데 특히 각각 다른 Legal Instrument에 가입하여 문제된 판례는 평석을 곁들였다. 둘째, 인적 적용문제와 관련하여서는 그 적용대상에 따라 (1) 계약운송인, 실제운송인, (2) 순차운송인, (3) 이행보조자, (4) 기타의 경우로 나누어 살펴보았다. 셋째, 물적 적용문제는 적용범위에 중점을 두어 (1) 항공기 승강중의 사고, (2)항공운송중의 사고, (3) 운항취소 및 운송지연의 경우로 나누어 살펴보았다. 넷째, 시간적 적용문제는 조약의 발효일 문제를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 다른 모든 법률분야와 마찬가지로 항공법 분야에서도 판례의 중요성은 아무리 강조해도 지나치다고 할 수 없다. 따라서 비록 본 논문이 방대한 항공판례 중 그 일부를 연구 소개하지만 앞으로 이것이 계기가 되어 우리나라에서도 제대로 된 본격적인 항공판례 연구가 이루어지길 기대한다.

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항공에서 부주의 또는 무모한 운항 형태에 관한 연구 (A Study on the careless or reckless flight in aviation)

  • 함세훈;황호원
    • 한국항공운항학회지
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    • 제18권3호
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    • pp.77-83
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    • 2010
  • "The prohibition of careless or reckless flight" is the regulation specified not only in the national air law but ICAO ANNEX and FAR. This article(item) has not been categorized properly unlike other items and the question such as why this is described as a fundamental and essential act can be answered only by the party subjected to administrative measures in case of Korea and this kind of violation is so rare that it is not easy to understand the legal meaning and the function of the term, "The prohibition of careless or reckless flight" In case of U.S where aviation cases are common, the distinction between the term "careless" or "reckless" operation depends on whether to recognize the given situation. Some incidents happened by failing to aware NOTAM, violating ATC, or T/W landing where a pilot did not recognize the violation itself are considered to be "Careless" flight. Others such as low altitude high speed flight, approximate flight, Rejecting ATC instruction where a pilot intends to or is remiss in safety are regarded as "Reckless" flight. For pilots who are required to take the highest level of care from preparing for flight to stopping engines or completely disembarking passengers from a plane, the clear understanding of the most basic concept of "careless" or "reckless" flight should be emphasized for the safe flight and it is the time for the authorities to set a standard for proper measures by definite legal interpretations.

항공판례의 연구 - 여객운송인의 책임을 중심으로 - (A Study on the Aviation Case Law - Focusing on the Air Carrier's Liability for Passenger -)

  • 김종복
    • 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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    • 제22권2호
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    • pp.53-83
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    • 2007
  • The purpose of this paper is to study precedent cases of the Air carrier liability for passengers. The article 17 of Warsaw Convention (also in Montreal Convention article 17-1) provides the Air carrier liability for passengers which is the most essential part of the Air carrier liability. According to these Conventions, 1) the carrier is liable for damage sustained in case of death or bodily injury of a passenger. Precedents and theories have disagreements on whether the damage covers the mental injury as well. 2) The carrier is liable for damage sustained from aviation accident. The definition of 'aviation accident' is becoming problematic. 3) The carrier is liable for damage sustained in case of death or bodily injury of a passenger upon condition only that the accident which caused the death or injury took place on board the aircraft or in the course of any of the operations of embarking or disembarking. The question at issue is the range of the operations of embarking or disembarking. This paper introduces the precedents (also, the model precedents) about the carriers liability for passengers and related cases, so as to help understand the trend of judicial decisions. Furthermore, the cases, once took all of the attention of the international air carriers, concerned with the 'Economy class syndrome' (DVT : Deep Vein Thrombosis) are also presented. Under the new Montreal Convention, the carriers liability for passengers will continue to be the main issue. Thus it is required that academics as well as practical businesses may keep up their studies about this issue.

