• Child Studies in Asia-Pacific Contexts
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2013

Research with parents of children with Asperger Syndrome was conducted to assess whether the level of positive parental attachment correlated positively with positive parenting behaviors and negatively with negative parenting behaviors. Participants were recruited from internet. The Parental Bonding Inventory measured parents' perception of their bonding or attachment with three aspects of their own parents: warmth, control, and care. In the Parenting Behavior Inventory, parents reported recent interaction/reaction behaviors with their child, and results focused on two aspects of parenting, supportive/engaged and hostile/coercive behaviors: each identified as problematic to parenting and attributable to a variety of specific parenting behaviors. Analysis of demographic variables for correlations with positive parenting behaviors and negative parenting behaviors were carried out by Pearson correlations. Two separate standard multiple regressions, one for positive parenting behaviors and one for negative parenting behaviors, were conducted. Findings support the hypothesis that positive early attachment experience of parents has a significant impact upon their own positive parenting skills with their child with Asperger Syndrome. However, multiple regression of negative parenting behavior found no significant negative contribution by parental attachment. Demographic variables proved to be important.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.247-247
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• 2005

The attachment representation of 40 36- to 52-month-old upper-middle class children was analyzed in relation to their attachment security and mother-child interaction behaviors. Instruments were the Attachment Story Completion Task(Bretherton, Ridgeway, & Cassidy, 1990), the Attachment Q-set, and the Vocabulary test of the K-WIPPSI. Mother-child interaction behaviors were observed at home during semi-structured problem-solving situations. The Attachment Story Completion Task classified Korean preshoolers from these upper-middle class families as securely attached to their mothers. Girls' representation of their attachment relationship was more secure than boys. Preschoolers' attachment representation was significantly related to vocabulary ability. Attachment security correlated positively with preschool children's attachment representation. Mother-child interaction behaviors related significantly to preschool children's attachment representation.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.899-908
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• 2007

Clusters of parental and peer variables associated with adolescent risk behaviors are explored using the mixture model. Questionnaires were completed by 917 high school freshmen in the Daegu Kyungpook area and included measures of risk behaviors, parental attachment, autonomy, parental monitoring, and peers' risk behaviors and desirable behaviors. As a result of the mixture model, five clusters were produced. Two of the subgroups were consistent with the literature of showing linear relationships among adolescent risk behaviors and above variables; a group of higher parental attachment and autonomy as well as parental monitoring, lower friends' risk behaviors, and lower adolescent risk behaviors, and a group of lower parental attachment and autonomy as well as parental monitoring, higher friends' risk behaviors, and higher adolescent risk behaviors. Two other subgroups were similar in parental attachment and autonomy, but differed in parental monitoring, friends' risk behaviors, and adolescent risk behaviors. The last subgroup was characterized by scoring the lowest parental attachment and autonomy, parental monitoring, friends' risk behaviors, and lower adolescent risk behaviors compared to other subgroups. The utility of the mixture model in research on adolescent risk behaviors is discussed in the conclusion.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.277-292
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between infant's attachment and maternal parenting attitudes of 12 months infants and to verify the child's problem behaviors according to the patterns of attachment. There was no statistical significant difference between the maternal parenting attitudes and the patterns of infant's attachment. But the latter infants had been fed the more they showed secured attachment. Infants fostered under mothers having a good relationship with brother's family husband, and having a satisfaction of environmental factors had more secured attachment. There was the statistical significant difference between the patterns of attachment and child's problem behaviors. In securely attached children showed more immature insecure antisocial behaviors and habit disorders. As the results the maternal parenting attitude influenced infants's patterns of attachment to their mothers. And childern's problem behaviors were influenced by the patterns of attachment.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics and influencing factors of the attachment-oriented caretaking behaviors among the mothers with infants. The total number of 204 mothers participated in this survey as subjects. They all were breast-feeding mothers who had their infants joining in the semi-final round of a healthy breast-feeding infant contest. The data were collected from July 14, 1999 to May 19, 2000. And the data were analyzed by SPSSWIN 10.0 version. The result of this study was as follows ; 1. The mean ages of the subjects were 29.5 and 95.6 percents of them were no-job housewives. 57.8% of them were normal delivery. And the mean months of the infants were 6.2 and the male infants were 57.4%. The first born babies were 62.3%. 2. The mothers are affirmative enough with their attachment-oriented caretaking behaviors (the total mean was $3.58{\pm}.631$). In general, the mothers showed very attachment-oriented caretaking behaviors, but the points that indicated "recording the development characteristics of the infant and discussing them with husband" were very low(score $2.79{\pm}.982$). 3. There are Significant differences in caretaking behaviors of the mothers according to their ages(F=3.497, p=.017), the degree of morning sickness(F=2.633, p=.050) and the birth order of their infants(F=4.854, p=.003). The older mothers and mothers who experienced the less morning sickness showed the higher scores of the attachment-oriented behaviors. The mothers who experienced the more deliveries showed the higher scores of the attachment-oriented behaviors. Accordingly, the above result suggests that the systematic and practical nursing intervention to encourage the attachment-oriented behaviors is essential to the younger, primipara mother.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.189-195
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics and the related factors of attachment- oriented caretaking behavior in mothers who are breast-feeding their infants. Method: The subjects were 155 mothers who participated in a healthy breast-feeding contestin the Busan area. The data were collected from September 24, 2003, and were analyzed using SPSS WIN 10.0. Results: The mothers were highly affirmative in their attachment-oriented caretaking behaviors (total mean 2.59±.502 of a possible score of 3). Among the attachment-oriented caretaking behaviors (10 items), the scores for 6 items were higher than the average score and 4 items were lower than the average score. There were significant differences in the attachment-oriented caretaking behaviors according to level of education (p＜0.05), and planned duration of breast-feeding (p＜0.001). Mothers with university education who planned to breast-feed as long as the baby wanted had higher scores. Conclusions: The above results suggest that nursing interventions which are individualized and practical are needed to encourage the attachment-oriented caretaking behaviors essential to breast-feeding mothers.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.101-113
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to examine the relations between parenting behaviors, adolescents' attachment toward parents and peers, and adolescents' self-esteem. The differences in parenting behaviors and adolescents' attachment and self-esteem as a function of parent and adolescent gender are also examined. Participants were 405 high school students (Mage = 16.3, SD = 0.71) who completed questionnaires regarding parenting behavior, parent and peer attachment, and self-esteem. Results show that girls perceived a higher maternal behavioral control and peer attachment, whereas boys perceived a higher parental psychological control. The relative contributions of peer attachment and parenting differed depending on the adolescent's gender. Peer attachment was the only variable to predict boys' self-esteem, but mothers' behavioral control is also important to predict girls' self-esteem. The results underscore the importance of parenting behaviors and adolescents' attachment toward parents and peers in predicting an adolescent's positive self-esteem.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.53-70
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• 2002

