• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제14권1호
• /
• pp.65-74
• /
• 1981

This survey was made to determine the overall health situation on (1) the status of sickness; (2) the medical care utilization; (3) the medical cost in Mi-Kum Myun, Nam Yang Ju Gun, Kyung-Gi Do. The survey with questionnaire was carried out with 2,840 peoples in 560 households from August 9th to 16th, 1979. The findings from the survey were as follows; 1. Annual morbidity rate of the prolonged ill cases was 97.2 per 1,000 population (male 94.7, female 99.6), The highest age specific morbidity rate was 274.5 of the 45-to 64-year group and the lowest was 21.9 of the 5-to 14-year group. 2. Annual morbidity rate of the new patients was 777.5 per 1,000 population(male 644.5, female 909.5). 3. The chief complaints distribution of the prolonged ill cases was: local pain 36.6%, indigestion 22.4%, and coughing 7.3%, respectively, In terms of age and sex distribution, a large number of female of the 45-to 64-year group complained of local pain or general pain and a large number of both sexes of the 25-to 44-year group complaned of indigestion. 4. The major diseases of the new patients which classified with International Classfication of Diseases (I.C.D.) were disease of the respiratory system, disease of the digestive system, and disease of the musculo-skeletal system and connective tissue for male, disease of the respiratory system, disease of the digestive system, and accident, poisoning, violence for female. 5. Total ill days of the 92 new patients were 536 days and average ill days per case were $6{\pm}38.3$ days. 6. The rate of receiving treatment in the prolonged ill cases was 82.2%(medical facilities 46.4%, drug stores 27.5%, herb medicine 8.3%). 7. The rate of receiving treatment by first choice of the new patients was 88.0% (drug stores 57.%, medical facilities 28.2%, and herb medicine 2.2%), and the rate of receiving treatment by second choice was 30.9% of first treatment cases (medical facilities 44.0%, drug store 44.0% and herb meicine 12.0%). 8. Annual hospitalization rate per 1,000 population was 12.0 (male 12.0, female 11.9). 9. The locations of medical facilities utilized by out-patients were: in the prolonged ill cases Seoul or other places 66.4%, Nam Yang Ju Gun 33.6%, in cases of the new patients Seoul or other places 35.1% and Nam Yang Ju Gun 64.9% respectively. 10. The satisfaction rate of the new patients by mode of receiving treatment was: in cases of primary utilization by first choice herb medicine 100.0%, medical facilities 88.5%, and drug stores 69.8%, in cases of secondary utilization medical facilities 100.0%, herb medicine 100.0%, and drug stores 72.7% respectively. 11. The medical cost per utilized facilities was as follows; in average medical fee per case out-patient 8.947 won, in-patient 266,000 won, drug stores 1,532 won, and herb medicine 15,607 won, in average medical fee per day out-patient 4,829 won, in patient 14,178 won, drug stores 891 won, and herb medicine 4,906 won respectively. 12. The sources of the hospital charges paid out were: there own expense 50.0%, debt 35.3%, and security of medical care 14.7% respectively.

