• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.249-275
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• 2018

Today's Internet environment is growing rapidly, and transactions based on it are also rapidly increasing. E-commerce allows merchants and consumers in different countries to easily trade goods across borders. However, the increase in international consumer transactions through the Internet is accompanied by an increase in disputes. International consumer transactions are characterized by a distinction among long distance, small sum, and different jurisdictions. International consumer transactions cannot be solved only by way of resolving disputes in past international transactions. The best way to resolve disputes between international carriers and consumers is through the Internet. In this regard, UNCITRAL has been preparing to enact legislation on ODR as a solution to international electronic trade disputes and, as a result, UNCITRAL adopted guidelines for operating the ODR procedure for building the ODR platform. The European Union has also increased its disputes in the European Union, which is active in the intra-regional market. Institutional improvements were made to solve this problem; therefore, the European Union (EU) has enacted the ODR Regulations for EU consumer disputes. Based on such, this study constructed the ODR platform, which is used as a way to resolve consumer disputes in the regional market.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.105-115
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• 2018

This paper presents an investigation into Cheollik based on 288 records about it at the homepage of The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty on the Internet. Cheollik was called in diverse names and worn by various social classes from kings to common people, but it was solidified as clothes for military officers toward the latter half of Joseon. Not only did it serve the purpose of clothes, but it also was used for a royal grant, diplomacy, shrouding a corpse, and royal coffin. It served the diplomatic purposes a lot especially during the reign of King Sejo and King Seongjong. Cheollik was usually made of cotton, hemp, silk, and mixed fabric with silk used most. Its major colors include white, green, red, blue, black, purple, grey, and yellow with white used most. The fabrics and colors of Cheollik became simplified toward the latter half of Joseon. Silk was most used in Cheollik for a royal grant, shrouding a corpse, and royal coffin. White was most used in Cheollik for kings' visit to royal tombs or their participation in ancestral rites. There were limitations with the selection of materials according to the social status and situations. It was stipulated that only Sa and Ju were used to make Cheollik for Dangsangguan and Danghaguan. Cheollik made of silk was banned for country residents and merchants. The color of Cheollik for Danghaguan was changed to blue and then red. Of military officers, only those who had a Gonsu title or higher were allowed to wear Cheollik made of silk in various colors. In the end, Cheollik was abolished for its low convenience and efficiency during the rule of King Gojong.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.257-268
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• 2017

The three cities, Yeosu, Suncheon, and Gwangyang, in located in Gwangyang Bay which functions as a representative coastal industrial area in Korea, form a single functional area of living, municipality, and economy. In this regional context, some local merchants and scholars are promoting a inter-municipal cooperation of three cities. This study analyzes how the group of specialists perceives and evaluates the inter-municipal cooperation of three cities. The group of specialists highly evaluate the potential of future development of Gwangyang Bay region, and the relevance and necessity of feasibility of inter-municipal cooperation of three cities. It is estimated that the inter-municipal cooperation of three cities would need 8.3 years for its full-fledged shape. In order to accomplish the inter-municipal cooperation, the sharing the development vision of Gwangyang Bay region and the understanding and consent of the residents for the inter-municipal cooperation are suggested as the most important factors.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.291-311
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• 2005

The great estate system of the Old World crossed the Atlantic Ocean in the 1500s along with the Spanish Royal Army, mission, merchants, crops and domestic arrivals, landing at the end of the journey in the Middle and South Americas. The latifundio of Spain's Middle Age combined with the environment of the New World to be regenerated in the name of hacienda which bad became tightly roared in the countryside landscape of New Spain by fin-de-colonial period of 1820s. The haciendas were distributed mainly over the central part of the present-dey Mexico, and the presence of water and towns determined the specific location of the large landed estates. Depending on the activities performed, the hacienda can be divided into several types such as grain hacienda, livestock hacienda, mining hacienda, henequen hacienda, and so forth. Consisting of landlords, estate managers and waged labor called peons, the hacienda as a semi-autarkic settlement played various roles as the home of church, the agrarian center and the hearth of cultural diffusion, as well as dwelling. Toward the end of the colonial period the hacienda experienced internal transformations driven by capitalism.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.3-25
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• 2005