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항공기 사고와 인적요인 -관제사의 불법행위를 중심으로- (Human-based aviation accidents with air traffic controller torts)

  • 김선이;백경원
    • 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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    • 제32권2호
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    • pp.67-100
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    • 2017
  • 항공산업이 비약적으로 발달을 함에 따라, 항공기사고의 위험성도 커지고 있다. 본 논문에서는 항공기사고의 인적요인 중 하나인 항공교통관제사 불법행위를 중심으로 다루었다. 현재 우리나라의 법령상 항공교통관제사의 불법행위 대한 책임을 규정한 명문은 없다. 따라서 국가공무원으로서의 항공교통관제사의 법적책임에 대하여 헌법제 29조1항과 국가배상법의 적용 여부를 살펴보았다. 실제로 우리나라는 항공사고의 원인이 항공관제사 과실에 의한 것이라는 유일한 판례가 1971년에 선고된 이후, 항공사고조사결과 관제사의 과실이 사고의 주요요인이었다고 함에도 불구하고 추가판례가 없는 상황이다. 본 논문은 항공사고에 있어서 관제사와 조종사간 요인 뿐만 아니라, 관제사에 대한 실제로 법령의 적용가능성을 해외사례를 통해 살펴보았다. 항공교통관제라는 특수한 업무가 고강도의 업무스트레스를 갖는 업무라 할지라도, 항공교통관제의 최종목적인 항공기의 안전한 운항을 책임지고 있는 전문가로서 항공기사고의 원인이 되었다면, 그에 따른 법적 책임은 져야 한다는 내용을 다루었다.

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국제항공테러방지 북경협약(2010)에 관한 연구 - 몬트리올협약과의 비교를 중심으로 - (A Study on 2010 Beijing Convention for Antiterrorism of International Aviation - Compared Beijing Convention(2010) with Montreal Protocol -)

  • 황호원
    • 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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    • 제25권2호
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    • pp.79-112
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    • 2010
  • 북경협약의 주요 내용으로는 첫째, 민간 항공기를 무기로 사용하거나 다른 항공기 또는 지상의 표적을 공격하기 위해 사용하는 행위도 범죄행위로 규정하고 있다. 민간 항공기를 납치하여 무기로 사용하는 행위, 민간항공기내에서 무기를 사용하는 행위, 민간 항공기에 대해 무기 공격 행위를 신규 항공 범죄로 규정하여 민간 항공기에 대한 공격행위를 억제하며 해당 국가들에게 이를 처벌할 의무를 부여하고 있다. 둘째로 생화학 무기 및 이와 관련된 물질의 민간항공기를 활용한 불법 운송 역시 범죄행위로 간주하여 처벌을 강조하고 있다. 셋째로 군사적 활동 적용 배제하여 무력 충돌 시 군대의 활동에 대해서는 동 협약이 적용되지 않고, 국제인도법을 적용하도록 하였다. 이와 함께 국가 관할권의 확대와 협약의 적용범위 확대로 인하여 범죄가 발생한 영토의 국가 또는 항공기의 등록 국가, 범인이 발견된 영토의 국가뿐만 아니라 범죄자 국적국가, 피해자의 국적국가 및 무국적자가 주소지를 둔 국가도 관할권 행사 가능하게 함으로 신종 항공범죄에 대항 할 수 있으며 나아가 항공기와 공항을 공격하려는 세력들에 대한 피난처가 제공되면 안된다는 점을 명시하고 있다. 마지막으로 협약의 적용범위를 비행 시에서 서비스 범위내로 확대하였다. 이 조약의 특징은 궁극적으로 민간 항공안전의 확보 및 테러 행위 억제에 기여하는 내용이다.

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항공교통업무증명제도 도입과 운영 방안에 대한 연구: 소규모 비행장을 중심으로 (A study on introduction and operation plan of air traffic services operating certification system: Centered on small airfields)

  • 임재환;김영록;최연철
    • 한국항공운항학회지
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    • 제25권4호
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    • pp.154-160
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    • 2017
  • In the former aviation law, only the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport has to provide air traffic services, In the case of providing aviation transportation service from civilian, such as aviation special education institution, private airfield installer, it was possible to carry out only by receiving a private contract from the government. But at the time of private consignment, the fact that the government has to bear the cost through the contract act. It is pointed out that it is a factor that hinders efficiency in the operation sector. Accordingly, in Article 85 of the Aviation Safety Act, which was enforced in March 2017, legal grounds were established to provide air traffic services excluding the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport. At the same time, we have introduced the air traffic services operating certification system, which enables the air traffic services to meet the requirements set by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport in order to secure the safety of air traffic. In this study, we examine the major issues and problems of the small private control tower operated by the private institute in Korea. The effect of introduction of the air traffic services operating certification system which can introduce all the institutions which do not belong to the control agency in the former aviation law into the institutional system and the operation plan were examined.