• 한국사회복지학
• /
• 제50권
• /
• pp.33-59
• /
• 2002

본 연구는 복지권의 개념을 체계적으로 정립하고 우리나라 국민들의 복지권에 대한 인식과 태도를 조사하여 복지발전을 위안 정책적 시사점을 제시하고자 하였다. 조사방법은 여론조사 전문기관을 통해 전국 16개시도 2,050명을 대상으로 전화설문조사를 실시하였다. 조사결과 첫째, 대다수의 국민들은 복지의 1차책임이 국가에 있으며, 본인의 복지수급권에 대해 긍정적으로 인식하고 있었다. 또한 수급권 자격박탈에 대한 이의신청이나 제도개선을 위한 시민단체활동에 적극적으로 참여할 의사를 보이는 등 권리인식과 권리행사 측면에서 매우 높은 인식적 특징을 보였다. 둘째, 의무이행에 있어 세금인상과 보험료 인상에 대해서는 사안에 따라 찬성 혹은 반대의 유보적 입장이 가장 많았으며 보험료 인상에 대한 반대의지가 좀더 두드러졌다. 거주지 복지시설 설치에 대해서는 90% 이상이 찬성의 뜻을 보였고, 복지 발전을 위한 실천방법에 있어서도 성실한 세금납부, 자원 봉사활동 참여 등 적극적 참여의사를 나타내기도 하였다. 셋째, 우리나라의 전반적 복지수준이나 복지제도에 대한 평가는 매우 부정적이었다. 즉, 복지수준은 중진국 혹은 후진국으로 인식하고 있었으며, 복지보장 수준은 잘사는 사람에게만 일부 보장되어 있거나 전혀 보장되어 있지 못하고, 잘 갖추어진 복지제도는 아무 것도 없다는 인식이 지배적이었다. 결국 우리나라 국민들의 복지권 인식이나 복지발전을 위한 실천의지가 높은데 비해 세금인상이나 보험료 인상에 대한 의무이행의지가 부정적인 것은 현재 우리나라의 복지정책과 복지제도에 대한 불신에 의한 것으로 해석된다. 본 연구는 복지정책이 국민들의 정치적 태도에 중요한 영향을 미치고 있으며, 정책당국은 더 이상 국민들을 수동적인 복지의 대상으로서가 아니라 정책의 파트너로서 인식하고 국민들의 높은 권리의식과 복지발전을 위한 실천의지가 반영될 수 있도록 정책을 수립해야 할 것임을 시사하고 있다.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제38권2호
• /
• pp.165-176
• /
• 2005

심해저 퇴적물에 분포하는 천연가스는 물리, 화학적인 조건에 따라서 세 가지 상(phase)으로 존재한다. 즉, 공극수에 녹아있는 가스의 농도가 용해도 이하이면 용존 가스 형태로 존재할 것이며, 용해도 이상이면 자유가스가(free gas) 형성될 것이며, 자유가스를 포함하는 해저 퇴적물이 저온 고압 조건인 하이드레이트 안정 지역이라면 가스 하이드레이트로 존재한다. 심해저 퇴적물내의 가스의 농도를 정확히 파악할 수 있다면 천연가스와 하이드레이트의 형성과 분포를 예측할 수 쳐다. 그러나, 해저 퇴적물 내에 포함되어 있는 가스의 양을 정확히 측정하는 것은 매우 어렵다. 심해저 퇴적층에서 가스를 채취하는 방법으로 널리 이용되는 공기층 가스 기법을 이용하여 퇴적물내의 가스의 양을 가늠하는 것은 천부 퇴적층에서만 가능하고 심부 지층에서 채취한 가스는 코어 회수와 시료 채취 과정에서 대부분의 가스가 유실되고 극히 일부만 정량 분석된다. 압력 코어(Pressure Core Sampler PCS)는 길이 $1{\cal}m$, 반경 $4.32{\cal}cm$ 규격으로 총 $1,465cm^3$의 퇴적물을 68.9 Mpa 압력 하에서 채취하는 장비이다. ODP Leg 204 시추 동안에 총 6개 지점(site) 에서 압력 코어를 사용하여 각 시추 지점에서 심도에 따른 퇴적물내의 가스의 양과 가스 하이드레이트의 분포를 측정하였다. 분석 결과 시추 위치에 따라서 가스 농도 및 분포 특성이 서로 다르게 나타났다. 하이드레이트 릿지(Hydrate Ridge)의 정상 주변에는 해저면 퇴적물에 메탄가스가 과포화되어 있고 정상 측면 및 분지지역에는 일부 심도의 퇴적물에서만 과포화되어 있었다. 하이드레이트 릿지의 가스 하이드레이트 분포는 압력 코어에 의해서 측정한 현장(in-situ)의 가스 농도 특성과 매우 밀접한 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

