• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.199-209
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• 2021

The present study was performed to improve the technique used for fermenting the mushroom growth medium. Taxonomic analysis of 16S rDNA sequence from the predominant Bacillus strain CY-24 isolated during the fermentation phase of the rice straw medium identified it as Bacillus licheniformis. In addition, the growth environment of B. licheniformis was also examined in this study, which revealed the optimal growth temperature and pH to be 30 ℃ and 6.0, respectively. This study also revealed that carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) and polygalacturonase (PGase) enzymes isolated from B. licheniformis achieved their maximal activities at 50 ℃ and 60 ℃ respectively. Furthermore, the study confirmed that the two enzymes, i.e., CMCase and PGase in B. licheniformis are stable at temperatures above 60 ℃. The present study thus demonstrates that B. licheniformis CY-24 possesses excellent enzymatic properties. It also reveals that the action of enzymes during the production of growth mediums used for the cultivation of mushrooms is closely associated with the promotion of fermentation and softening of the rice straw. Overall, this study provides elementary information regarding the role of B. licheniformis enzymes during growth medium fermentation for Agaricus bisporus cultivation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.12
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• pp.1545-1553
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• 2018

The International Society of Rare Sugars (ISRS) defines rare sugars as monosaccharides and their derivatives that rarely occur in nature. Rare sugars have recently received much attention because of their many uses including low-calorie sweeteners, bulking agents, and antioxidants, and their various applications including as immunosuppressants in allogeneic rat liver transplantation, as potential inhibitors of various glycosidases and microbial growth, in ischemia-reperfusion injury repair in the rat liver, and in segmented neutrophil production without detrimental clinical effects. Because they rarely exist in nature, the production of rare sugars has been regarded as one of the most important research areas and, generally, they are produced by chemical synthesis. However, the production of rare sugars by bioconversion using enzymes from microorganisms has been receiving increased attention as an environmentally friendly alternative production method. In particular, D-allulose, D-allose, and D-tagatose are of interest as low-calorie sweeteners in various industries. To date, D-tagatose 3-epimerase, D-psicose 3-epimerase, and D-allulose 3-epimerase have been reported as D-allulose bioconversion enzymes, and L-rhamnose isomerase, Galactose 6-phosphate isomerase, and Ribose 5-phosphate isomerase have been identified as D-allose production enzymes. Elsewhere, D-tagatose has been produced by L-arabinose isomerase from various microorganisms. In this study, we report the production of D-allulose, D-allose, and D-tagatose by microorganism enzymes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.9
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• pp.1333-1338
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• 2015

This study investigated the effects of addition of Chrysanthemum indicum L. extracts on quality characteristics of Kukhwju during fermentation. Fermented liquors without C. indicum L. were used as the control group. For experimental groups, we added 1, 2, 5, and 10% C. indicum L. extracts and brewed according to the addition method written in Yorok. The pH level during fermentation phase, alcohol concentration, level of reducing sugars, and acidity were measured in each of the experimental groups. After fermentation, we measured total contents of phenols, antioxidant effects, free sugars, organic acids, and chromaticity. During fermentation, no significant difference was observed between the C. indicum L. group and control group. Regarding total phenol contents and antioxidant effects, only the 5% and 10% C. indicum L. groups showed higher contents of phenols than the non-addition group. In general, 5% and 10% C. indicum L. addition groups were positively evaluated. In conclusion, Kukhwaju with 10% C. indicum L. extract showed the best antioxidant effects. In the present study, we obtained different characteristics and determined the optimum addition amount of C. indicum L.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.271-277
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• 1993