국제항공(國際航空)테러리즘으로 인한 여객손해(旅客損害)에 대한 운송인(運送人)의 책임(責任) ("Liability of Air Carriers for Injuries Resulting from International Aviation Terrorism")

  • 최완식
    • 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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    • 제1권
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    • pp.47-85
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    • 1989
  • The Fundamental purpose of the Warsaw Convention was to establish uniform rules applicable to international air transportation. The emphasis on the benefits of uniformity was considered important in the beginning and continues to be important to the present. If the desire for uniformity is indeed the mortar which holds the Warsaw system together then it should be possible to agree on a worldwide liability limit. This liability limit would not be so unreasonable, that it would be impossible for nations to adhere to it. It would preclude any national supplemental compensation plan or Montreal Agreement type of requirement in any jurisdiction. The differentiation of liability limits by national requirement seems to be what is occurring. There is a plethora of mandated limits and Montreal Agreement type 'voluntary' limits. It is becoming difficult to find more than a few major States where an unmodified Warsaw Convention or Hague Protocol limitation is still in effect. If this is the real world in the 1980's, then let the treaty so reflect it. Upon reviewing the Warsaw Convention, its history and the several attempts to amend it, strengths become apparent. Hijackings of international flights have given rise to a number of lawsuits by passengers to recover damages for injuries suffered. This comment is concerned with the liability of an airline for injuries to its passengers resulting from aviation terrorism. In addition, analysis is focused on current airline security measures, particularly the pre-boarding screening system, and the duty of air carriers to prevent weapons from penetrating that system. An airline has a duty to exercise a high degree of care to protect its passengers from the threat of aviation terrorism. This duty would seemingly require the airline to exercise a high degree of care to prevent any passenger from smuggling a weapon or explosive device aboard its aircraft. In the case an unarmed hijacker who boards having no instrument in his possession with which to promote the hoax, a plaintiff-passenger would be hard-pressed to show that the airline was negligent in screening the hijacker prior to boarding. In light of the airline's duty to exercise a high degree of care to provide for the safety of all the passengers on board, an acquiescene to a hijacker's demands on the part of the air carrier could constitute a breach of duty only when it is clearly shown that the carrier's employees knew or plainly should have known that the hijacker was unarmed. A finding of willful misconduct on the part of an air carrier, which is a prerequisite to imposing unlimited liability, remains a question to be determined by a jury using the definition or standard of willful misconduct prevailing in the jurisdiction of the forum court. Through the willful misconduct provision of the Warsaw Convention, air carrier face the possibility of unlimited liability for failure to implement proper preventive precautions against terrorist. Courts, therefore, should broadly construe the willful misconduct provision of the Warsaw Convention in order to find unlimited liability for passenger injuries whenever air carrier security precautions are lacking. In this way, the courts can help ensure air carrier safety and prevention against terrorist attack. Air carriers, therefore, would have an incentive to increase, impose and maintain security precautions designed to thwart such potential terrorist attacks as in the case of Korean Air Lines Flight No.858 incident having a tremendous impact on the civil aviation community. The crash of a commercial airliner, with the attending tragic loss of life and massive destruction of property, always gives rise to shock and indignation. The general opinion is that the legal system could be sufficient, provided that the political will is there to use and apply it effectively. All agreed that the main responsibility for security has to be borne by the governments. I would like to remind all passengers that every discovery of the human spirit may be used for opposite ends; thus, aircraft can be used for air travel but also as targets of terrorism. A state that supports aviation terrorism is responsible for violation of International Aviation Law. Generally speaking, terrorism is a violation of international law. It violates the soverign rights of the states, and the human rights of the individuals. I think that aviation terrorism as becoming an ever more serious issue, has to be solved by internationally agreed and closely co-ordinated measures. We have to contribute more to the creation of a general consensus amongst all states about the need to combat the threat of aviation terrorism.

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항공종사자에 대한 처분제도 개선방안에 관한 연구 (A Study on the Improvement of the Administrative Disposition System for Airmans)

  • 안희복;허진;황호원
    • 한국항공운항학회지
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    • 제29권4호
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    • pp.52-66
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    • 2021
  • In the aviation, airmans play a key role in aviation safety and perform tasks within a given range based on professional knowledge. If they fail to properly fulfill their obligations under the Aviation Safety Act, the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport(MOLIT) will dispose of them in accordance with the purpose of the Aviation Safety Act. However, in the case of this disposition, it does not specifically consider the circumstances of the violation, and has a limitation in that the evidence regulations are too limited, and the contents of the disposition are uniform. Therefore, this study attempted to present a plan to improve the disposition in order to improve the problem of administrative disposition for airman. To this end, we conducted a comparative analysis of the disposition of airmans through overseas cases, and Specifically, the three-stage disposition model and effectiveness were conducted in the direction of specific judgment on violations and predictability of disposition. We would like to propose a safety improvement order to increase the level of safety and proposed amendments to the law for the method of imposing a fine for negligence.