The companies' management strategies of the electronic commerce market are different from those of the traditional market. The main difference between the electronic commerce market and the traditional market is an IT network system which is a companies' management strategies in the electronic commerce market. This study focuses on the examination and analysis of the companies' management strategies which are constituted through influence on the effectiveness of the IT network system in the electronic commerce market and Promoting Arbitration System in The Era of Digital Economy this study is to introduce several alternative policies of the Government and companies to such formated IT network system of the electronic commerce market in the future. It's also suggested that the Korean Commercial Arbitration Board (KCAB) fully cover consideration and arbitration, while KCAB for Electronic Commerce activates its proper role of consulting and ad hoc arbitration by using electronic information. E-commerce sets up the probability that its merchants and customers will not exist in the same legal jurisdictions. The confusing application of laws and wide geographical dispersion of these parties will necessitate a faster and cheaper dispute resolution methodology. Therefore, online ADR may be effective for e-commerce dispute resolution. The examples of online ADR operation are the cyber mediation of Electronic Transaction Dispute Resolution Committee, the cyber mediation of Korean Commercial Arbitration Board, the cyber mediation of Click N Settle, the online ADR of BBB online, and the cyber arbitration of virtual Magistrate. The paper points out the last one as the most desired practice. This study results are how to minimize the disputes and the method of dispute settlement. Therefore, a role of arbitration proposed and emphasized. To protect the dispute in advance, it's suggested to revise rules timely following on technical changes, and emphasized that the dispute has to lead to arbitration settlement not for consuming unnecessary time and finance for enterprises and consumers.

• Journal of Wellbeing Management and Applied Psychology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.39-50
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• 2022

Purpose: Odor generated in traditional markets causes discomfort, hindering the pleasant life of residents, and complaints of odors are steadily increasing every year. Odor is defined as a smell that stimulates a person's sense of smell by stimulating hydrogen sulfide, mercaptans, amines, and other irritating gaseous substances. Research design, data and methodology: It is not easy to grasp and manage the current status of the odor analysis of living odors such as traditional markets. Seongnam City has an advanced new town of Bundang and Pangyo, while old cities such as Sujeong-gu are relatively underdeveloped. Results: As a result, the gap between the old city center and the new city center widens, so it is urgent to develop a balanced development. Based on this, the market of Seongnam-si is divided into the old city center and the new city center, and the odor complaint in the traditional market is analyzed to find a solution. A survey was conducted to understand the current status of odor management in the Seongnam-si market and the odor felt by users. Moran Market, Seongnam Jungang Market, and Kumho Market and Dolphin Market, located in the new city center, were selected as targets. The items of the survey consisted of the frequency and cause of the odor, the current status of market management, matters that need improvement, and efforts to resolve the odor. Conclusions: Therefore, this study aims to help citizens feel better about odor environment in places where odor standards are exceeded or complaints occur frequently, and to help local governments and market merchants establish more efficient and useful development plans.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2000

This paper is on the Kasaya that reveals conspicuously the religious meaning among the Korean Buddhist costumes. The Kasaya has the most special meaning among Korean costume culture. It has the most important historical value, for Buddhism is the oldest religion that begins at 4th century A.D.. It has the most unordinary shape that we could not find any other costume culture. It has very important meaning to study on the Kasaya in the religious and cultural history of Korean costume. We have to study Korean Kasaya from surveying Indian Buddhist Kasaya diachronicaly. Buddha establishes himself the rules of weaving, coloring and wearing Kasaya. Bunso costume(분소의)is the first shape of Kasaya that he has worn during his ascetic practice. Bunso costume was a kind of shari. It is made with diapers those clean ordure of baby It symbolizes the life of ascetic practice. However Buddha could not stick to it as the only costume of monks. From his age Buddhist devotees have thought Buddha and monks as sacred beings. So they eagerly want to Provide the sacred beings with foods. clothes and other things that samgha(승가) need to live and accomplish their duties. At that time there are many kings, aristocracies and rich merchants among the devotees. They often offered them the luxurious silk Kasaya. that the ascetic monks could not wear. to express their deep faith. So the rules of the samgha has been distorted. The samgha has enlarged day by day as a great huge religious association. There are many different shapes of Kasaya. The Buddhist samgha need to establish a minute and rigid rules of Kasaya to order living of monks and to teach the moral and educational life to ordinary people. That book of rule is Vinaya pitaka(율장) . There are many kinds of Vinaya pitaka. This paper surveys the rules of Kasaya from Southern Vinaya pitaka(남전율장). This study will be the basic ground to research the Korean Buddhist Kasaya.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.93-134
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• 2013