An antagonistic bacteria was isolated from rhiaosphere of pepper and corn and identified as Bacillus (B.) subtilis. These B. subtilis B-5 was transformed and marked with the plasmid pCPP4 which possess neomycine resistan. gene. The marked stranins showed growth inhibition to Rhizoctonia (R.) solani, Fusarium (F.) solani, and F. oxysporum in vitro, and were used in studying growth promoting effects on sesame and cabbage. All the identified strains utilize glucose, sucrose, fructose, lactose, mannitol and sorbitol as carbon source, but not rhamnose, and the marked strains also showed characteristics similar to wild-type strains. Germination rate of chinese cabbage and sesame seeds was increased by about 10% or more in the plot to which these strains were inoculated and the effect was higher in soil than in petri dish. The early growth promoting effects of these strains appeared higher, as compared with control plot, in the plots to which B. subtilis B-5 and pathogenic fungi was inoculated together. When the marked strains, B. subtilis B-5NEOr, were inoculated in the rhizosphere of chinese cabbage and sesame with $1.1{\times}10^8CFU/g$ dry soil, the number of inoculated strain was decreased slowly to the level of $10^5{\sim}10^6CFU/g$ dry soil after 4 weeks and the number of Pseudomonas spp. maintanied the level of $10^5CFU/g$ dry soil throught total period, but the number of fungi was decreased rapidly from the early level of $10^8CFU/g$ dry soil to $10^3CFU/g$ dry soil after 4 weeks.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.550-555
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• 1997

Vibrio cholerae non-O1 (V. cholerae non-O1) was previously called nonagglutinable or noncholera vibrios, since it fails to react with polyvalent O1 antisera. This organism is biochemically and genetically indistinguishable from V. cholerae O1 except serological difference. V. cholerae non-O1 strains are often detected in the environment including bays, estuaries, and fresh water, and also found in food. Therefore it is designated food borne bacterium in Japan. However, research papers on V. cholerae non-O1 are very rare in Korea. In order to investigate bacteriological characteristics of V. cholerae non-O1, we isolated V. cholerae non-O1 from the environmental sea water. Among the isolated V. cholerae non-O1 strains, we selected the strain which had the most strong hemolytic activity, named as V. cholerae non-O1 FM-3. The optimum growth conditions of V. cholerae non-O1 FM-3 were $37^{\circ}C$ and pH 8.5 in BHI broth (containing $0.5\%$ sodium chloride), and it grew better than V. cholerae non-O1 ATCC 25872. But both were not able to grow in BHI broth added $5.0\%$ of sodium chloride or adjusted to pH 5.0. According to the experimental results on the susceptibility test against various antibiotics, there were no significant differences between the isolated strain and reference strain (V. cholerae non-O1 ATCC 25872). Most of the antibiotics examined had bacteriostatic action against V. cholerae non-O1 FM-3 while vancomycin, oxacillin, colistin, polymyxin B, and sulfadiazine had no bacteriostatic activity.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.198-206
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• 2013

The five anti-complementary polysaccharides (MFKF-NP, MFKF-AP1${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$, and MFKF-AP2${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$) were separated from hot water extracts of fruiting bodies of Fomes fomentarius by two subsequent column chromatography using DEAE-sepharose FF and Concanavalin A-sepharose 4B. The order of anti-complementary activity was MFKF-AP1${\beta}$ > MFKF-AP1${\alpha}$ > MFKF-AP2${\alpha}$ > MFKF-AP2${\beta}$ > MFKF-NP > Polysaccharide Krestine (PSK). Especially, MFKF-AP1${\beta}$ among those showed the most excellent anti-complementary activity (70% of ITCH50 value at $20{\mu}g/ml$). The monosaccharide composition analysis by gas chromatography indicates that MFKF-AP1${\alpha}$ and ${\beta}$ are a kind of homoxylan consisted mainly of xylose above 97%. Molecular weight of MFKF-AP1${\beta}$, major anti-complementary polysaccharide, was estimated to be about 12,000 by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After the incubation of the serum with MFKF-AP1${\beta}$ in the presence or absence of $Mg^{++}$ and $Ca^{++}$ ions, its anti-complementary activity was investigated. This result indicated that MFKF-AP1${\beta}$ seems to be activator both on the classical and the alternative pathway of complement activation.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.12
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• pp.57-68
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• 1994