• 유기물자원화
• /
• 제23권3호
• /
• pp.42-50
• /
• 2015

베이징과 서울은 중국과 대한민국의 수도이자, 정치, 경제, 문화, 관광의 중심지이다. 베이징은 지속되는 도시화 과정에서 서울의 경험을 답습할 가능성이 높다. 베이징과 서울의 폐기물 관리체계를 비교 분석하여 양자의 차이와 상호 개선점을 발굴하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다. 중국은 폐기물을 도시폐기물, 산업폐기물, 유해폐기물로 분류하며, 세부적인 분류에서 우리나라의 1980년대와 유사하다. 베이징 폐기물 관리 정책방향은 소각시설과 매립시설 확보에 매진하던 1990년대 초반의 정책방향과 유사하다. 폐기물 처리실적은 재활용과 소각은 높고 매립은 작은 형태로 이 또한 서울과 닮아있다. 베이징과 서울시의 처리실적과 제도는 앞으로 더 근접한 형태를 보일 것으로 예상된다. 정부중심의 폐기물 관리 재정부담, 시민들의 폐기물 분리에 대한 무관심, 여러 곳으로 분산된 폐기물 관리 조직은 앞으로 베이징시가 풀어할 과제로 보인다. 특히 선진화된 폐기물 관리체계일수록 많은 비용을 요구하기 때문에 분리배출 생활화와 배출자 수수료 도입은 핵심과제로 예상된다. 거점수거와 중심지역에 대한 베이징시정부의 직접 수행은 서울이 눈여겨볼만한 베이징의 체계이다.

• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.79-90
• /
• 2017

Purpose - Cargo Distribution O2O Business Model is the form of business that connects the cargo and empty cargo-truck based on mobile online platform. In Korean cargo distribution market, FIN(Freight Information Network) is the only model that represents O2O Business Model. The purpose of this paper is investigating the recognition of driver who is the only source of income toward cargo distribution O2O Business Model, and based on the investigated recognition of trucker, suggesting strategic implication. Research design, data, and methodology - PESTLE methodology which is massive environment analysis, and 5 Forces Model when analyze the present and future of cargo distribution O2O business market of industrial structure analysis were used as investigation methodology. Also structured questionnaire was used for trucker's recognition investigation. Based on collected 196 structured effective questionnaires organized with 26 questions were analyzed using statistics package. Results - 51.3% of responded driver is non-differentiated, deprofessionalize form that transport all types of cargo. 95.4% recognize cargo distribution O2O Business Model, FIN is needed, especially during back-hall(94.7%). As a payment method, monthly due is preferred(73%), but it is also needed to pay annual due and pay whenever cargo and cargo-truck are connected(24.5%). Trucker prefer FIN operation corporation which has rich supply(85.2%), and is liberal in supply in any domestic area(75.5%). Conclusions - First, 91% was the member of FIN, and 95% of non-member recognized FIN is needed. 83% of them has the intent to be the member of FIN. Second, besides of monthly due as payment method of FIN, 25% has positive recognition toward new payment method. The new payment method means paying annual due and pay whenever cargo and cargo-truck are connected. Third, because of information imbalance about the cargo and cargo-truck among, operators whose business goal is FIN, it was investigated that transportation fee is low and commission charge of broker is high. The core of Korean Cargo Distribution O2O Business Model, FIN, is online platform that matches cargo and cargo-truck. Therefore, FIN operator should minimize the amount of single transportation of trucker. This study suggests the development of shipper using FIN, diversify distribution channel, suggesting backhaul toward trucker as solution to FIN operator.

• 기술혁신학회지
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.833-859
• /
• 2011

본 연구는 지역 소재 과학기술 연구 공용장비에 대한 중복투자 방지와 산학연 협력 활성화를 통한 지역내 R&D 효율성을 증진을 위해서 지역 연구 공용장비 운영체계의 특성 도출을 목적으로 하였다. 이를 위해 기술하부구조정책 및 지역혁신체제의 관점에서 R&D투자와 R&D활동이 상대적으로 활발한 경기도 지역의 사례를 분석하였다. 본 연구는 개별사례분석과 교차사례분석의 2단계 프로세스로 수행된다. 우선, 경기도 소재 주요 R&D 기관별 공용장비의 구축 활용 사례 조사와 운영 관련자 인터뷰를 통해 공용장비 운영 특성을 조사하였다. 다음 단계에서는 전(前) 단계에서 조사된 특성들을 공용장비의 운영주체의 조직거버넌스 특성에 따른 3가지 분류와 4가지 이슈를 매트릭스 방식으로 범주화하여 지자체 차원의 정책적 접근이 가능하도록 이슈를 정리하였다. 교차사례분석에 따라 각 운영체계별로 도출된 주요 이슈는 (1) 지자체 주도 운영체계의 경우 '공용장비 사용 수수료 체계' 및 ;공용장비 운용의 성과 지표 정립 및 성과 측정 방법'，(2) 국가/지자체/공공연구기관 등 공동 운영체계의 경우 '공용장비 운용 성과' 및 '사업부별 공용장비 회계시스템 구축', '예산 지원방식 변경'，(3) 대학 운영체계의 경우 '사업종료 후 지속적 공동활용 촉진 방안' 등으로 나타났다.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제27권5호
• /
• pp.281-289
• /
• 2018

