• Journal of Korea Society of Waste Management
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.660-669
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• 2018

Domestic automotive shredder residue (ASR) recycling facilities must comply with 60% of the energy recovery criteria calculated by the waste control act, based on resource circulation of electrical and electronic equipment and vehicles. The method of calculating energy recovery criteria was newly enacted on November 6, 2017, and it has been judged that it is necessary to consider applicability. In this study, the energy recovery efficiency of 7 units was calculated by past and present calculation methods. Furthermore, this study attempts to find applicability and a method of increasing the energy recovery efficiency by taking advantage of available potentials. An analysis of the calculation results showed that the average values calculated by past methods, present methods, and the method that includes available potentials are 76.35%, 70.68%, and 78.24%, respectively. Therefore, the new calculation method for energy recovery efficiency is also applicable to domestic automotive shredder residue recycling facilities.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information Security & Cryptology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.373-385
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• 2021

To provide convenience and safety of drivers, the recent vehicles are being equipped with a number of electronic control units (ECUs). Multiple ECUs construct a network inside a vehicle to share information related to the vehicle's status; in addition, the CAN protocol is normally applied. As the modern vehicles provide highly convenient and safe services, it provides many types of attack surfaces; as a result, it makes them vulnerable to cyber attacks. The automotive IDS (Intrusion Detection System) is one of the promising techniques for securing vehicles. However, the existing methods for automotive IDS are able to analyze only periodic messages. If someone attacks on non-periodic messages, the existing methods are not able to properly detect the intrusion. In this paper, we present a method to detect intrusions including an attack using non-periodic messages. Moreover, we evaluate our method on the real vehicles, where we show that our method has 0% of FPR and 0% of FNR under our attack model.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.1562-1582
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• 2024

The prediction of pedestrian trajectory is conducive to reducing traffic accidents and protecting pedestrian safety, which is crucial to the task of intelligent driving. The existing methods mainly use the past pedestrian trajectory to predict the future deterministic pedestrian trajectory, ignoring pedestrian intention and trajectory diversity. This paper proposes a multi-modal trajectory prediction model that introduces pedestrian intention. Unlike previous work, our model makes multi-modal goal-conditioned trajectory pedestrian prediction based on the past pedestrian trajectory and pedestrian intention. At the same time, we propose a novel Gate Recurrent Unit (GRU) to process intention information dynamically. Compared with traditional GRU, our GRU adds an intention unit and an intention gate, in which the intention unit is used to dynamically process pedestrian intention, and the intention gate is used to control the intensity of intention information. The experimental results on two first-person traffic datasets (JAAD and PIE) show that our model is superior to the most advanced methods (Improved by 30.4% on MSE_0.5s and 9.8% on MSE_1.5s for the PIE dataset; Improved by 15.8% on MSE_0.5s and 13.5% on MSE_1.5s for the JAAD dataset). Our multi-modal trajectory prediction model combines pedestrian intention that varies at each prediction time step and can more comprehensively consider the diversity of pedestrian trajectories. Our method, validated through experiments, proves to be highly effective in pedestrian trajectory prediction tasks, contributing to improving traffic safety and the reliability of intelligent driving systems.

• International Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.147-152
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• 2002

When a liquid is supplied through a nozzle onto a relatively non-wetting inclined solid surface, a narrow rivulet forms. There exist several regimes of rivulet flow depending on various flow conditions. In this paper, the fundamental mechanism behind the transition of a linear rivulet to a droplet flow is investigated. The experiments show that the droplet flow emerges due to the necking of a liquid thread near the nozzle. Based on the observation, it is argued that when the retraction velocity of a liquid thread exceeds its axial velocity, the bifurcation of the liquid thread occurs, and this argument is experimentally verified.