This experiment was conducted to isolate the mutants from S118 and to investigate the physiological characteristics of R. japonicum mutants. The results obtained were as follows; Based on nodulation and acetylene reduction, nodulation of rhizobia was divided into 4 groups, i.e. slow-nodulation, earlier-nodulation, infrequent-nodulation and non-nodulation. At 5% significant level, the growth of inoculated plant with SM255 was bad, but that of HP277 was good. Root-hairs curling was induced by strains S118 and HP277 on soybean, but not by strain SM255. S118 and SM255 were found to be slow-gorwers and produced alkali, whereas strain HP277 was fast-grower and produced acid in YEM broth. In litmus milk reaction, all strains indicated alkaline reaction, and serume-zone was induced weakly by HP277. All of the strains tested in this experiment utilized sucrose. HP277 and LP268 utilized xylose, whereas S118 and SM255 did not. SM255 showed bad growth in nitrogen carriers however utilization of $Ca(NO_3)_2{\cdot}4H_2O$ by HP277 was possible at 25mM and 10mM level. To compare with S118, the protein band of SM255's cell protein electrophoresis was not developed at 0.62 Rm position.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.375-381
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• 2006

This study was carried out to analyze the nutritional component of Lepista nuda in order to estimate its nutritional and functional values. The content of moisture were $90.90{\pm}0.09%$ carbohydrate $4.34{\pm}0.07%$, crude protein $3.70{\pm}0.03%$, ash $0.55{\pm}0.04%$, and crude fat $0.47{\pm}0.01%$, respectively The reducing sugar was $636.17{\pm}7.50mg$. Total amount of free sugar was 97.32 mg, which were mainly composed of galactose (51.98 mg) and trehalose (22.48 mg). In the results of mined analysis, the content of K was the highest as $103.10{\pm}0.18mg$, followed by $56.01{\pm}0.20mg$ of Mg. The total content of hydrolyzed amino acid was 310.39 mg which consist of essential amino acids including valine (25.40 mg), leucine (22.52 mg), lysine (21.34 mg) and 198.89 mg of non-essential amino acids including glutamic acid (60.72 mg), aspartic acid (30.17 mg), and alanine (29.72 mg), as the major amino acids. free amino acids were 220.86 mg which were composed of essential amino acids (36.21 mg) inclusive of isoleucine (21.57 mg) and threonine (11.20 mg) and non-essential amino acids (184.65 mg) including glutamic acid (42.78 mg) and aspartic acid (32.44 mg) as major amino acids. Total content of amino acid derivatives was 187.85 me and that of hydroxyproline was highest as 121.50 mg.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.36-40
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• 1976

The mucilage of the root of Abelmoschus manihot, MEDIC is important for production of Korean traditional hand-made paper. This study was proceeded to detect the variation of the amount of free reducing sugars and of the viscosity in the mucilage. The results as follow. 1. The mucilage of the root of Abelmoschus manihot, MEDIC has contained some of free reducing sugars, 2. The viscosity of the mucilage isolated from the root decreases with time at the constant temperature, but the amount of reducing sugars show a little change. 3. The amount of the reducing sugars is not changed on the agitation. 4. When $1{\sim}2%$ ammonium sulfate solution is added, the viscosity of the mucilage decreases very gradually, and the amount of the free reducing sugars in the mucilage shows a little change.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.149-156
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• 2004

This study was carried out to obtain basic data on physiological characteristics for an artificial cultivation of fruiting body of Cordyceps. Specimens such as Cordyceps longissima, C. militaris and C. pruinosa were collected at Mt. Halla of Cheju island in July, 2003. Among four different culture media which have been used for culture of mushrooms, MCM medium was selected for the favorable culture medium of the Cordyceps tested. The initial pH of solid medium for mycelial growth of Cordyceps was good in the range of pH 5.0~7.0 lower than 8.0. The mycelial growth of C. longissima was most favorable on culture media supplemented with glucose, one of monosaccharides. In C. militaris, nine carbon sources were favorable to the mycelial growth as compared with control among 11 carbon sources. Six nitrogen sources were favorable to the mycelial growth of C. longissima as compared with control among 9 carbon sources; namely, the mycelial growth of C. longissima was most favorable on culture media contained potassium nitrate, and followed in order by ammonium citrate and sodium nitrate in 4 weeks incubation.