The Korean environmental impact assessment(EIA) system, and explored ways to improve it as a more efficient and viable institution relevant to the demand of our time and conditions in study. The first problem this study identified is found in the fact that the party to write up the assessment report is itself the business operator or the one who is planning to work out the business plan. This structure translates into placing an order with an agent for EIA report. The reporting job may br subcontracted to the agent at a cost far below the rate specified in the 'Standard for Estimate of Agency Fee for Environmental Impact Assessment.' This practice also causes the vicious circle of producing a report that is written to justify the project or business in question or it leads to rough-and ready and poor documentation to minimize the time required. Second, in order to achieve the goal of the plan or business, which is the target of EIA, the local residents tend to ve regarded as an obstacle. This means elimination of the local people from participating in the EIA or their opinion being frequently ignored. This is the seed of distrust and hostility that sometimes provoke disagreements or fierce conflicts. The first proposal to improve these problem is to improve the factors that cause poor documentation of the assessment report as well as improve the understanding of the EIA system. This study proposes the following measures for improvement. The agency cost for EIA should be paid by the business operator or a third party that can ensure faithful implementation of the payment. A system should be established to verify transparent estimation of the agency cost. In order to enhance the professional quality of EIA agents, there should be implementation of qualification test for industrial engineer of related engineers in addition to the current EIA Qualification Test. The second proposal for improvement is to improve the citizen participation process by instituting a legal framework to make clear the purpose of the briefing session for local residents, which is held as a procedure of EIA, and to ensure more positive publicity during the stage of listening to the opinion of the local community. For a smooth and rational communication process, a moderator and a communicator of opinion, as is the case in a public hearing, could be instituted to clearly get the purpose of the briefing session across to the residents and to help to carry out the explanation and Q & A sessions according to the categories of the opinion of the residents. At present, the notification of the public inspection of the draft of the assessment report and briefing session for the residents is made on the newspaper and internet network. But some people have difficulty with access to this method of announcement. A higher participation rate could be secured if a legal provision is added to specify putting up placards in specific places such as the entrance to the place for the briefing session for residents or the building of administrative agencies of the area concerned.

• 수산경영론집
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.37-57
• /
• 1987

This article discussed the characteristics of several Pareto-optimal incentive contracts between owner and labor, more specifically, four situations: reporting output jointly observable by labor ana owner; reporting both output and effort; incorporating other endogenous elements (like capital) that affect the production process and Pareto-optimal fee schedules; and ascertaining the effects of private pre-decision information private- decision information, and per-contact informational asymmetries. Also presented were several extensions of the basic contractual model, and the different components of agency costs associated with labor-owner contractual relations. In a single-period model, the agency problem exists because the uncertainty prevents the owner from using the cash flow to determine unambiguously the labor's action. Holmstrom(1979) suggests that "when the same situation repeats itself over time, the effects of uncertainty tend to be reduced and dystunctional behavior is more accurately revealed, thus alleviating the problem of moral hazard. " Under these conditions, if the labor selects the first-best level of effect in each period, the cash flow will be independent and identically distributed over time. As the number of periods increases, the variance of the labows average output, if he selects the first-best level of effort in each period, gets smaller. Note that for this diversification effect to occur, it is necessary that the owner evaluate the labor's effort over the entire history of his employment, rather than evaluate each period's performance separately. Radner(1980) and Rubinstein and Yaari(1980) consider the extreme case in which there are an infinite number of observations. They show that the owner can eventually detect and systematic shirking on the part of the labor by comparing the labor's average output with what would be expected if the labor had been selecting the first-best level of effort in each period. In a dynamic model with incentive problems we have demonstrated that the labor's second-period compensation will depend on his first-period performance. This allows the owner to diversify away some of the uncertainty surrounding the labor's actions. In addition, this allows the owner to smooth the labor's income over time by spreading the risk of the first-period outcome over both periods. At least some unexplored avenves in this area invite future accounting research: situations where owner has different incompatible objectives and negotiates a contract with labor; circumstances in which owner deals with multiple objectives and negotiates contracts with several labors simultaneously; the value of costly accounting information systems and communication in establishing, Pareto-optimal incentive contracts, and the value and effects of inside information, Thorough theoretical or empirical research on each of these topics not only would increase our knowledge about the role and significance of accounting information but could also provide explanations of the inherent differences among various organizations and in their economic behavior. behavior.