This paper examines the formation and evolution of Chinese society in Penang over 155 years. Since it was ruled by the British in 1786, many immigrants gathered in Penang. Among them, much of the population was Chinese. It could be offered to clarify the historical process of the development of Chinese society in Penang by paying attention to the three items - opium, tin, and rubber. All the conflict and friction over these products were main causes of prosperity and decay for the Chinese society in Penang. In the early 19th century, the Chinese colossus could get their capital accumulation by taking advantage of 'opium farm'. They amassed their fortune through development of tin mines newly discovered in Perak during the late 19th century. It was the age of Chinese Colossuses deeply connected with Chinese secret societies. After the rubber plantations were developed by the Western capital in the early 20th century, the age of Chinese Colossuses was gradually fallen down. From this point of view one can be provided a new perspective on the history of Penang and the Chinese society of its own. The three scopes for history enable us to make a new interpretation about the issue of stratification within Chinese society in Penang. Especially this research focused on the economic characteristics of Chinese secret societies as 'social capital', and on the identity conflicts between traditional Strait Chinese(peranakan) elite and emerging sinkeh Chinese merchants. The identity problem between 'Laokeh' and 'Sinkeh' in the early 20th century was intentionally exaggerated by modern researchers. Their conflicts seems to be caused by different economic interests rather than identity. We need to consider again the rise and fall of Chinese society in Penang with flexible thinking.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.13-19
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• 2016

Recently one of the main keywords representing of Korea is O2O The O2O market is an intersection of online commerce and offline commerce. The spread and popularization of smartphones transform payment market environment from online-based(PC) to mobile-based(Smartphone) which enable payment service expanses to on/off-line both markets. Due to this movement, data security is mo vulnerable than online-based payment service but the preference of serviceability, security threat becomes bigger.O2O service expansion is now at the stage of beginning with the limited influence, but could affect to the establishment of on/off line payment system of VAN and PG in the future. However, in the moment, the motivation to destruct the system is still weak. In this research, the possibility of Non-PG mobile payment service was suggested as a new way of mobile payment service by using PG. With suggestion, it could eliminate the issues of payment method beforehand and provide low fee to merchants.

• The Journal of Information Systems
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.295-312
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• 2017

Purpose Consumption behaviors of consumers have changed with the widespread use of the Internet and smart phones, and accordingly online marketing activities are becoming ever more prevalent. Yet, the domestic food-service industry has yet to offer an Omni-Channel order system that encompasses a online, offline, and mobile interface. Also, a multilingual menu ordering service for foreign tourists is not yet available. Therefore, if an order service system accessible online and offline which could provide multi-language services were implemented, the satisfaction of the service provider and domestic and foreign customers would be maximized. Design/methodology/approach By designing an electronic menu based on open an OS and providing electronic menus in offline stores, we have completed the design of a linked order system which would be available everywhere (online, offline, and mobile). The CMS was developed to integrate these three mediums and the entire operator was designed to receive basic information and statistical information about the merchants, or store operators. Also, a multilingual term dictionary containing menu information for foreign tourists was made into a database so that foreign tourists who are having difficulty in communication can use it more easily. Findings We have made it possible for customers to use the order service without distinction between online, offline, and mobile platforms, and have proved that it is a more efficient and convenient service for customers as well as operators. Nevertheless, as an initial model, the implemented system has limitations on the execution of the payment support method in the electronic menu board and in the management division of the CMS. In case of commercialization, it is necessary to make an alliance of efforts to attract initial franchises. Through further supplementation, we expect the online and offline connection-types martservice system will maximize the satisfaction of both operators and customers alike.