최근국제항공보안대책(最近國際航空保安対策)의 제간제(諸間題) -특히 법적측면(法的測面)을 중심(中心)으로- (Some New Problems of International Aviation Security- Considerations Forcused on its Legal Aspects)

  • 최완식
    • 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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    • 제5권
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    • pp.53-75
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    • 1993
  • This article is concerned with the comment on "Some New Problems of International Aviation Security-Considerations Forcused on its Legal Aspects". Ever since 1970, in addition to the problem of failure to accept the Tokyo, Hague and Montreal Conventions, there has been also the problem of parties to them, failing to comply with their obligations under the respective treaties, in the form especially of nominal penalties or the lack of any effort to prosecute after blank refusals to extradite. There have also been cases of prolonged detention of aircraft, passengers and hostages. In this regard, all three conventions contain identical clauses which submit disputes between two or more contracting States concerning the interpretation or application of the respective conventions to arbitration or failing agreement on the organization of the arbitration, to the International Court of Justice. To the extent to which contracting States have not contracted out of this undertaking, as I fear they are expressly allowed to do, this promision can be used by contracting States to ensure compliance. But to date, this avenue does not appear to have been used. From this point of view, it may be worth mentioning that there appears to be an alarming trend towards the view that the defeat of terrorism is such an overriding imperative that all means of doing so become, in international law, automatically lawful. In addition, in as far as aviation security is concerned, as in fact it has long been suggested, what is required is the "application of the strictest security measures by all concerned."In this regard, mention should be made of Annex 17 to the Chicago Convention on Security-Safeguarding International Civil Aviation against Acts of Unlawful Intereference. ICAO has, moreover, compiled, for restricted distribution, a Security Manual for Safeguarding Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful Interference, which is highly useful. In this regard, it may well be argued that, unless States members of ICAO notify the ICAO Council of their inability to comply with opecific standards in Annex 17 or any of the related Annexes in accordance with Article 38 of the 1944 Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, their failure to do so can involve State responsibility and, if damage were to insure, their liability. The same applies to breaches of any other treaty obligation. I hope to demonstrate that although modes of international violence may change, their underlying characteristics remain broadly similar, necessitating not simply the adoption of an adequate body of domestic legislation, firm in its content and fairly administered, but also an international network of communication, of cooperation and of coordination of policies. Afurther legal instrument is now being developed by the Legal Committee of ICAO with respect to unlawful acts at International airports. These instruments, however, are not very effective, because of the absence of universal acceptance and the deficiency I have already pointed out. Therefore, States, airports and international airlines have to concentrate on prevention. If the development of policies is important at the international level, it is equally important in the domestic setting. For example, the recent experiences of France have prompted many changes in the State's legislation and in its policies towards terrorism, with higher penalties for terrorist offences and incentives which encourage accused terrorists to pass informations to the authorities. And our government has to tighten furthermore security measures. Particularly, in the case an unarmed hijacker who boards having no instrument in his possession with which to promote the hoax, a plaintiff-passenger would be hard-pressed to show that the airline was negligent in screening the hijacker prior to boarding. In light of the airline's duty to exercise a high degree of care to provide for the safety of all the passengers on board, an acquiescence to a hijacker's demands on the part of the air carrier could constitute a breach of duty only when it is clearly shown that the carrier's employees knew or plainly should have known that the hijacker was unarmed. The general opinion is that the legal oystem could be sufficient, provided that the political will is there to use and apply it effectively. All agreed that the main responsibility for security has to be borne by the governments. A state that supports aviation terrorism is responsible for violation of International Aviation Law. Generally speaking, terrorism is a violation of international law. It violates the sovereign rights of states, and the human rights of the individuals. We have to contribute more to the creation of a general consensus amongst all states about the need to combat the threat of aviation terrorism. I think that aviation terrorism as becoming an ever more serious issue, has to be solved by internationally agreed and closely co - ordinated measures.

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