• 대한교통학회지
• /
• 제18권6호
• /
• pp.7-17
• /
• 2000

본 연구의 목적은 현재 대규모 상업시설이 위치하여 주변교통여건이 매우 열악한 상태인 동대문 밀집상가지역을 대상으로 시범사례연구를 통해 서울시에서 도입을 추진하고 있는 교통혼잡특별관리구역 제도의 구체적 실행방안을 마련하고 그 효과를 분석하는데 있다. 본 연구는 새로운 제도인 교통혼잡특별관리구역제도의 구성요건에 관한 사항과 동대문상가 밀집구역을 대상으로 한 사례연구 등의 크게 2분야로 구성되며, 사례연구에서는 현황분석, 특별관리구역 실행대안의 결정, 시행효과분석방법론의 구축, 교통관리 대안별 효과분석결과 등으로 구성된다. 동대문 밀집상가지역에 대한 교통특별관리구역 제도 시범사업 사례분석 결과, 두산타워가 속한 블록내에 주차면 10면이상, 연상면적 3000$m^2$ 이상 건물만을 대상으로 모든 도착통행에 대해 2,000원의 주차가산금을 부과하고, 간선도로 및 이면도로의 불법주차 근절시키며, 주차10부제 등을 시행할 경우, 대상도로구간의 속도가 20.56km/h로 17.2% 개선되어 관리목표를 달성하는 것으로 예측되었다. 개선폭이 가장 큰 가로는 청계천로 도심에서 외곽방향과 흥인문로 광희동에서 동대문구간으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 서울시의 교통문제 해결을 위해 교통특별관리구역 제도를 도입하는 것이 반드시 필요할 것으로 판단되며, 제도의 성공적 도입을 위해 관련법을 개정하고 추진 행정체계를 정비하며, 예상되는 문제에 대한 철저한 대비를 통해 이해관계자 모두가 이득을 보는 Win-Win 전략을 추진할 필요가 요구된다.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.31-36
• /
• 1984

In order to know about the utilization of health subcenter in a Korean rural community, a study was carried out through analyzing the records on the outpatients in Su-Dong Health Subcenter during 5 years from 1978 to 1982, and the following results were obtained. 1. The annual utilization rate of health subcenter of Su-Dong Myun showed decreasing tendency such as 946.6 in 1978, 886.4 in 1979, 736.5 in 1980, 708.3 in 1981 and 609.1 in 1982 per 1,000 people. 2. In terms of annual utilization rate of health subcenter by sex, utilization rate of female was higher than that of male such as in 1978 (male 908.6, female 986.3), 1979 (male 819.2, female 956.7) and 1981 (male 686.0, female 731.5) except 1980(male 790.0, female 683.3) and 1982(male 632.7, female 585.0). 3. Every year the 5 major diseases of the new patients cared in health subcenter were the same as follows; Diseases of the Respiratory System, Diseases of the Digestive System, Diseases of the Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue, Accident Poisoning and Violence, and Diseases of the Nervous System and Sensory Organ. 4. In terms of annual utilization rate of health subcenter by age, utilization rate of $0{\sim}4$ year group was highest every year such as 3,666.0 in 1978, 3,232.5 in 1979, 2,819.0 in 1980, 2,361.4 in 1981 and 2408.7 in 1982 per 1,000 people. 5. The average visiting times per case to health subcenter were not much different every year such as 1.75 times in 1978, 1.79 times in 1979, 1.69 times in 1980, 1.79 times in 1981, and 1.80 times in 1982. 6. The monthly utilization rates per 1,000 people of health subcenter had two peaks in February(40.9 in 1980 and 86.4 in 1981) and July(84.6 in 1980 and 72.1 in 1981) except 1982. 7. The distribution of new patients by the source of medical fee payment was follows; community health organization member 86.9%, medicaid program 6.5%, and medical insurance 6.6% in 1980 and community health organization member 76.8%, medicaid program 11.4%, and medical insurance 11.8% in 1981 and community health organization member 78.2%, medicaid program 14.8% and medical insurance 13.2% in 1982.