Maternal interactions during mother-child problem solving tasks were analyzed by marital satisfaction, parenting stress, and child attachment security. Forty 36-to 52-month-old children and their mothers were observed at home. Mothers' ratings of marital satisfaction and parenting stress were collected by questionnaires, and Attachment Q-set assessed child attachment security. Marital satisfaction and child attachment security were negative1y related to parenting stress. Marital satisfaction, parenting stress, and attachment security were related to maternal behaviors. The relations between child's attachment security and maternal behaviors were mediated by parenting stress. Stronger child attachment security was related to lower parenting stress, which in turn contributed to competent maternal behaviors during problem solving.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 2004

This study was conducted to identify parenting factors relating to attachment style. Subjects were 418 college students. Participants completed 1) a brief demographic data questionnaires, 2) Parenting Behavior Inventory and 3) Relationship Questionnaire. Data were analyzed using discriminant analysis for the total sample and by gender. For men, affection, neglect, monitoring, intrusiveness, reasoning, inconsistency and physical abuse of both father and mother are important parenting behaviors that contribute to discriminating secure attachment style from insecure attachment style. For women, neglect, affection, reasoning, inconsistency, monitoring and physical abuse of father and affection, reasoning, neglect, inconsistency and monitoring of mother are important parenting behaviors that contribute to discriminating secure attachment style from insecure attachment style. The implications of this study for theory and practice were discussed and recommendations for future research were made.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.89-110
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• 2005

Subjects were 66 3- to 4-year-old-Children of unemployed mothers from upper middle class families. Attachment behaviors were measured with the Preschool Strange Situation(Cassidy and Marvin, 1992) and classified as secure, avoidant, dependent, or disorganized. Narrative representations of mothers by Children were obtained by video taped interviews using the MacArthur Story-Stem Battery and coded by the MacArthur Narrative Working Group(1997) system. Data were analyzed with descriptive statistics and t test. Results were that children in the secure group showed more positive representations of their mothers, more prosocial story themes, had higher scores in theme coherence and showed more positive emotional expression than those in the insecure group. The attachment behaviors of the 4 groups(A, B, C, D) were closely correlated with the attachment representations shown in MSSB.