• KIEE International Transaction on Electrical Machinery and Energy Conversion Systems
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• v.5B no.2
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• pp.111-117
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• 2005

Several of the conventional hydraulic systems in an automobile are now being replaced by more reliable and energy efficient electromechanical systems. Developments in the brushless permanent magnet machine and in the power and control electronics are the key factors responsible for this transformation. These applications brought out some performance challenges associated with the brushless machines. This paper will focus on these challenges to be able to use these machines in such applications. In terms of replacing hydraulic systems with electromechanical systems, steering system is leading the way in automobiles. Currently, steering systems using Electro-hydraulically assisted systems and Electrically assisted (Electromechanical) systems are in the market. Though the Electrically assisted power steering has several advantages over other systems, certain performance and cost challenges delayed the penetration of such systems in to the market.

• Journal of the korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.45-54
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• 1985

Recently, the problem of exhaust gas pollution is increasingly being aggravated by the active use of the Diesel engine. For the fuel-injection system which affects the composition of exhaust gas from the Bosch type single-hole nozzle in the Diesel engine, a mathematical model was set up to study pressure variations in the high pressure pipe, the injection rate, and the needle lift. The fundamental equations of the mathematical model have been solved by the Newton Raphson Method applying the Finite Diffrence Method. The effective stroke of the injection pump plunger due to a change in engine rpm was calculated by the measurement of Control Rack, Pinion, and Plunger sizes and by the use of Characteristic Curve of Governor. The computed results for the pressure variations in the high pressure pipe and needle lift at 800 rpm and 1000 rpm are in good agreement with experimental ones in general. By a developed program, the effects of other various parameters will by calculated for the performance of the fuel-injection system.

• Journal of the korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.55-63
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• 1985

This study is focused on deposition process leading to inefficiency and hot corrosion in fossil fuel-fired furnaces and engines. An improved understanding of the coupled thermodynamics, kinetics, and transport processes governing the deposition rate of inorganic oxides and salts from hot gases containing these compounds can suggest more efficient test strategies and control measures. Accordingly, an optical re-evaporation method for accurately measuring the growth rate of deposits under laboratory burner conditions has been developed. To demonstrate the technique and provide data suitable for theoretical model development, a deliberately simple chemical system and target geometry are used. Potassium sulfate(K$_{2}$SO$_{4}$)is introduced into a premixed propane-air flat flame at atmospheric pressure. The growth rate of $K_{2}$SO$_{4}$ on an electrically heated Pt ribbon is measured by re-evaporation technique.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.39-44
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• 2004

As air pollution has become an important issue across the world, studies of clean fuel are on going to reduce combustion emissions. One example is development of the LPLi(Liquefied Phase LPG injection) engine. Some problems are occurred during development. One of the problems is icing phenomenon at injector tip due to evaporation potential heat when liquid LPG is injected. If the Icing is raised at injector tip or injector inserting hole, it disturbs fuel injection. And if the ice particles are inducted into cylinder, it brings problems associated with control of emission and air/fuel ratio. In order to solve the problems, a rig system was set up and observed Icing of injector tip. Engine test was carried out for visualization of injector tip icing and its effects on combustion and emissions.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1996.10a
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• pp.334-337
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• 1996

This is a paper intended for initial stage of vehicle modeling and design. The needs to determine a variety of vehicle suspension parameters required for initial design has been difficult and time-consuming task. In order to facilitate a concise and efficient presentation of initial vehicle design procedure, this paper uses a mathematical model and physical geometry. Vehicle model consists of dimensions, inertias and mechanical constants. These vehicle model parameters divided into several categories : basic parameters, coefficients and constants, design specification, spring and damper, bush stiffness, stabilizer bar, suspension geometry, tire, and vehicle weights of various design condition. This paper uses a vehicle design fundamental (VDF) program running under Windows 95 graphical interface. The features of VDF will be briefly outlined in this paper.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.34-42
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• 2006

As many systems depend on electronics, concern for fault tolerance is growing rapidly. For example, a car with its steering controlled by electronics and no mechanical linkage from steering wheel to front tires(steer-by-wire) should be fault tolerant because a failure can come without any warning and its effect is devastating. In order to make system fault tolerant, there has been a body of research mainly from aerospace field. This paper presents the structure of predictive smoothing voter that can filter out most erroneous values and noise. In addition, several numerical simulation results are given where the predictive smoothing voter outperforms well-known average and median voters.